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Journal of Motor Behavior Volume 26, 1994 - Issue 4
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Original Articles

Reducing Knowledge of Results about Relative versus Absolute Timing: Differential Effects on Learning

Gabriele Wulf Max-Planck Institute for Psychological Research, Munich, Germany
,
Timothy D. Lee McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
&
Richard A. Schmidt Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
Pages 362-369 | Published online: 14 Jul 2010

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Ying Liang, Aviv Kamiel-Skeete, Adam Pettitt & Michael J. Hiley. (2023) Where in a time constrained throwing task is the speed-accuracy trade-off?. Journal of Sports Sciences 41:5, pages 424-429.
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Tércio Apolinário-Souza, Natália Lelis-Torres, Stanisław H. Czyż & Guilherme Menezes Lage. (2023) The Effect of Different Combinations of Practice Schedules on Motor Response Stability during Practice. Journal of Motor Behavior 55:2, pages 174-185.
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Michael J. Hiley & Maurice R. Yeadon. (2021) Control of a Whole-Body Task with Uncertain Initial Conditions: Application to the Upstart On Bars. Journal of Motor Behavior 53:3, pages 287-295.
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Ricardo Drews, Matheus Maia Pacheco, Flavio Henrique Bastos & Go Tani. (2021) Knowledge of Results do not Affect Self-Efficacy and Skill Acquisition on an Anticipatory Timing Task. Journal of Motor Behavior 53:3, pages 275-286.
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F. Potdevin, O. Vors, A. Huchez, M. Lamour, K. Davids & C. Schnitzler. (2018) How can video feedback be used in physical education to support novice learning in gymnastics? Effects on motor learning, self-assessment and motivation. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy 23:6, pages 559-574.
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Hui-Ting Goh, ShaileshS. Kantak & KatherineJ. Sullivan. (2012) Movement Pattern and Parameter Learning in Children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 83:2, pages 346-352.
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Arnaud Badets & Yannick Blandin. (2010) Feedback Schedules for Motor-Skill Learning: The Similarities and Differences between Physical and Observational Practice. Journal of Motor Behavior 42:4, pages 257-268.
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Suzete Chiviacowsky, Franklin Laroque de Medeiros, Angélica Kaefer, Raquel Wally & Gabriele Wulf. (2008) Self-Controlled Feedback in 10-Year-Old Children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 79:1, pages 122-127.
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Suzete Chiviacowsky & Gabriele Wulf. (2007) Feedback After Good Trials Enhances Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 78:2, pages 40-47.
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Heather Wilde & Charles H. Shea. (2006) Proportional and nonproportional transfer of movement sequences. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 59:9, pages 1626-1647.
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CharlesH. Shea & Gabriele Wulf. (2005) Schema Theory: A Critical Appraisal and Reevaluation. Journal of Motor Behavior 37:2, pages 85-102.
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Suzete Chiviacowsky & Gabriele Wulf. (2005) Self-Controlled Feedback Is Effective if It Is Based on the Learner's Performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 76:1, pages 42-48.
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Arnaud Badets & Yannick Blandin. (2004) The Role of Knowledge of Results Frequency in Learning Through Observation. Journal of Motor Behavior 36:1, pages 62-70.
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Lisa Bruechert, Qin Lai & CharlesH. Shea. (2003) Reduced Knowledge of Results Frequency Enhances Error Detection. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 74:4, pages 467-472.
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CharlesH. Shea & Jin-Hoon Park. (2003) The Independence of Response Structure and Element Production in Timing Sequences. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 74:4, pages 401-420.
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RichardA. Schmidt. (2003) Motor Schema Theory after 27 Years: Reflections and Implications for a New Theory. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 74:4, pages 366-375.
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Kaisu Mononen, JukkaT. Viitasalo, Niilo Konttinen & Pertti Era. (2003) The effects of augmented kinematic feedback on motor skill learning in rifle shooting. Journal of Sports Sciences 21:10, pages 867-876.
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Suzete Chiviacowsky & Gabriele Wulf. (2002) Self-Controlled Feedback: Does it Enhance Learning Because Performers Get Feedback When They Need It?. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73:4, pages 408-415.
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ClareG. Giuffrida, JohnB. Shea & JeffreyT. Fairbrother. (2002) Differential Transfer Benefits of Increased Practice for Constant, Blocked, and Serial Practice Schedules. Journal of Motor Behavior 34:4, pages 353-365.
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Jin-Hoon Park & CharlesH. Shea. (2002) Effector Independence. Journal of Motor Behavior 34:3, pages 253-270.
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PolemniaG. Amazeen. (2002) Is Dynamics the Content of a Generalized Motor Program for Rhythmic Interlimb Coordination?. Journal of Motor Behavior 34:3, pages 233-251.
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Gabriele Wulf, Nathan Mcconnel, Matthias Gärtner & Andreas Schwarz. (2002) Enhancing the Learning of Sport Skills Through External-Focus Feedback. Journal of Motor Behavior 34:2, pages 171-182.
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ChadA. Whitacre & CharlesH. Shea. (2002) The Role of Parameter Variability on Retention, Parameter Transfer, and Effector Transfer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73:1, pages 47-57.
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CharlesH. Shea, Qin Lai, DavidL. Wright, Maarten Immink & Charles Black. (2001) Consistent and Variable Practice Conditions: Effects on Relative and Absolute Timing. Journal of Motor Behavior 33:2, pages 139-152.
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CharlesH. Shea, Gabriele Wulf, Jin-Hoon Park & Briana Gaunt. (2001) Effects of an Auditory Model on the Learning of Relative and Absolute Timing. Journal of Motor Behavior 33:2, pages 127-138.
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Qin Lai, CharlesH. Shea & Mark Little. (2000) Effects of Modeled Auditory Information on a Sequential Timing Task. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 71:4, pages 349-356.
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Jin-Hoon Park, CharlesH. Shea & DavidL. Wright. (2000) Reduced-Frequency Concurrent and Terminal Feedback: A Test of the Guidance Hypothesis. Journal of Motor Behavior 32:3, pages 287-296.
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ChadA. Whitacre & CharlesH. Shea. (2000) Performance and Learning of Generalized Motor Programs: Relative (GMP) and Absolute (Parameter) Errors. Journal of Motor Behavior 32:2, pages 163-175.
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Qin Lai, CharlesH. Shea, Gabriele Wulf & DavidL. Wright. (2000) Optimizing Generalized Motor Program and Parameter Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 71:1, pages 10-24.
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Qin Lai & CharlesH. Shea. (1999) Bandwidth Knowledge of Results Enhances Generalized Motor Program Learning. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 70:1, pages 79-83.
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Qin Lai & CharlesH. Shea. (1999) The Role of Reduced Frequency of Knowledge of Results during Constant Practice. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 70:1, pages 33-40.
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Gabriele Wulf, CharlesH. Shea & Sabine Matschiner. (1998) Frequent Feedback Enhances Complex Motor Skill Learning. Journal of Motor Behavior 30:2, pages 180-192.
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Qin Lai & CharlesH. Shea. (1998) Generalized Motor Program (GMP) Learning: Effects of Reduced Frequency of Knowledge of Results and Practice Variability. Journal of Motor Behavior 30:1, pages 51-59.
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CraigA. Wrisberg & Gabriele Wulf. (1997) Diminishing the Effects of Reduced Frequency of Knowledge of Results on Generalized Motor Program Learning. Journal of Motor Behavior 29:1, pages 17-26.
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Gabriele Wulf & RichardA. Schmidt. (1996) Average KR Degrades Parameter Learning. Journal of Motor Behavior 28:4, pages 371-381.
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