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The Journal of Psychology
Interdisciplinary and Applied
Volume 151, 2017 - Issue 8
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Original Articles

The Origins of Fears of Compassion: Shame and Lack of Safeness Memories, Fears of Compassion and Psychopathology

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Pages 804-819 | Received 21 Feb 2017, Accepted 15 Sep 2017, Published online: 22 Nov 2017

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Read on this site (4)

Sérgio A. Carvalho, Frederica Carvalho, Lígia Fonseca, Graça Santos & Paula Castilho. (2024) Beyond the Centrality of Shame: How Self-Concealment and Fear of Receiving Compassion From Others Impact Psychological Suffering in Transgender Adults. Journal of Homosexuality 71:6, pages 1373-1391.
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Stanley R. Steindl, Rebecca Xin Qi Yiu, Tahlia Baumann & Marcela Matos. (2020) Comparing compassion across cultures: Similarities and differences among Australians and Singaporeans. Australian Psychologist 55:3, pages 208-219.
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Articles from other publishers (54)

Jeffrey J. Kim, Chase Sherwell, Stacey L. Parker & James N. Kirby. (2024) Compassion training influences heart-rate variability within severe depression. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 16, pages 100760.
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Simone CheliGil GoldzweigFrancesca ChiarelloVeronica Cavalletti. (2024) Evolutionary systems therapy for paranoid personality disorder: A seven cases series. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 88:1, pages 61-80.
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Gang Wang, Soheila Soleimanzadeh & Majid Elahi Shirvan. (2023) An ecological perspective on the flow of compassion among Iranian learners of English as a foreign language. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching.
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Simone Cheli, Veronica Cavalletti & Christopher J. Hopwood. (2023) Threatening Beliefs About Self and Others Moderate the Association Between Psychoticism and Psychological Distress. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease 211:11, pages 819-827.
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Nicola Amari, Tasim Martin, Adam Mahoney, Shona Peacock, Janet Stewart & Erin Alexandra Alford. (2022) Exploring the Relationship Between Compassion and Attachment in Individuals with Mental Health Difficulties: A Systematic Review. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 53:3, pages 245-256.
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Marcela Matos, Nicola Petrocchi, Chris Irons & Stanley R. Steindl. (2022) Never underestimate fears, blocks, and resistances: The interplay between experiential practices, self‐conscious emotions, and the therapeutic relationship in compassion focused therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology 79:7, pages 1670-1685.
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Madeline Romaniuk, Sarah Hampton, Kelly Brown, Gina Fisher, Stanley R. Steindl, Chloe Kidd & James N. Kirby. (2023) Compassionate mind training for ex‐service personnel with PTSD and their partners. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 30:3, pages 643-658.
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Ramazan Sak, Eşref Nas, İkbal Tuba Şahin-Sak, Çağla Öneren-Şendil, Reyhan Tekin-Sitrava, Necdet Taşkın, Servet Kardeş, Ahmet Yayla & Yaren Dirik. (2021) Compassion as a Source of Satisfaction and Fear in Professionals Who Work With People. Psychological Reports 126:2, pages 946-966.
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Xiaoyi Liu, Gege Cao, Li Zhang, Yang Chen, Sige Liu, Yan Shi, Yunpeng Liu, Yulin Li & Huazhan Yin. (2023) Early Emotional Experiences and Prosocial Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: The Roles of Psychological Suzhi and Subjective Socioeconomic Status. Behavioral Sciences 13:4, pages 283.
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Diana Carvalho, Cristiana C. Marques, Ana Margarida Pinto, Maria João Martins, Inês Leal & Paula Castilho. (2021) Fears of compassion scales in psychosis: confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties. Current Psychology 42:8, pages 6457-6467.
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Simone Cheli, Francesca Chiarello & Veronica Cavalletti. (2022) A Psychotherapy Oriented by Compassion and Metacognition for Schizoid Personality Disorder: A Two Cases Series. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy 53:1, pages 61-70.
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Jingyun Wang, Mingchun Guo, Jamin Day & James N. Kirby. (2023) Self-Acceptance Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Parenting Behaviors and Fears of Compassion. Journal of Child and Family Studies 32:3, pages 744-755.
