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Original Articles

An Abbreviated Measure of Internal-External Locus of Control

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Pages 369-376 | Received 04 Jan 1973, Published online: 16 Nov 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Vondra O. Armstrong, Thomas R. Tudor & Gail D. Hughes. (2021) Course Retention in Community Colleges: Demographics, Motivation, Learning Style, and Locus of Control. American Journal of Distance Education 35:1, pages 32-47.
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Keren Turgeman-Lupo & Michal Biron. (2017) Make it to work (and back home) safely: the effect of psychological work stressors on employee behaviour while commuting by car. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 26:2, pages 161-170.
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Jung-Wen Hsia, Chia-Chi Chang & Ai-Hua Tseng. (2014) Effects of individuals' locus of control and computer self-efficacy on their e-learning acceptance in high-tech companies. Behaviour & Information Technology 33:1, pages 51-64.
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PereJ. Ferrando, Cristina Anguiano-Carrasco & Josep Demestre. (2013) Combining IRT and SEM: A Hybrid Model for Fitting Responses and Response Certainties. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 20:2, pages 208-225.
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Nicole Dubois. (1997) Scales and Questionnaires Measuring Internal Vs. External Causal Explanations in Organizational Contexts. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 6:1, pages 25-35.
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MichaelA. Schuett. (1993) Refining measures of adventure recreation involvement. Leisure Sciences 15:3, pages 205-216.
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DanaN. Christensen. (1983) Postmastectomy Couple Counseling: An Outcome Study of a Structured Treatment Protocol. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 9:4, pages 266-275.
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BensonR. Brown & Samuel Granick. (1983) Cognitive and psychosocial differences between I and E locus of control aged persons. Experimental Aging Research 9:2, pages 107-110.
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BrendaE. Munro & GeraldR. Adams. (1978) Correlates of Romantic Love Revisited. The Journal of Psychology 98:2, pages 211-214.
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Wei Peng, Emiel Cracco, Nikolaus F. Troje & Marcel Brass. (2022) Does belief in free will influence biological motion perception?. Psychological Research 87:3, pages 751-767.
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Moshe Israelashvili & Abeer Hannani Nahhas. (2023) The Differential Preliminary Belief in Prevention: The Case of Adolescents’ Problem Behaviors. Journal of Prevention and Health Promotion 4:1, pages 31-59.
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Linna Xu, Zhi Liu, Ming Ji, Yuntao Dong & Chia-Huei Wu. (2022) Leader Perfectionism—Friend or Foe of Employee Creativity? Locus of Control as a Key Contingency. Academy of Management Journal 65:6, pages 2092-2117.
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Azi Lev-On, Hama Abu-Kishk & Nili Steinfeld. (2022) Joining and Gaining Knowledge From Digital Literacy Courses: How Perceptions of Internet and Technology Outweigh Socio-Demographic Factors. Media and Communication 10:4.
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Babar Dharani & Kurt April. (2022) Investigating happiness at work along the organizational life cycle: Moderating role of locus of control. Problems and Perspectives in Management 20:1, pages 216-228.
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Wei Peng, Emiel Cracco, Nikolaus F. Troje & Marcel Brass. (2021) Does anxiety induced by social interaction influence the perception of bistable biological motion?. Acta Psychologica 215, pages 103277.
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Lucas Hall, Urja Acharya, Justin Bradley & Brittany Duncan. (2019) Inference of User Qualities in Shared Control of CPHS: A Contrast in Users. IFAC-PapersOnLine 51:34, pages 110-117.
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Robert Horvat. (2018) Impact of Selected Personality Traits on Accountants’ Attitudes Toward Accounts Manipulation: Evidence From Slovenia. Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 64:3, pages 23-35.
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Benjamin M. Galvin, Amy E. Randel, Brian J. Collins & Russell E. Johnson. (2018) Changing the focus of locus (of control): A targeted review of the locus of control literature and agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior 39:7, pages 820-833.
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Urja Acharya, Siya Kunde, Lucas Hall, Brittany A. Duncan & Justin M. Bradley. (2018) Inference of User Qualities in Shared Control. Inference of User Qualities in Shared Control.
Jung-Wen Hsia. (2015) The effects of locus of control on university students’ mobile learning adoption. Journal of Computing in Higher Education 28:1, pages 1-17.
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Angela Martin, Elizabeth Hobman, Emma Howarth & Kyla McDonald. 2016. Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific. Psychosocial Factors at Work in the Asia Pacific 267 288 .
Michael A. Jones, Valerie A. Taylor & Kristy E. Reynolds. (2014) The Effect of Requests for Positive Evaluations on Customer Satisfaction Ratings. Psychology & Marketing 31:3, pages 161-170.
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Kimberly R. Laurene, Richard F. Rakos, Marie S. Tisak, Allyson L. Robichaud & Michael Horvath. (2011) Perception of Free Will: The Perspective of Incarcerated Adolescent and Adult Offenders. Review of Philosophy and Psychology 2:4, pages 723-740.
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Boris B. Baltes, Ludmila S. Zhdanova & Malissa A. Clark. (2010) Examining the Relationships Between Personality, Coping Strategies, and Work–Family Conflict. Journal of Business and Psychology 26:4, pages 517-530.
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Helene S. Wallach, Marilyn P. Safir, Roy Samana, Idan Almog & Reut Horef. 2011. Advanced Computational Intelligence Paradigms in Healthcare 6. Virtual Reality in Psychotherapy, Rehabilitation, and Assessment. Advanced Computational Intelligence Paradigms in Healthcare 6. Virtual Reality in Psychotherapy, Rehabilitation, and Assessment 129 147 .
