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Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa Volume 48, 1993 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

HOW GIRAFFE ADAPT TO THEIR EXTRAORDINARY SHAPE

G. Mitchell Department of Physiology and MRC/University Circulation Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand Medical School, York Road, Parktown, 2193, South Africa
&
J D Skinner FRSSAf Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
Pages 207-218 | Published online: 13 Apr 2010

Citations (31)

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G. MITCHELL & JD SKINNER. (2004) Giraffe Thermoregulation: a review. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 59:2, pages 109-118.
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G. MITCHELL & J.D. Skinner. (2003) On the origin, evolution and phylogeny of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 58:1, pages 51-73.
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Articles from other publishers (29)

Marna S. van der Walt, Willem Daffue, Jacqueline Goedhals, Sean van der Merwe & Francois Deacon. (2023) The Rostral Epidural Rete Mirabile: Functional Significance in Blood Flow Regulatory Mechanisms in Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). Anatomia 2:2, pages 138-155.
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Marna S. van der Walt, Willem Daffue, Jacqueline Goedhals, Corna Serfontein & Francois Deacon. (2023) A Preliminary Study on the Functionality of the Carotid-Vertebral Anastomotic Artery in the Regulation of Blood Flow in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) by Duplex Ultrasound Examination. International Journal of Zoology 2023, pages 1-9.
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Marna Suzanne van der Walt, Willem Daffue, Jacqueline Goedhals, Sean van der Merwe & Francois Deacon. (2022) A Preliminary Study on the Siphon Mechanism in Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). Animals 12:23, pages 3348.
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Terrie M. Williams. (2022) Recasting the whale’s wonderful net. Science 377:6613, pages 1378-1379.
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Duncan Mitchell & Helen P. Laburn. 2022. Thermal Physiology. Thermal Physiology 435 491 .
Christian Aalkjær & Tobias Wang. (2021) The Remarkable Cardiovascular System of Giraffes. Annual Review of Physiology 83:1, pages 1-15.
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Robert Siddall, Fabian Schwab, Jenny Michel, James Weaver & Ardian Jusufi. 2019. Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems. Biomimetic and Biohybrid Systems 240 253 .
Philip S. M. Berry & Fred B. Bercovitch. (2017) Seasonal and geographical influences on the feeding ecology of giraffes in the Luangwa Valley, Zambia: 1973-2014. African Journal of Ecology 55:1, pages 80-90.
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Dane A. CrossleyIIII, Warren W. Burggren, Carl L. Reiber, Jordi Altimiras & Kenneth J. Rodnick. 2011. Comprehensive Physiology. Comprehensive Physiology 17 66 .
Bryan Shorrocks. 2016. The Giraffe. The Giraffe 187 216 .
Edgar Williams. (2016) Giraffe Stature and Neck Elongation: Vigilance as an Evolutionary Mechanism. Biology 5:3, pages 35.
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Haley D. O’Brien, Paul M. Gignac, Tobin L. Hieronymus & Lawrence M. Witmer. (2016) A comparison of postnatal arterial patterns in a growth series of giraffe (Artiodactyla: Giraffa camelopardalis ) . PeerJ 4, pages e1696.
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Haley D. O’Brien & Jason Bourke. (2015) Physical and computational fluid dynamics models for the hemodynamics of the artiodactyl carotid rete. Journal of Theoretical Biology 386, pages 122-131.
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Scott B. Citino & Mitchell Bush. 2014. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia 809 821 .
N. Ludo Badlangana, Justin W. Adams & Paul R. Manger. (2011) A Comparative Assessment of the Size of the Frontal Air Sinus in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis). The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 294:6, pages 931-940.
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R. E. Simmons & R. Altwegg. (2010) Necks‐for‐sex or competing browsers? A critique of ideas on the evolution of giraffe. Journal of Zoology 282:1, pages 6-12.
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Farzana Sathar, N. Ludo Badlangana & Paul R. Manger. (2010) Variations in the Thickness and Composition of the Skin of the Giraffe. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology 293:9, pages 1615-1627.
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G. Mitchell & J.D. Skinner. (2009) An allometric analysis of the giraffe cardiovascular system. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 154:4, pages 523-529.
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Graham Mitchell, Sybrand J. van Sittert & John D. Skinner. (2009) The Structure and Function of Giraffe Jugular Vein Valves. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 39:2, pages 175-180.
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E. BrøndumJ. M. Hasenkam, N. H. SecherM. F. BertelsenC. GrøndahlK. K. Petersen, R. Buhl, C. AalkjærU. BaandrupH. NygaardM. Smerup, F. Stegmann, E. Sloth, K. H. ØstergaardP. NissenM. RungeK. Pitsillides & T. Wang. (2009) Jugular venous pooling during lowering of the head affects blood pressure of the anesthetized giraffe. American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297:4, pages R1058-R1065.
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N. LUDO BADLANGANA, JUSTIN W. ADAMS & PAUL R. MANGER. (2009) The giraffe ( Giraffa camelopardalis ) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes? . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 155:3, pages 736-757.
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J. F. R. Paton, C. J. Dickinson & G. Mitchell. (2009) Harvey Cushing and the regulation of blood pressure in giraffe, rat and man: introducing ‘Cushing's mechanism’. Experimental Physiology 94:1, pages 11-17.
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G. Mitchell, J.P. Bobbitt & S. Devries. (2008) Cerebral perfusion pressure in giraffe: Modelling the effects of head-raising and -lowering. Journal of Theoretical Biology 252:1, pages 98-108.
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Gary West, Darryl Heard & Nigel CaulkettScott B. Citino & Mitchell Bush. 2007. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia. Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia 595 605 .
Graham MitchellShane K. Maloney, Duncan Mitchell & D. James Keegan. (2006) The origin of mean arterial and jugular venous blood pressures in giraffes. Journal of Experimental Biology 209:13, pages 2515-2524.
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Timothy J. Pedley. 2003. Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics. Cardiovascular Fluid Mechanics 1 72 .
B.S. Brook & T.J. Pedley. (2002) A model for time-dependent flow in (giraffe jugular) veins: uniform tube properties. Journal of Biomechanics 35:1, pages 95-107.
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Roger S. Seymour & Amy J. Blaylock. (2000) The Principle of Laplace and Scaling of Ventricular Wall Stress and Blood Pressure in Mammals and Birds. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 73:4, pages 389-405.
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. (1997) Blood pressure and flow rate in the giraffe jugular vein. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 351:1342, pages 855-866.
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