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Original Articles

A Computational Model of the Simplest Motor Program

Pages 153-161 | Received 06 Dec 1991, Published online: 14 Jul 2010

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Robert Tibold & Jozsef Laczko. (2012) The Effect of Load on Torques in Point-to-Point Arm Movements: A 3D Model. Journal of Motor Behavior 44:5, pages 341-350.
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AronS. Buchman, Sue Leurgans, GeraldL. Gottlieb, Chi-Hung Chen, GilL. Almeida & DanielM. Corcos. (2000) Effect of Age and Gender in the Control of Elbow Flexion Movements. Journal of Motor Behavior 32:4, pages 391-399.
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JeffreyC. Ives, Lawrence Abraham & Walter Kroll. (1999) Neuromuscular Control Mechanisms and Strategy in Arm Movements of Attempted Supranormal Speed. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 70:4, pages 335-348.
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Articles from other publishers (112)

Zhi ChenJin YanXiaohui SongYongjun QiaoYong Joo LohQing XieChuanxin M. Niu. (2023) Heavier Load Alters Upper Limb Muscle Synergy with Correlated fNIRS Responses in BA4 and BA6. Cyborg and Bionic Systems 4.
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Daniel M. Corcos, Barbara M. Myklebust & Mark L. Latash. (2022) The legacy of Gerald L. Gottlieb in human movement neuroscience. Journal of Neurophysiology 128:1, pages 148-159.
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Manuel Baltieri & Christopher L. Buckley. (2019) Nonmodular Architectures of Cognitive Systems based on Active Inference. Nonmodular Architectures of Cognitive Systems based on Active Inference.
Lorenzo Garavaglia, Emanuela Pagliano, Giovanni Baranello & Simone Pittaccio. (2018) Why orthotic devices could be of help in the management of Movement Disorders in the young. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 15:1.
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Guy Cheron. (2015) From biomechanics to sport psychology: the current oscillatory approach. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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Haiwei Dong & Nikolaos Mavridis. (2013) Muscle force distribution for adaptive control of a humanoid robot arm with redundant bi-articular and mono-articular muscle mechanism. Artificial Life and Robotics 18:1-2, pages 41-51.
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V. Yadav & R.L. Sainburg. (2011) Motor lateralization is characterized by a serial hybrid control scheme. Neuroscience 196, pages 153-167.
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Dana Maslovat, Nicola J. Hodges, Romeo Chua & Ian M. Franks. (2011) Motor preparation of spatially and temporally defined movements: evidence from startle. Journal of Neurophysiology 106:2, pages 885-894.
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Anatol G. Feldman. (2010) Space and time in the context of equilibrium‐point theory. WIREs Cognitive Science 2:3, pages 287-304.
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Waldemar Kirsch & Erwin Hennighausen. (2010) ERP correlates of linear hand movements: Distance dependent changes. Clinical Neurophysiology 121:8, pages 1285-1292.
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Fabian J. David, Cynthia Poon, Chuanxin M. Niu, Daniel M. Corcos & Mark B. Shapiro. (2009) EMG responses to unexpected perturbations are delayed in slower movements. Experimental Brain Research 199:1, pages 27-38.
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Chia-Lin Chang, Zhanpeng Jin, Hou-Cheng Chang & Allen C. Cheng. (2009) From neuromuscular activation to end-point locomotion: An artificial neural network-based technique for neural prostheses. Journal of Biomechanics 42:8, pages 982-988.
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Guy Cheron, Ana Maria Cebolla, Ana Bengoetxea, Françoise Leurs & Bernard Dan. (2007) Recognition of the physiological actions of the triphasic EMG pattern by a dynamic recurrent neural network. Neuroscience Letters 414:2, pages 192-196.
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Guy Cheron, Anita Cebolla, Françoise Leurs, Ana Bengoetxea & Bernard Dan. 2006. Motor Control and Learning. Motor Control and Learning 127 139 .
S. K. Jankelowitz & J. G. Colebatch. (2004) Movement related potentials in acutely induced weakness and stroke. Experimental Brain Research 161:1, pages 104-113.
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Semyon Slobounov, Mark Hallett & Karl M. Newell. (2004) Perceived effort in force production as reflected in motor-related cortical potentials. Clinical Neurophysiology 115:10, pages 2391-2402.
