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Postgraduate Medicine Volume 128, 2016 - Issue 1
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Clinical Focus: Pain Management - Review

Levorphanol use: past, present and future

Jeffrey GudinPain Management and Palliative Care, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, NJ, USA;Department of Anesthesiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
,
Jeffrey FudinProfessional Practice Division, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY, USA;Professional Practice Division, Western New England University College of Pharmacy, Springfield, MA, USA;PGY2 Pain Residency and Clinical Pharmacy, Pain Management Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
&
Srinivas NalamachuInternational Clinical Research Institute, Overland Park, KS, USA;Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USACorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 46-53 | Received 30 Nov 2015, Accepted 02 Dec 2015, Published online: 27 Dec 2015

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Christopher R Page, Carlos Andres Perez, Ana Mavarez-Martinez, Sara Khan & Sergio D Bergese. (2020) Levorphanol in the Perioperative Setting: Decreasing Opioid Requirements While Improving Pain Management. Journal of Pain Research 13, pages 2721-2727.
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Ana Rita Silva & Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira. (2020) Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dextromethorphan: clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metabolism Reviews 52:2, pages 258-282.
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J Málek. (2020) Fentanyl - 60 years since synthesis, history of opioid analgesics. Anesteziologie a intenzivní medicína 31:5, pages 217-224.
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Kelly F. Paton, Diana V. Atigari, Sophia Kaska, Thomas Prisinzano & Bronwyn M. Kivell. (2020) Strategies for Developing κ Opioid Receptor Agonists for the Treatment of Pain with Fewer Side Effects . Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 375:2, pages 332-348.
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Kyle Gress, Karina Charipova, Jai Won Jung, Alan D. Kaye, Antonella Paladini, Giustino Varrassi, Omar Viswanath & Ivan Urits. (2020) A comprehensive review of partial opioid agonists for the treatment of chronic pain. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology 34:3, pages 449-461.
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Denise Kreutzwiser & Qutaiba A. Tawfic. (2020) Methadone for Pain Management: A Pharmacotherapeutic Review. CNS Drugs 34:8, pages 827-839.
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Valerie Le Rouzic, Ankita Narayan, Amanda Hunkle, Gina F. Marrone, Zhigang LuSusruta Majumdar, Jin Xu, Ying-Xian Pan & Gavril W. Pasternak. (2019) Pharmacological Characterization of Levorphanol, a G-Protein Biased Opioid Analgesic. Anesthesia & Analgesia 128:2, pages 365-373.
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AbhijitS Nair, Omkar Upputuri, SrinivasaShyam Prasad Mantha & BasanthKumar Rayani. (2019) Levorphanol: Rewinding an old, bygone multimodal opioid analgesic!. Indian Journal of Palliative Care 25:3, pages 483.
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Emanuel Schembri. (2018) Are Opioids Effective in Relieving Neuropathic Pain?. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine 1:1, pages 30-46.
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Leonard B. Kamen. 2018. Challenging Neuropathic Pain Syndromes. Challenging Neuropathic Pain Syndromes 7 20 .

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