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Original Articles

The Distorted Nature of Hindsight

Pages 25-29 | Received 16 Dec 1980, Published online: 30 Jun 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (9)

Mark Pezzo. (2003) Surprise, defence, or making sense: What removes hindsight bias?. Memory 11:4-5, pages 421-441.
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Lioba Werth & Fritz Strack. (2003) An inferential approach to the knew-it-all-along phenomenon. Memory 11:4-5, pages 411-419.
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Jochen Musch. (2003) Personality differences in hindsight bias. Memory 11:4-5, pages 473-489.
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Tarek El-Sehity, Hans Haumer, Christian Helmenstein, Erich Kirchler & Boris Maciejovsky. (2002) Hindsight Bias and Individual Risk Attitude within the Context of Experimental Asset Markets. Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets 3:4, pages 227-235.
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Rudiger F. Pohl. (1998) The Effects of Feedback Source and Plausibility of Hindsight Bias. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 10:2, pages 191-212.
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Robert P. Agans & Leigh S. Shaffer. (1994) The Hindsight Bias: The Role of the Availability Heuristic and Perceived Risk. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 15:4, pages 439-449.
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Michael Conway. (1990) On Bias in Autobiographical Recall: Retrospective Adjustments following Disconfirmed Expectations. The Journal of Social Psychology 130:2, pages 183-189.
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Articles from other publishers (40)

