464
Views
90
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The Functional Anatomy of the Female Pelvic Floor and Stress Continence Control System

Pages 1-7 | Published online: 09 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (4)

Priya Kannan, Stanley Winser, Ravindra Goonetilleke & Gladys Cheing. (2019) Ankle positions potentially facilitating greater maximal contraction of pelvic floor muscles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Disability and Rehabilitation 41:21, pages 2483-2491.
Read now
Priya Kannan, Brigitte Fung, Regina W.C. Leung, Ravindra Goonetilleke & Stanley J. Winser. (2019) Association between high-heeled shoes of varied heel height and bladder neck elevation in women: an exploratory study. Footwear Science 11:2, pages 85-92.
Read now
Marit Lindland Ree, Ingrid Nygaard & Kari Bø. (2007) Muscular fatigue in the pelvic floor muscles after strenuous physical activity. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 86:7, pages 870-876.
Read now
Jackie Whittaker. (2004) Abdominal Ultrasound Imaging of Pelvic Floor Muscle Function in Individuals with Low Back Pain. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 12:1, pages 44-49.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (86)

Lorenzo Campanella, Gianluca Gabrielli, Erika Chiodo, Vitaliana Stefanachi, Ermelinda Pennacchini, Debora Grilli, Giovanni Grossi, Pietro Cignini, Andrea Morciano, Marzio Angelo Zullo, Pierluigi Palazzetti, Carlo Rappa, Marco Calcagno, Vincenzo Spina, Mauro Cervigni & Michele Carlo Schiavi. (2024) Minimally Invasive Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Prospective Comparative Analysis between Bulking Agent and Single-Incision Sling. Healthcare 12:7, pages 751.
Crossref
Maria Elisabete Teixeira da Silva, Fábio André Teixeira Pinheiro, Nuno Miguel Ferreira, Fernanda Sofia Quintela da Silva Brandão, Pedro Alexandre Lopes de Sousa Martins, Marco Paulo Lages Parente, Maria Teresa da Quinta e Costa Mascarenhas Saraiva, António Augusto Fernandes & Renato Manuel Natal Jorge. (2024) An estimation of the biomechanical properties of the continent and incontinent woman bladder via inverse finite element analysis. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine.
Crossref
Yerim Do, Youngeun Lim, Soohyun Lee & Haneul Lee. (2023) The Correlation between Transperineal Shear-Wave Elastography and Transabdominal Ultrasound When Assessing Pelvic Floor Function in Nulliparous Women. Diagnostics 13:18, pages 3002.
Crossref
Yong He, Guotao Huang, Shasha Hong, Xiaohu Zuo, Zhihan Zhao & Li Hong. (2023) Ferrostatin-1 alleviates the damage of C2C12 myoblast and mouse pelvic floor muscle induced by mechanical trauma. Cell Death Discovery 9:1.
Crossref
Fatih Özden, İsmet Tümtürk, Mehmet Özkeskin & Serkan Bakırhan. (2022) The effect of pelvic floor muscle training on urinary incontinence in patients with stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 192:3, pages 1481-1495.
Crossref
Pamela Moalli & Shaniel Bowen. 2023. Biomechanics of the Female Reproductive System: Breast and Pelvic Organs. Biomechanics of the Female Reproductive System: Breast and Pelvic Organs 27 57 .
Ka Lai Shek & Hans Peter Dietz. (2022) Is urethral pressure associated with parity and delivery mode?. International Urogynecology Journal 33:12, pages 3435-3439.
Crossref
Megan R. Routzong, Cecilia Chang, Roger P. Goldberg, Steven D. Abramowitch & Ghazaleh Rostaminia. (2021) Urethral support in female urinary continence part 1: dynamic measurements of urethral shape and motion. International Urogynecology Journal 33:3, pages 541-550.
Crossref
Nevin Toprak, Selva Sen & Berrak Varhan. (2022) The role of diaphragmatic breathing exercise on urinary incontinence treatment: A pilot study. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 29, pages 146-153.