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G Cheron, F Leurs, A Bengoetxea, J.P Draye, M Destrée & B Dan. (2003) A dynamic recurrent neural network for multiple muscles electromyographic mapping to elevation angles of the lower limb in human locomotion. Journal of Neuroscience Methods 129:2, pages 95-104.
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Leia B. Bagesteiro & Robert L. Sainburg. (2003) Nondominant Arm Advantages in Load Compensation During Rapid Elbow Joint Movements. Journal of Neurophysiology 90:3, pages 1503-1513.
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R.L. Sainburg, S. Schaefer & L.B. Bagesteiro. (2003) Interlimb differences in trajectory and positional control mechanisms. Interlimb differences in trajectory and positional control mechanisms.
S Slobounov, J Johnston, H Chiang & W.J Ray. (2002) Motor-related cortical potentials accompanying enslaving effect in single versus combination of fingers force production tasks. Clinical Neurophysiology 113:9, pages 1444-1453.
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Michael Kositsky & Andrew G Barto. (2002) The emergence of movement units through learning with noisy efferent signals and delayed sensory feedback. Neurocomputing 44-46, pages 889-895.
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Matthew P Rearick, Jamie A Johnston & Semyon M Slobounov. (2001) Feedback-dependent modulation of isometric force control: an EEG study in visuomotor integration. Cognitive Brain Research 12:1, pages 117-130.
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J Johnston, M Rearick & S Slobounov. (2001) Movement-related cortical potentials associated with progressive muscle fatigue in a grasping task. Clinical Neurophysiology 112:1, pages 68-77.
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S Slobounov, M Rearick & H Chiang. (2000) EEG correlates of finger movements as a function of range of motion and pre-loading conditions. Clinical Neurophysiology 111:11, pages 1997-2007.
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Semyon Slobounov, Robert Simon, Richard Tutwiler & Matthew Rearick. (2000) EEC Correlates of Wrist Kinematics as Revealed by Averaging Techniques and Morlet Wavelet Transforms. Motor Control 4:3, pages 350-372.
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Gerald L. Gottlieb. 2000. Biomechanics and Neural Control of Posture and Movement. Biomechanics and Neural Control of Posture and Movement 354 362 .
S Slobounov, R Tutwiler, M Rearick & J.H Challis. (1999) EEG correlates of finger movements with different inertial load conditions as revealed by averaging techniques. Clinical Neurophysiology 110:10, pages 1764-1773.
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Mark L. Latash, Alexander S. Aruin & Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky. (1999) The basis of a simple synergy: reconstruction of joint equilibrium trajectories during unrestrained arm movements. Human Movement Science 18:1, pages 3-30.
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Gerald L. Gottlieb. (1998) Muscle Activation Patterns During Two Types of Voluntary Single-Joint Movement. Journal of Neurophysiology 80:4, pages 1860-1867.
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Gerald L. GottliebQilai SongGil L. AlmeidaDi-An HongDaniel Corcos. (1997) Directional Control of Planar Human Arm Movement. Journal of Neurophysiology 78:6, pages 2985-2998.
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Jean-Philippe Draye, Guy Cheron & Marc Bourgeois. (1997) Improved Identification of Complex Temporal Systems with Dynamic Recurrent Neural Networks. Application to the Identification of Electromyography and Human Arm Trajectory Relationship. Journal of Intelligent Systems 7:1-2.
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A. Karniel & G.F. Inbar. (1997) A model for learning human reaching-movements. A model for learning human reaching-movements.
Ronald F. Zernicke & Judith L. Smith. 2011. Comprehensive Physiology. Comprehensive Physiology 293 330 .
G. Cheron, J.-P. Draye, M. Bourgeios & G. Libert. (1996) A dynamic neural network identification of electromyography and arm trajectory relationship during complex movements. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 43:5, pages 552-558.
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D.B. Ilic, Daniel M. Corcos, Gerald L. Gottlieb, Mark L. Latash & Slobodan Jaric. (1996) The effects of practice on movement reproduction: Implications for models of motor control. Human Movement Science 15:1, pages 101-114.
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Gerald L. Gottlieb. (2010) Shifting frames of reference but the same old point of view. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 758-758.
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Mindy F. Levin & Anatol G. Feldman. (2010) The λ model for motor control: More than meets the eye. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 786-806.
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Charles E. Wright & Rebecca A. States. (2010) Biological variability and control of movements via δλ. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 786-786.
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Jack M. Winters. (2010) How far should we extend the equilibrium point (lambda) hypothesis?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 785-786.