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Lasara Kariyawasam, Margarita Ononaiye, Chris Irons & Sarah E. Kirby. (2022) Exploring the Cross-cultural Applicability of a Brief Compassionate Mind Training: a Study Comparing Sri Lankan and UK People. Mindfulness 14:2, pages 429-447.
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Cláudia Ferreira, Inês Matos-Pina, Ana Cardoso, Maria Coimbra & Sara Oliveira. (2021) Can the lack of early memories of warmth and safeness explain loneliness and quality of life? A community sample study on young and middle-aged Portuguese adults. Current Psychology 42:4, pages 2924-2931.
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Marcela Matos, Kirsten McEwan, Martin Kanovský, Júlia Halamová, Stanley R. Steindl, Nuno Ferreira, Mariana Linharelhos, Daniel Rijo, Kenichi Asano, Sara P. Vilas, Margarita G. Márquez, Sónia Gregório, Gonzalo Brito-Pons, Paola Lucena-Santos, Margareth da Silva Oliveira, Erika Leonardo de Souza, Lorena Llobenes, Natali Gumiy, Maria Ileana Costa, Noor Habib, Reham Hakem, Hussain Khrad, Ahmad Alzahrani, Simone Cheli, Nicola Petrocchi, Elli Tholouli, Philia Issari, Gregoris Simos, Vibeke Lunding-Gregersen, Ask Elklit, Russell Kolts, Allison C. Kelly, Catherine Bortolon, Pascal Delamillieure, Marine Paucsik, Julia E. Wahl, Mariusz Zieba, Mateusz Zatorski, Tomasz Komendziński, Shuge Zhang, Jaskaran Basran, Antonios Kagialis, James Kirby & Paul Gilbert. (2023) Improvements in Compassion and Fears of Compassion throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multinational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20:3, pages 1845.
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Rosiel Elwyn. (2023) A lived experience response to the proposed diagnosis of terminal anorexia nervosa: learning from iatrogenic harm, ambivalence and enduring hope. Journal of Eating Disorders 11:1.
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R.M. Brand, R. Altman, C. Nardelli, M. Raffoul, M. Matos & C. Bortolon. (2022) Echoes of shame: a comparison of the characteristics and psychological sequelae of recalled shame experiences across the voice hearing continuum. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 51:1, pages 61-73.
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Lara Gama Cavalcanti, Stanley R. Steindl, Marcela Matos & Mark J. Boschen. (2021) Fears of compassion magnify the effects of rumination and worry on the relationship between self-criticism and depression. Current Psychology 42:2, pages 1157-1171.
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Catherine Bortolon, Rachel M. Brand, Rosalie Altman & Marcela Matos. (2021) Beyond trauma: the contribution of characteristics of shame memories, shame, and self-criticism to voice-hearing proneness. Current Psychology 42:3, pages 1750-1761.
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James N. Kirby & Nicola Petrocchi. 2023. Handbook of Self-Compassion. Handbook of Self-Compassion 417 432 .
Christopher Germer. 2023. Handbook of Self-Compassion. Handbook of Self-Compassion 379 415 .
Christine Brähler. 2023. Handbook of Self-Compassion. Handbook of Self-Compassion 347 367 .
امنة خصاونة. (2022) القدرة التنبؤية للخوف من الشفقة بالاكتئاب المبتسم لدى طلبة السنة الأولى في جامعة اليرموك. مجلة جامعة الشارقة للعلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية 19:4.
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Lúcia Rafaela Tavares, Paula Vagos & Ana Xavier. (2022) The role of self‐compassion in the psychological (mal)adjustment of older adults: A repeated‐measures study protocol. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 95:4, pages 990-1002.
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Rúben Sousa, Nicola Petrocchi, Paul Gilbert & Daniel Rijo. (2022) Unveiling the heart of young offenders: Testing the tripartite model of affect regulation in community and forensic male adolescents. Journal of Criminal Justice 82, pages 101970.
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Sandiléia Pfeiffer, Natália Peixoto Pereira & Carolina Saraiva de Macedo Lisboa. (2022) Fears of Compassion Scales: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validity Evidence for Use in Brazil. Trends in Psychology.
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Orkide BAKALIM & Faika ŞANAL KARAHAN. (2022) Yetişkinlerde Şefkat Korkusu ve Psikolojik EsneklikFear Of Compassion and Psychological Flexibility in Adults. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi:12, pages 539-559.