Crossref
Louise Fonteyne, Stéphanie Guinois-Côté, Liana Perugino, Marianne Truong, Daria Zaichenko, Marie-Josée Lord, Claudia Brown & Richard Preuss. (2021) Interrater Reliability among Novice Raters in the Assessment of Pelvic Floor Muscle Tone Using the Reissing Tone Scale. Physiotherapy Canada 73:4, pages 313-321.
Crossref
Joy Marriott, Laura Pedofsky, Jackie Smalldridge, Lynsey Hayward, David Budgett, Poul M. F. Nielsen & Jennifer Kruger. (2020) Assessing vaginal pressure profiles before and after prolapse surgery using an intravaginal pressure sensor (femfit®). International Urogynecology Journal 32:11, pages 3037-3044.
Crossref
Rasha Kamel. 2021. Intrapartum Ultrasonography for Labor Management. Intrapartum Ultrasonography for Labor Management 405 416 .
Ui-jae Hwang, Jae-seop Oh & Moon-hwan Kim. (2020) Is There a Correlation between the Pelvic Floor Muscle Functions and the Strength of the Hip Muscles in Female with Stress Urinary Incontinence?. Journal of Musculoskeletal Science and Technology 4:2, pages 51-57.
Crossref
N.O. Krotova, I.V. Kuzmin & T.V. Ulitko. (2020) Biofeedback in Treatment and Rehabilitation of Urinаry Incontinence in Women. Bulletin of Restorative Medicine 100:6, pages 57-65.
Crossref
T. H. Bakaliuk, H. О. Stelmakh & L. M. Volkova. (2020) ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ МЕТОДІВ ТРЕНУВАННЯ М'ЯЗІВ ТАЗОВОГО ДНА У ЖІНОК ЗІ СТРЕСОВИМ НЕТРИМАННЯМ СЕЧІ. Вісник медичних і біологічних досліджень:3, pages 138-144.
Crossref
Iman Akef Khowailed, Joelle Pinjuv-Turney, Cathy Lu & Haneul Lee. (2020) Stress Incontinence during Different High-Impact Exercises in Women: A Pilot Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:22, pages 8372.
Crossref
Maedeh Fani, Reza Salehi, Navid Chitsaz, Shahin Goharpey & Shahla Zahednejad. (2020) Transabdominal Ultrasound Imaging of Pelvic Floor Muscle Activity in Women With and Without Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Case-Control Study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 42:11, pages 1358-1363.
Crossref
Amit Abraham, Eric Franklin, Carla Stecco & Robert Schleip. (2020) Integrating mental imagery and fascial tissue: A conceptualization for research into movement and cognition. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 40, pages 101193.
Crossref
Erin Hartigan, J. Adrienne McAuley, Michael Lawrence, Willis Brucker, Adam King, Brooks Tryon & Mary DeSilva. (2020) Hip Angles, Joint Moments, and Muscle Activity During Gait in Women With and Without Self-reported Stress Urinary Incontinence. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 44:3, pages 107-116.
Crossref
Xiaoyu Zhang, Yajun Ruan, Alex K. Wu, Uwais Zaid, Jaqueline D. Villalta, Guifang Wang, Lia Banie, Amanda B. Reed-Maldonado, Guiting Lin & Tom F. Lue. (2020) Delayed Treatment With Low-intensity Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in an Irreversible Rat Model of Stress Urinary Incontinence. Urology 141, pages 187.e1-187.e7.
Crossref
Dan Liu, Zhenzhen Qing & Lieming Wen. (2019) The use of tomographic ultrasound imaging on three-dimensional translabial ultrasound: a diagnostic sign for urethral diverticulum. International Urogynecology Journal 31:7, pages 1451-1456.
Crossref
Wen Shui, Yijia Luo, Tao Ying, Qin Li, Chaoran Dou & Minzhi Zhou. (2019) Assessment of female pelvic floor support to the urethra using 3D transperineal ultrasound. International Urogynecology Journal 31:1, pages 149-154.