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Helene S. Wallach, Marilyn P. Safir & Roy Samana. (2009) Personality variables and presence. Virtual Reality 14:1, pages 3-13.
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Roy Samana, Helene S. Wallach & Marilyn P. Safir. (2009) The Impact of Personality Traits on the Experience of Presence. The Impact of Personality Traits on the Experience of Presence.
Steven Hitlin & Charisse Long. (2009) Agency as a Sociological Variable: A Preliminary Model of Individuals, Situations, and the Life Course. Sociology Compass 3:1, pages 137-160.
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Richard F. Rakos, Kimberly R. Laurene, Sarah Skala & Stephen Slane. (2008) Belief in Free Will: Measurement and Conceptualization Innovations. Behavior and Social Issues 17:1, pages 20-40.
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A. R. Elangovan & Jia Lin Xie. (1999) Effects of perceived power of supervisor on subordinate stress and motivation: the moderating role of subordinate characteristics. Journal of Organizational Behavior 20:3, pages 359-373.
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E. Sharon Mason & Peter E. Mudrack. (2008) Are Individuals Who Agree That Corporate Social Responsibility is a “Fundamentally Subversive Doctrine” Inherently Unethical?. Applied Psychology 46:2, pages 135-152.
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Peter E. Mudrack & E. Sharon Mason. (1996) Individual ethical beliefs and perceived organizational interests. Journal of Business Ethics 15:8, pages 851-861.
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Tim Barnett & Patricia A. Lanier. (2016) Comparison of Alternative Response Formats for an Abbreviated Version of Rotter's Locus of Control Scale. Psychological Reports 77:1, pages 259-264.
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Peter E. Mudrack & E. Sharon Mason. (2016) More on the Acceptability of Workplace Behaviors of a Dubious Ethical Nature. Psychological Reports 76:2, pages 639-648.
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Sandra S. Houts & Cathy D. Kassab. (2016) Three-Item Locus of Control Scale for Crime Victimization. Psychological Reports 75:2, pages 1011-1018.
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Sandra Graham. (2016) Motivation in African Americans. Review of Educational Research 64:1, pages 55-117.
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Helen Falconer, Katrine I. Baghurst & Eric E. Rump. (1993) Nutrient intakes in relation to health-related aspects of personality. Journal of Nutrition Education 25:6, pages 307-319.
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Stephen G. Sapp & Wendy J. Harrod. (2016) Reliability and Validity of a Brief Version of Levenson's Locus of Control Scale. Psychological Reports 72:2, pages 539-550.
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DORIS LAYTON MACKENZIE, JAMES W. SHAW & CLAIRE SOURYAL. (2016) Characteristics Associated with Successful Adjustment to Supervision. Criminal Justice and Behavior 19:4, pages 437-454.
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Geraldine W Bensink, Karolyn L Godbey, Melody J Marshall & Hossein N Yarandi. (1992) Institutionalized Elderly RELAXATION, LOCUS OF CONTROL, SELF-ESTEEM. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 18:4, pages 30-36.
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Magid Igbaria & Saroj Parasuraman. (1991) Attitudes toward microcomputers: development and construct validation of a measure. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 35:4, pages 553-573.
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Stephen R. Hawk. (2016) Effect of Locus of Control on Perceptions of Participative Decision-Making. Psychological Reports 67:3_suppl, pages 1307-1313.
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Saroj Parasuraman & Magid Igbaria. (1990) An examination of gender differences in the determinants of computer anxiety and attitudes toward microcomputers among managers. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 32:3, pages 327-340.
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STEPHEN R. HAWK. (1990) EFFECT OF LOCUS OF CONTROL ON PERCEPTIONS OF PARTICIPATIVE DECISION-MAKING. Psychological Reports 67:7, pages 1307.
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Magid Igbaria & Saroj Parasuraman. (2016) A Path Analytic Study of Individual Characteristics, Computer Anxiety and Attitudes toward Microcomputers. Journal of Management 15:3, pages 373-388.
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Stephen R. Hawk. (1989) Locus of control and computer attitude: The effect of user involvement. Computers in Human Behavior 5:3, pages 199-206.
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DORIS LAYTON MacKENZIE, LYNNE I. GOODSTEIN & DAVID C. BLOUIN. (2016) Personal Control and Prisoner Adjustment: An Empirical Test of a Proposed Model. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 24:1, pages 49-68.
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Doris Layton Mackenzie & Lynne I. Goodstein. (2006) Stress and the Control Beliefs of Prisoners: A Test of Three Models of Control‐Limited Environments 1 . Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16:3, pages 209-228.
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Eva Kahana, Mary Segall, James L. Vosmik, Boaz Kahana & Kathryn P. Riley. (1986) Motivators, resources and barriers in voluntary international migration of the elderly: The case of Israel-bound aged. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 1:2, pages 191-208.
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Gordon E. O'Brien. 1984. Research with the Locus of Control Construct. Research with the Locus of Control Construct 7 72 .
William J. Doherty. 1983. Developments and Social Problems. Developments and Social Problems 155 183 .
Gayle Fawcett, David Stonner & Harold Zepelin. (1995) Locus of Control, Perceived Constraint, and Morale among Institutionalized Aged. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development 11:1, pages 13-23.
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Betty L. Chang. (2016) Black and White Elderly: Morale and Perception of Control. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2:1, pages 371-387.
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Kumea (D. L. Shorter). (2017) Towards Developing Black Activists: The Relationship of Beliefs in Individual and Collective Internal‐External Control. Journal of Black Psychology 3:1, pages 59-70.
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