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U. Windhorst. (2010) Levers to generate movement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 784-785.
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R. E. A. van Emmerik & R. C. Wagenaar. (2010) Equifinality and phase-resetting: The role of control parameter manipulations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 783-784.
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Esther Thelen. (2010) Origins of origins of motor control. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 780-783.
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Dagmar Sternad & M. T. Turvey. (2010) Control parameters, equilibria, and coordination dynamics. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 780-780.
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Jeroen B. J. Smeets. (2010) Two joints are more than twice one joint. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 779-780.
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Stephen H. Scott. (2010) Can the λ model be used to interpret the activity of single neurons?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 778-779.
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Karl H. Pribram. (2010) Position is everything?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 776-778.
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Aftab E. Patla. (2010) The λ model: Can it walk?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 775-776.
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Lloyd D. Partridge. (2010) Let us accept a “controlled trade-off” model of motor control. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 773-775.
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Christopher C. Pagano & Geoffrey P. Bingham. (2010) Spatial frames for motor control would be commensurate with spatial frames for vision and proprioception, but what about control of energy flows?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 773-773.
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T. Richard Nichols. (2010) Interneurons as backseat drivers and the elusive control variable. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 772-773.
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David J. Ostry, Rafael Laboissière & Paul L. Gribble. (2010) Command invariants and the frame of reference for human movement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 770-772.
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Pietro Morasso & Vittorio Sanguineti. (2010) Kinematic invariances and body schema. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 769-770.
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P. Vernon McDonald. (2010) Can the λ model benefit from understanding human adaptation in weightlessness(and vice versa)?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 768-768.
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Gerald E. Loeb. (2010) What can we expect from models of motor control?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 767-768.
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F. Lestienne, M. Ghafouri & F. Thullier. (2010) What does body configuration in microgravity tell us about the contribution of intra- and extrapersonal frames of reference for motor control?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 766-767.
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Mark L. Latash. (2010) Equilibrium-point control? Yes! Deterministic mechanisms of control? No!. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 765-766.
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Bruce A. Kay. (2010) Frames of reference interact and are task-dependent. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 765-765.
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R. lngvaldsen & H.T.A. Whiting. (2010) Frameworks on shifting sands. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 764-765.
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Antony Hodgson. (2010) The unobservability of central commands: Why testing hypotheses is so difficult. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 763-764.
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Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos & William H. WarrenJrJr. (2010) Do control variables exist?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 762-762.
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Thomas M. Hamm & Zong-Sheng Han. (2010) Is λ an appropriate control variable for locomotion?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 761-762.
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Patrick Haggard, Chris Miall & John Stein. (2010) Twisted pairs: Does the motor system really care about joint configurations?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 758-761.
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Simon R. Goodman. (2010) Inverse kinematic problem: Solutions by pseudoinversion, inversion and no-inversion. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 756-758.
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Simon Giszter. (2010) The case of the missing CVs: Multi-joint primitives. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 755-756.
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C. C. A. M. Gielen & B. van Bolhuis. (2010) Reciprocal and coactivation commands are not sufficient to describe muscle activation patterns. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 754-755.
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J. Randall Flanagan, James R. Tresilian & Alan M. Wing. (2010) Grip force adjustments during rapid hand movements suggest that detailed movement kinematics are predicted. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 753-754.
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Thomas G. Fikes & James T. Townsend. (2010) Moving models of motion forward: Explication and a new concept. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 751-753.
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Uri Fidelman. (2010) The lambda model and a hemispheric motor model of intentional hand movements. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 750-751.
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Michel Desmurget, Yves Rossetti & Claude Prablanc. (2010) Natural unconstrained movements obey rules different from constrained elementary movements. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 750-750.
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Jeffrey Dean. (2010) The lambda model is only one piece in the motor control puzzle. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 749-749.
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Daniel M. Corcos & Kerstin Pfann. (2010) Conservative or nonconservative control schemes. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 747-749.
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Mireille Bonnard & Jean Pailhous. (2010) A few reasons why psychologlsts can adhere to Feldman and Levin's model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 746-747.
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Alexey Alexandrov, Alexander Frolov & Jean Massion. (2010) Is the multi-joint pointing movement model applicable to equilibrium control during upper trunk movements?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 745-746.
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R. McN. Alexander. (2010) Tendon elasticity and positional control. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 745-745.