Crossref
Naşide Mangir, Betül Aldemir Dikici, Christopher R. Chapple & Sheila MacNeil. (2019) Landmarks in vaginal mesh development: polypropylene mesh for treatment of SUI and POP. Nature Reviews Urology 16:11, pages 675-689.
Crossref
Erin Hartigan, J. Adrienne McAuley, Mike Lawrence, Carly Keafer, Abbey Ball, Anna Michaud & Mary DeSilva. (2019) Pelvic Floor Muscle Performance, Hip Mobility, and Hip Strength in Women With and Without Self-Reported Stress Urinary Incontinence. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 43:4, pages 160-170.
Crossref
Shelby A. Powers, Lindsey K. Burleson & Johanna L. Hannan. (2019) Managing female pelvic floor disorders: a medical device review and appraisal. Interface Focus 9:4, pages 20190014.
Crossref
Nancy Mirto‐Aguilar, José L. Palacios, Alvaro Munoz, Margarita Juárez & Yolanda Cruz. (2019) Urethral regions with differential tissular composition may underlie urinary continence and voiding function in female rats. Neurourology and Urodynamics 38:3, pages 893-901.
Crossref
Kari Bø, Britt Stuge & Gunvor Hilde. 2019. Exercise and Sporting Activity During Pregnancy. Exercise and Sporting Activity During Pregnancy 135 155 .
Brooke A. Harnisch, Mary Soyster & Phillip P. Smith. 2019. Healthy Aging. Healthy Aging 93 103 .
Karoly A. Viragh, Seth A. CohenLuyao ShenNicole Kurzbard-RoachShlomo RazSteven S. Raman. (2018) Translabial US: Preoperative Detection of Midurethral Sling Erosion in Stress Urinary Incontinence. Radiology 289:3, pages 721-727.
Crossref
Anna Maria Lasak, Marjorie Jean‐Michel, Phuong Uyen Le, Roshni Durgam & Jessica Harroche. (2018) The Role of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training in the Conservative and Surgical Management of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Does the Strength of the Pelvic Floor Muscles Matter?. PM&R 10:11, pages 1198-1210.
Crossref
Bohan Wang, Jun Zhou, Lia Banie, Amanda B. Reed‐Maldonado, Hongxiu Ning, Zhihua Lu, Yajun Ruan, Tie Zhou, Hsun Shuan Wang, Byung Seok Oh, Guifang Wang, Stanley Lei Qi, Guiting Lin & Tom F. Lue. (2017) Low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy promotes myogenesis through PERK/ATF4 pathway. Neurourology and Urodynamics 37:2, pages 699-707.
Crossref
Na LiCan CuiYue ChengYanhong WuJianzhong YinWen Shen. (2018) Association between Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of the Pelvic Floor and de novo Stress Urinary Incontinence after Vaginal Delivery. Korean Journal of Radiology 19:4, pages 715.
Crossref
Toshiko Tsumori & Wakako Tsumiyama. (2017) Sexual and Regional Differences in Myosin Heavy Chain Expression in the Rat External Urethral Sphincter. The Anatomical Record 300:11, pages 2058-2069.
Crossref
José Antonio García Mejido, Carmen M. Suárez Serrano, Ana Fernéndez Palacín, Adriana Aquise Pino, María José Bonomi Barby & José Antonio Sainz Bueno. (2017) Evaluation of levator ani muscle throughout the different stages of labor by transperineal 3D ultrasound. Neurourology and Urodynamics 36:7, pages 1776-1781.
Crossref
Lin Wang, Guiting Lin, Yung‐Chin Lee, Amanda B. Reed‐Maldonado, Melissa T. Sanford, Guifang Wang, Huixi Li, Lia Banie, Zhengcheng Xin & Tom F. Lue. (2016) Transgenic animal model for studying the mechanism of obesity‐associated stress urinary incontinence. BJU International 119:2, pages 317-324.
Crossref
Merete Kolberg Tennfjord, Marie Ellström Engh & Kari Bø. 2017. Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction. Female Sexual Function and Dysfunction 189 204 .