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Ofra Kula, Reut Machluf, Eran Bar‐Kalifa & Ben Shahar. (2021) The relationship between therapist interventions and couples' emotional injury resolution in emotion focused couples therapy. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 48:3, pages 726-737.
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Özlem ÇEVİK. (2022) Merhametin Üç Yönelimi ile TanımlanmasıCompassion is Defined According to Its Three Domains. Humanistic Perspective 4:2, pages 249-264.
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Charlie R. Crimston, Sarah Blessing, Paul Gilbert & James N. Kirby. (2021) Fear leads to suffering: Fears of compassion predict restriction of the moral boundary. British Journal of Social Psychology 61:1, pages 345-365.
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Marcela Matos, Cristiana Duarte, Joana Duarte, José Pinto-Gouveia, Nicola Petrocchi & Paul Gilbert. (2021) Cultivating the Compassionate Self: an Exploration of the Mechanisms of Change in Compassionate Mind Training. Mindfulness 13:1, pages 66-79.
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Eşref NAS & Ramazan SAK. (2021) Merhamet Korkusu Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Buca Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi:52, pages 503-519.
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Marcela Matos, Kirsten McEwan, Martin Kanovský, Júlia Halamová, Stanley R. Steindl, Nuno Ferreira, Mariana Linharelhos, Daniel Rijo, Kenichi Asano, Sara P. Vilas, Margarita G. Márquez, Sónia Gregório, Gonzalo Brito-Pons, Paola Lucena-Santos, Margareth da Silva Oliveira, Erika Leonardo de Souza, Lorena Llobenes, Natali Gumiy, Maria Ileana Costa, Noor Habib, Reham Hakem, Hussain Khrad, Ahmad Alzahrani, Simone Cheli, Nicola Petrocchi, Elli Tholouli, Philia Issari, Gregoris Simos, Vibeke Lunding-Gregersen, Ask Elklit, Russell Kolts, Allison C. Kelly, Catherine Bortolon, Pascal Delamillieure, Marine Paucsik, Julia E. Wahl, Mariusz Zieba, Mateusz Zatorski, Tomasz Komendziński, Shuge Zhang, Jaskaran Basran, Antonios Kagialis, James Kirby & Paul Gilbert. (2021) The role of social connection on the experience of COVID-19 related post-traumatic growth and stress. PLOS ONE 16:12, pages e0261384.
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Yoichi Hiramatsu, Kenichi Asano, Yasuhiro Kotera, Ayumu Endo, Eiji Shimizu & Marcela Matos. (2021) Development of the external and internal shame scale: Japanese version. BMC Research Notes 14:1.
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Talitha Best, Lee Herring, Chantelle Clarke, James Kirby & Paul Gilbert. (2021) The experience of loneliness: The role of fears of compassion and social safeness. Personality and Individual Differences 183, pages 111161.
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Marcela Matos, Kirsten McEwan, Martin Kanovský, Júlia Halamová, Stanley R. Steindl, Nuno Ferreira, Mariana Linharelhos, Daniel Rijo, Kenichi Asano, Sónia Gregório, Margarita G. Márquez, Sara P. Vilas, Gonzalo Brito‐Pons, Paola Lucena‐Santos, Margareth da Silva Oliveira, Erika Leonardo de Souza, Lorena Llobenes, Natali Gumiy, Maria Ileana Costa, Noor Habib, Reham Hakem, Hussain Khrad, Ahmad Alzahrani, Simone Cheli, Nicola Petrocchi, Elli Tholouli, Philia Issari, Gregoris Simos, Vibeke Lunding‐Gregersen, Ask Elklit, Russell Kolts, Allison C. Kelly, Catherine Bortolon, Pascal Delamillieure, Marine Paucsik, Julia E. Wahl, Mariusz Zieba, Mateusz Zatorski, Tomasz Komendziński, Shuge Zhang, Jaskaran Basran, Antonios Kagialis, James Kirby & Paul Gilbert. (2021) Fears of compassion magnify the harmful effects of threat of COVID‐19 on mental health and social safeness across 21 countries. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 28:6, pages 1317-1333.
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Sandiléia Pfeiffer & Carolina Saraiva de Macedo Lisboa. (2021) Dificuldades no engajamento às medidas contra a COVID-19. Psico 52:3, pages e41601.
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Sérgio A. Carvalho, José Pinto-Gouveia, David Gillanders & Paula Castilho. (2019) Obstacles to social safeness in women with chronic pain: The role of fears of compassion. Current Psychology 40:10, pages 5225-5234.