Kosuke Kaida, Ikue Mori, Ken Kihara & Naoko Kaida. (2023) The function of REM and NREM sleep on memory distortion and consolidation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 204, pages 107811.
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April Bleske-Rechek, Michaela M. Gunseor & Kai Nguyen. (2023) I “knew” they wouldn’t last: Hindsight bias in judgments of a dating couple. Social Psychological Bulletin 18.
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Kosuke Kaida & Naoko Kaida. (2023) Memory load of information encoded amplifies the magnitude of hindsight bias. PLOS ONE 18:4, pages e0283969.
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Cristina Gordo, Sergio Moreno-Ríos & Hartmut Blank. (2022) Auditory hindsight bias in school-age children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 217, pages 105346.
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Yumi Jang & Youngmin Yoon. (2019) Public’s Perception of Corporate Crisis Responsibility : The Influence of Attributional Complexity and Hindsight Bias. Korean Journal of Journalism & Communication Studies 63:4, pages 193-229.
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Verónica Juárez Ramos. 2019. Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Biases in the Decision-Making Process. Analyzing the Role of Cognitive Biases in the Decision-Making Process 27 75 .
이지은 & Roseop Park. (2018) The effect of hindsight bias in negligence judgements in criminal cases. Korean Journal Of Criminology 30:3, pages 177-204.
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Lee, Jae Jin. (2018) A Study on Consumer’s Response on Brand Architecture, Monetary Promotion and Brand Value. Journal of Product Research 36:6, pages 31-38.
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Chandrima Bhattacharya & John D. Jasper. (2018) Degree of handedness: A unique individual differences factor for predicting and understanding hindsight bias. Personality and Individual Differences 125, pages 97-101.
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Gili Freedman & Mary Flanagan. (2017) From dictators to avatars: Furthering social and personality psychology through game methods. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 11:12, pages e12368.
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Alisha Coolin, Edgar Erdfelder, Daniel M. Bernstein, Allen E. Thornton & Wendy Loken Thornton. (2014) Explaining individual differences in cognitive processes underlying hindsight bias. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22:2, pages 328-348.
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Hui Jing Lu & Lei Chang. (2014) Deceiving Yourself to Better Deceive High-Status Compared to Equal-Status Others. Evolutionary Psychology 12:3, pages 147470491401200.
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Mark V. Pezzo. (2011) Hindsight Bias: A Primer for Motivational Researchers. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5:9, pages 665-678.
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이양구. (2010) A Study on the Hindsight Bias -Focus on 2008 U.S. Presidential Election-. Journal of Political Communication null:17, pages 249-285.
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Melissa A. Z. Marks & Hal R. Arkes. (2010) The effects of mental contamination on the hindsight bias: Source confusion determines success in disregarding knowledge. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 23:2, pages 131-160.
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Hyungkwon Lee. (2007) Debiasing the Hindsight Bias: Counterfactual Thinking as a Strategy to Counteract the Confirmation Bias. The Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 20:4, pages 335-373.
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Daniel M. Bernstein, Cristina Atance, Andrew N. Meltzoff & Geoffrey R. Loftus. (2007) Hindsight Bias and Developing Theories of Mind. Child Development 78:4, pages 1374-1394.
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Jennifer Arns. (2007) Challenges in Governance: The Leadership Characteristics and Behaviors Valued by Public Library Trustees in Times of Conflict and Contention. The Library Quarterly 77:3, pages 287-310.
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Jochen Musch & Thomas Wagner. (2007) Did Everybody Know It All Along? A Review of Individual Differences in Hindsight Bias. Social Cognition 25:1, pages 64-82.
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Rebecca Guilbault, Fred Bryant, Jennifer Howard Brockway & Emil Posavac. (2004) A Meta-Analysis of Research on Hindsight Bias. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 26:2, pages 103-117.
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R Bradley MacKay & Peter McKiernan. (2010) Exploring strategy context with foresight. European Management Review 1:1, pages 69-77.
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Lawrence J Sanna & Norbert Schwarz. (2003) Debiasing the hindsight bias: The role of accessibility experiences and (mis)attributions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39:3, pages 287-295.
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Lawrence J. Sanna, Norbert Schwarz & Eulena M. Small. (2002) Accessibility experiences and the hindsight bias: I knew it all along versus it could never have happened. Memory & Cognition 30:8, pages 1288-1296.
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Rüdiger F. Pohl, Michael Bender & Gregor Lachmann. (2002) Hindsight Bias Around the World. Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) 49:4, pages 270-282.
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Rüdiger F. Pohl, Michael Bender & Gregor Lachmann. (2002) Hindsight Bias Around the World. Experimental Psychology 49:4, pages 270-282.
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Peter M. ClarksonCraig EmbyVanessa W.-S. Watt. (2002) Debiasing the Outcome Effect: The Role of Instructions in an Audit Litigation Setting. AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 21:2, pages 7-20.
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Craig EmbyAlexander M. G. GelardiD. Jordan Lowe. (2002) A Research Note on the Influence of Outcome Knowledge on Audit Partners' Judgments. Behavioral Research in Accounting 14:1, pages 87-103.
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Erik Hölzl, Erich Kirchler & Christa Rodler. (2002) Hindsight bias in economic expectations: I knew all along what I want to hear.. Journal of Applied Psychology 87:3, pages 437-443.
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Therese A. Louie, Mary T. Curren & Katrin R. Harich. (2000) "I knew we would win": Hindsight bias for favorable and unfavorable team decision outcomes.. Journal of Applied Psychology 85:2, pages 264-272.
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Jane L. Reimers & Stephen A. Butler. (1992) The effect of outcome knowledge on auditors' judgmental evaluations. Accounting, Organizations and Society 17:2, pages 185-194.
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Judith E. Hennessey & Stephen E. Edgell. (2013) Hindsight bias in a very sparse environment. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29:5, pages 433-436.
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Galen V. Bodenhausen. (2006) Second‐Guessing the Jury: Stereotypic and Hindsight Biases in Perceptions of Court Cases 1 . Journal of Applied Social Psychology 20:13, pages 1112-1121.
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David Mazursky & Chezy Ofir. (1990) “I could never have expected it to happen”: The reversal of the hindsight bias. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 46:1, pages 20-33.
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. 1990. Intuitive Predictions and Professional Forecasts. Intuitive Predictions and Professional Forecasts 162 176 .
Wolfgang Hell, Gerd Gigerenzer, Siegfried Gauggel, Maria Mall & Michael Müller. (1988) Hindsight bias: An interaction of automatic and motivational factors?. Memory & Cognition 16:6, pages 533-538.
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Bas Verplanken & Rik G. M. Pieters. (2006) Individual differences in reverse Hindsight bias: I never thought something like chernobyl would happen. Did I?. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 1:3, pages 131-147.
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Martin F Davies. (1987) Reduction of hindsight bias by restoration of foresight perspective: Effectiveness of foresight-encoding and hindsight-retrieval strategies. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 40:1, pages 50-68.
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Nicolaos E. Synodinos. (1986) Hindsight Distortion: "I knew-it-all along and I was sure about it"1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16:2, pages 107-117.
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Mark R. Leary. (2016) Hindsight Distortion and the 1980 Presidential Election. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 8:2, pages 257-263.
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Tarek el Sehity, Hans Haumer, Christian Helmenstein, Erich Kirchler & Boris Maciejovsky. (2002) Hindsight Bias and Individual Risk Attitude within the Context of Experimental Asset Markets. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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