Raúl Juárez, René Zempoalteca, Pablo Pacheco, Rosa Angélica Lucio, Alfonso Medel & Yolanda Cruz. (2015) Activity of the external urethral sphincter evoked by genital stimulation in male rats. Neurourology and Urodynamics 35:8, pages 914-919.
Crossref
Géry Lamblin, Emmanuel Delorme, Michel Cosson & Chrystèle Rubod. (2015) Cystocele and functional anatomy of the pelvic floor: review and update of the various theories. International Urogynecology Journal 27:9, pages 1297-1305.
Crossref
J. L. PalaciosM. JuárezC. MoránN. XelhuantziM. S. Damaser & Y. Cruz. (2016) Neuroanatomic and behavioral correlates of urinary dysfunction induced by vaginal distension in rats. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310:10, pages F1065-F1073.
Crossref
Yolanda Cruz, Raúl Juárez, Alfonso Medel, Dora Luz Corona-Quintanilla, Pablo Pacheco & Margarita Juárez. (2016) Coital Urinary Incontinence Induced by Impairment of the Dorsal Nerve of the Clitoris in Rats. Journal of Urology 195:2, pages 507-514.
Crossref
Bussara Sangsawang & Nucharee Sangsawang. (2016) Is a 6-week supervised pelvic floor muscle exercise program effective in preventing stress urinary incontinence in late pregnancy in primigravid women?: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 197, pages 103-110.
Crossref
Reza KhorramirouzSarah MozafarpourSeyedeh Maryam KameliSeyedeh Sanam Ladi SeyedianNasim OveisiZahra RahimiMaryam AlijaniAbdol‐Mohammad Kajbafzadeh. (2015) A Novel Method of Urinary Sphincter Deficiency: Serial Histopathology Evaluation in a Rat Model of Urinary Incontinence. The Anatomical Record 299:2, pages 173-180.
Crossref
Gerard Gorniak & Patricia M. King. (2016) The Peripheral Neuroanatomy of the Pelvic Floor. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 40:1, pages 3-14.
Crossref
Diane Lee. 2016. Pathology and Intervention in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation. Pathology and Intervention in Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 612 650 .
Ryan Werntz, Georgios Gakis, Theresa Koppie & Arnulf Stenzl. 2015. Bladder cancer. Bladder cancer 144 155 .
Gerard Gorniak & William Conrad. (2015) An Anatomical and Functional Perspective of the Pelvic Floor and Urogenital Organ Support System. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 39:2, pages 65-82.
Crossref
A. C. Santiago, D. E. O’Leary, L. H. Quiroz & S. Abbas Shobeiri. (2014) Is there a correlation between levator ani and urethral sphincter complex status on 3D ultrasonography?. International Urogynecology Journal 26:5, pages 699-705.
Crossref
Claudia Oblasser, Janice Christie & Christine McCourt. (2014) Vaginal cones or balls to improve pelvic floor muscle performance and urinary continence in women postpartum: a quantitative systematic review and meta‐analysis protocol. Journal of Advanced Nursing 71:4, pages 933-941.
Crossref
Özlem Çınar Özdemır, Yesim Bakar, Nuriye Özengın & Bülent Duran. (2015) The effect of parity on pelvic floor muscle strength and quality of life in women with urinary incontinence: a cross sectional study. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27:7, pages 2133-2137.
Crossref
Kari Bø. 2015. Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for the Pelvic Floor. Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for the Pelvic Floor 397 407 .
Haroo Kim, Hwang-Bo Kak & Boin Kim. (2014) A Comparison of Vaginal Pressures and Abdominal Muscle Thickness According to Childbirth Delivery Method during the Valsalva Maneuver. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 26:3, pages 443-445.
Crossref
Nobuyuki Hinata & Gen Murakami. (2014) The Urethral Rhabdosphincter, Levator Ani Muscle, and Perineal Membrane: A Review. BioMed Research International 2014, pages 1-18.