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Anatol G. Feldman & Mindy F. Levin. (2010) The origin and use of positional frames of reference in motor control. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 18:4, pages 723-744.
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Agnés Roby-Brami & Yves Burnod. (1995) Learning a new visuomotor transformation: error correction and generalization. Cognitive Brain Research 2:4, pages 229-242.
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Gerald L. Gottlieb, Chi-Hung Chen & Daniel M. Corcos. (1995) “Adequate control theory” for human single-joint elbow flexion on two tasks. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 23:4, pages 388-398.
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M. Jeannerod. (2010) Motor representations and reality. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 229-245.
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H. T. A. Whiting & R. P. Ingvaldsen. (2010) The mystery-mastery-imagery complex. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 228-229.
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Charles B. Walter & Stephan P. Swinnen. (2010) Potential disparities between imagining and preparing motor skills. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 227-228.
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Stefan Vogt. (2010) Imagery needs preparation too. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 226-227.
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A. H. C. Van der Heijden & Bruce Bridgeman. (2010) Action and attention. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 225-226.
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Gary W. Strong. (2010) Separability of reference frame distinctions from motor and visual images. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 224-225.
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Paul G. Skokowski. (2010) How do we satisfy our goals?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 224-224.
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Chris Sinha. (2010) Canonical representations and constructive praxis: Some developmental and linguistic considerations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 223-224.
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Jerome N. Sanes. (2010) Neurophysiology of preparation, movement and imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 221-223.
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J. P. Roll, J. C. Gilhodes & R. Roll. (2010) Kinaesthetic illusions as tools in understanding motor imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 220-221.
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Giacomo Rizzolatti. (2010) Nonconscious motor images. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 220-220.
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Jean Requin. (2010) To dream is not to (intend to) do. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 218-219.
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Wolfgang Prinz. (2010) Motor images are action plans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 218-218.
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Giuseppe Pellizzer & Apostolos P. Georgopoulos. (2010) Representations of movement and representations in movement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 216-217.
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Jean Pailhous & Mireille Bonnard. (2010) Jeannerod's representing brain: Image or illusion?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 215-216.
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Adam Morton. (2010) Motor simulation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 215-215.
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Robert W. Mitchell. (2010) Are motor images based on kinestheticvisual matching?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 214-215.
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A. David Milner, David P. Carey & Monika Harvey. (2010) Visually guided action and the “need to know”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 213-214.
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Roberta L. Klatzky. (2010) On the relation between motor imagery and visual imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 212-213.
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P. C. Kainen. (2010) Synergy versus schema. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 212-212.
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Ray Jackendoff & Barbara Landau. (2010) What is coded in parietal representations?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 211-212.
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David H. Ingvar. (2010) Motor memory – a memory of the future. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 210-211.
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Mark Hallett, Jordan Fieldman, Leonardo G. Cohen, Norihiro Sadato & Alvaro Pascual-Leone. (2010) Involvement of primary motor cortex in motor imagery and mental practice. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 210-210.
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Rick Grush. (2010) Motor models as steps to higher cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 209-210.
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S. C. Gandevia. (2010) Peripheral and central correlates of attempted voluntary movements. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 208-209.
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Joaquin M. Fuster. (2010) Call it what it is: Motor memory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 208-208.
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Digby Elliott & Brian K. V. Maraj. (2010) Visual-spatial movement goals. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 207-207.
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Robert Dufour, Martin H. Fischer & David A. Rosenbaum. (2010) Moving beyond imagination. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 206-207.
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Daniel M. Corcos. (2010) Temporal representation in the control of movement. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 206-206.
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José L. Contreras-Vidal, Jean P. Banquet, Jany Brebion & Mark J. Smith. (2010) The creative brain: Symmetry breaking in motor imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 204-205.
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Romeo Chua & Daniel J. Weeks. (2010) Cognitive and motor implications of mental imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 203-204.
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Christopher A. Buneo & Martha Flanders. (2010) On the limitations of imaging imagining. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 202-203.
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Ruzena Bajcsy. (2010) Do object affordances represent the functionality of an object?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 202-202.
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M. Jeannerod. (2010) The representing brain: Neural correlates of motor intention and imagery. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 17:2, pages 187-202.
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Mark L. Latash & Simon R. Goodman. (1994) An equilibrium-point model of electromyographic patterns during single-joint movements based on experimentally reconstructed control signals. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 4:4, pages 230-241.
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