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Mali Strand & Signe Hjelen Stige. (2021) Combining mindfulness and compassion in the treatment of complex trauma – a theoretical exploration. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 5:3, pages 100217.
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Helena L. Coelho, Inês A. Trindade, Ana Laura Mendes & Cláudia Ferreira. (2019) The mediating role of shame and fear of compassion on the relationship between major life events and depressive symptoms. Current Psychology 40:9, pages 4553-4562.
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Aino Saarinen, Liisa Keltikangas‐Järvinen, Henrik Dobewall, Ari Ahola‐Olli, Marko Salmi, Terho Lehtimäki, Olli Raitakari, Sirpa Jalkanen & Mirka Hintsanen. (2021) Risky emotional family environment in childhood and depression‐related cytokines in adulthood: The protective role of compassion. Developmental Psychobiology 63:5, pages 1190-1201.
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Jacqueline A. Davis, Lisa Y. Gibson, Natasha L. Bear, Amy L. Finlay-Jones, Jeneva L. Ohan, Desiree T. Silva & Susan L. Prescott. (2021) Can Positive Mindsets Be Protective Against Stress and Isolation Experienced during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Emotional Health and Wellbeing Needs of Perinatal Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:13, pages 6958.
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Lisa McLean, Matthew Bambling & Stanley R. Steindl. (2018) Perspectives on Self-Compassion From Adult Female Survivors of Sexual Abuse and the Counselors Who Work With Them. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36:9-10, pages NP4564-NP4587.
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Jolie T.K. Ho, Jessica R. Dupasquier, Molly L. Scarfe & David A. Moscovitch. (2021) Fears of receiving compassion from others predict safety behaviour use in social anxiety disorder over and above fears of negative self-portrayal. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 80, pages 102387.
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Jeffrey J. Kim, Ruby Gerrish, Paul Gilbert & James N. Kirby. (2020) Stressed, depressed, and rank obsessed: Individual differences in compassion and neuroticism predispose towards rank‐based depressive symptomatology. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 94:S2, pages 188-211.
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Stanley R. Steindl, Marcela Matos & Alison K. Creed. (2018) Early shame and safeness memories, and later depressive symptoms and safe affect: The mediating role of self-compassion. Current Psychology 40:2, pages 761-771.
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Ana Laura Mendes, Maria Cristina Canavarro & Cláudia Ferreira. (2020) A vergonha e o bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes: O medo de receber compaixão e os sentimentos de segurança e ligação aos outros como processos mediadores. Revista Portuguesa de Investigação Comportamental e Social 6:2, pages 56-68.
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Özlem ÇEVİK & Fuat TANHAN. (2020) Merhamet Korkusu: Tanımı, Nedenleri ve ÖnlenmesiFear of Compassion: Description, Causes and Prevention. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar 12:3, pages 342-351.
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Catarina Borralho Mendes & Cláudia Ferreira. (2019) A social rank approach to disordered eating: Exploring relationships between shame, fears of compassion, striving, and body shame. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 93:3, pages 490-502.
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Olivia A. Merritt & Christine L. Purdon. (2020) Scared of compassion: Fear of compassion in anxiety, mood, and non‐clinical groups. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 59:3, pages 354-368.
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Frances A. Maratos, Marcela Matos, Isabel Albuquerque, Wendy Wood, Lara Palmeira, Marina Cunha, Margarida P. Lima & Paul Gilbert. (2020) Exploring the international utility of progressing compassionate mind training in school settings: A comparison of implementation effectiveness of the same curricula in the UK and Portugal. Psychology of Education Review 44:2, pages 73-82.
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Christine Braehler & Kristin Neff. 2020. Emotion in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Emotion in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 567 596 .
Iona Naismith, Santiago Zarate Guerrero & Janet Feigenbaum. (2019) Abuse, invalidation, and lack of early warmth show distinct relationships with self‐criticism, self‐compassion, and fear of self‐compassion in personality disorder. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy 26:3, pages 350-361.
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Marion Sommers-Spijkerman, Hester Trompetter, Karlein Schreurs & Ernst Bohlmeijer. (2018) Pathways to Improving Mental Health in Compassion-Focused Therapy: Self-Reassurance, Self-Criticism and Affect as Mediators of Change. Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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