Crossref
Christiana Campani Nygaard, Cornelia Betschart, Ahmed A. Hafez, Erica Lewis, Ilias Chasiotis & Stergios K. Doumouchtsis. (2013) Impact of menopausal status on the outcome of pelvic floor physiotherapy in women with urinary incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal 24:12, pages 2071-2076.
Crossref
G Hilde, J Stær‐Jensen, F Siafarikas, K Gjestland, M Ellström Engh & K Bø. (2013) How well can pelvic floor muscles with major defects contract? A cross‐sectional comparative study 6 weeks after delivery using transperineal 3 D /4 D ultrasound and manometer . BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 120:11, pages 1423-1429.
Crossref
Joyce Binford. (2013) Physical Therapy Management of Outlet Dysfunction Constipation and Pelvic Pain. Journal of Women's Health Physical Therapy 37:2, pages 59-69.
Crossref
Geraldo de Aguiar Cavalcanti, Gilberto Mastrocola Manzano, Karlo Faria Nunes, Lydia Maria Pereira Giuliano, Tatiane Almeida de Menezes & Homero Bruschini. (2012) Electrophysiological evaluation of the pudendal nerve and urethral innervation in female stress urinary incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal 24:5, pages 801-807.
Crossref
Gunvor Hilde, Jette Stær-Jensen, Franziska Siafarikas, Marie Ellström Engh, Ingeborg Hoff Brækken & Kari Bø. (2013) Impact of childbirth and mode of delivery on vaginal resting pressure and on pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 208:1, pages 50.e1-50.e7.
Crossref
Alexandros Derpapas, Alessandro G. Digesu, Gopalan Vijaya, Ruwan Fernando & Vik Khullar. (2012) Real-time in vivo assessment of levator ani muscle deformation in women. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 165:2, pages 352-356.
Crossref
Helena Talasz, Stephan C. Jansen, Markus Kofler & Monika Lechleitner. (2012) High prevalence of pelvic floor muscle dysfunction in hospitalized elderly women with urinary incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal 23:9, pages 1231-1237.
Crossref
Silvia Secco, Alessandro Crestani, Francesco Cattaneo, Vincenzo Ficarra, Filiberto Zattoni & Giacomo Novara. (2011) Slings in surgery of genuine stress incontinence. World Journal of Urology 30:4, pages 465-470.
Crossref
Scott C. Cuthbert & Anthony L. Rosner. (2012) Conservative chiropractic management of urinary incontinence using applied kinesiology: a retrospective case-series report. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine 11:1, pages 49-57.
Crossref
Eun-Young Kim, Suhn-Yeop Kim & Duck-Won Oh. (2011) Pelvic floor muscle exercises utilizing trunk stabilization for treating postpartum urinary incontinence: randomized controlled pilot trial of supervised versus unsupervised training. Clinical Rehabilitation 26:2, pages 132-141.
Crossref
Patricia Nelson, Gail Apte, Rafael JustizIIIIII, Jean‐Michel Brismeé, Gregory Dedrick & Philip S. SizerJr.Jr.. (2011) Chronic Female Pelvic Pain—Part 2: Differential Diagnosis and Management. Pain Practice 12:2, pages 111-141.
Crossref
Siobhan M. Schabrun, Ryan E. Stafford & Paul W. Hodges. (2011) Anal sphincter fatigue: Is the mechanism peripheral or central?. Neurourology and Urodynamics 30:8, pages 1550-1556.
Crossref
Eiji Hirata, Hisaya Fujiwara, Shogo Hayashi, Aiji Ohtsuka, Shin‐Ichi Abe, Gen Murakami & Yoshiki Kudo. (2010) Intergender differences in histological architecture of the fascia pelvis parietalis: A cadaveric study. Clinical Anatomy 24:4, pages 469-477.
Crossref
Linda Birch & P. M. Doyle. (2011) Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence During the Third Trimester and First Postpartum Year in Primiparous Women. International Journal of Childbirth 1:2, pages 71-81.
Crossref
Deaun A. Carpenter & Constance Visovsky. (2010) Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Review of Treatment Options. AORN Journal 91:4, pages 471-481.
Crossref
Kari Bø, Siv Mørkved, Helena Frawley & Margaret Sherburn. (2009) Evidence for benefit of transversus abdominis training alone or in combination with pelvic floor muscle training to treat female urinary incontinence: A systematic review. Neurourology and Urodynamics 28:5, pages 368-373.
Crossref
Allison AriailTrace Sears & Elizabeth Hampton. (2008) Use of Transabdominal Ultrasound Imaging in Retraining the Pelvic-Floor Muscles of a Woman Postpartum. Physical Therapy 88:10, pages 1208-1217.
Crossref
D.G. Lee, L.J. Lee & L. McLaughlin. (2008) Stability, continence and breathing: The role of fascia following pregnancy and delivery. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 12:4, pages 333-348.
Crossref
Diane K. Newman & Jo Laycock. 2008. Pelvic Floor Re-education. Pelvic Floor Re-education 91 104 .
Michelle D. Smith, Michel W. Coppieters & Paul W. Hodges. (2006) Postural activity of the pelvic floor muscles is delayed during rapid arm movements in women with stress urinary incontinence. International Urogynecology Journal 18:8, pages 901-911.
Crossref
Kari Bø. 2007. Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for the Pelvic Floor. Evidence-Based Physical Therapy for the Pelvic Floor 369 378 .
Patricia B Neumann, Karen A Grimmer & Yamini Deenadayalan. (2006) Pelvic floor muscle training and adjunctive therapies for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women: a systematic review. BMC Women's Health 6:1.
Crossref
James R. Balmforth, Jill Mantle, John Bidmead & Linda Cardozo. (2006) A prospective observational trial of pelvic floor muscle training for female stress urinary incontinence. BJU International 98:4, pages 811-817.
Crossref
J.‐M. Yang, S.‐H. Yang & W.‐C. Huang. (2006) Biometry of the pubovisceral muscle and levator hiatus in nulliparous Chinese women. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 28:5, pages 710-716.
Crossref
W.‐C. Huang, S.‐H. Yang & J.‐M. Yang. (2005) Anatomical and functional significance of urogenital hiatus in primary urodynamic stress incontinence. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 27:1, pages 71-77.
Crossref
Janko F. Verhey, Josef Wisser, Thomas Keller, Carl-Fredrik Westin & Ron Kikinis. (2005) Rigid overlay of volume sonography and MR image data of the female pelvic floor using a fiducial based alignment—feasibility due to a case series. Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics 29:4, pages 243-249.
Crossref
Kari Bø & Margaret Sherburn. (2005) Evaluation of Female Pelvic-Floor Muscle Function and Strength. Physical Therapy 85:3, pages 269-282.
Crossref
Cathy Allen & Declan Keane. (2005) Pathophysiology of urinary incontinence. Reviews in Gynaecological Practice 5:1, pages 65-70.
Crossref
Diane Newman. 2004. Female Urology, Urogynecology, and Voiding Dysfunction. Female Urology, Urogynecology, and Voiding Dysfunction 233 265 .
Kari B??. (2004) Urinary Incontinence, Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, Exercise and Sport. Sports Medicine 34:7, pages 451-464.
Crossref
M Güray, S Sarıoğlu, M Türkmen, O Yılmaz, H Ellidokuz, A Gelal, H İşlekel, A Çoker & E Özer. (2003) Cyclosporine a toxicity in association with reduced renal mass. Transplantation Proceedings 35:8, pages 3128-3133.
Crossref
Kari Bø, Margaret Sherburn & Trevor Allen. (2003) Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of pelvic floor muscle activity when activated directly or via a transversus abdominis muscle contraction. Neurourology and Urodynamics 22:6, pages 582-588.
Crossref
Maryrose P. Sullivan & Subbarao V. Yalla. (2002) Physiology of female micturition. Urologic Clinics of North America 29:3, pages 499-514.
Crossref
Catherine E. DuBeau. (2002) Continence Care. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 3:4, pages 280-281.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.