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Synthetic Communications
An International Journal for Rapid Communication of Synthetic Organic Chemistry
Volume 9, 1979 - Issue 6
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Original Articles

Improved Synthesis of 4,4′-Disubstituted-2,2′-Bipyridines

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Pages 497-504 | Received 02 Jan 1979, Published online: 05 Dec 2006

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Marion Graf, Yvonne Gothe, Daniel Siegmund, Nils Metzler-Nolte & Karlheinz Sünkel. (2018) Synthesis and characterization of cyclometallated rhodium(III) and iridium(III) compounds with antiproliferative activities in the nanomolar range. Inorganica Chimica Acta 471, pages 265-271.
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Carmen E. Castillo, Jennifer Armstrong, Elina Laurila, Larisa Oresmaa, Matti Haukka, Jérôme Chauvin, Sylvie Chardon‐Noblat & Alain Deronzier. (2016) Electro‐ and Photo‐driven Reduction of CO 2 by a trans ‐(Cl)‐[Os(diimine)(CO) 2 Cl 2 ] Precursor Catalyst: Influence of the Diimine Substituent and Activation Mode on CO/HCOO − Selectivity . ChemCatChem 8:16, pages 2667-2677.
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Joel T. Kirner & C. Michael Elliott. (2015) Are High-Potential Cobalt Tris(bipyridyl) Complexes Sufficiently Stable to Be Efficient Mediators in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells? Synthesis, Characterization, and Stability Tests. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 119:31, pages 17502-17514.
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Yongjing Hao, Peiju Yang, Shaoguang Li, Xiaojuan Huang, Xiao-Juan Yang & Biao Wu. (2012) Selective anion sensing by a ruthenium(ii)–bipyridyl-functionalized tripodal tris(urea) receptor. Dalton Transactions 41:25, pages 7689.
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Brian F. DiSalle & Stefan Bernhard. (2011) Orchestrated Photocatalytic Water Reduction Using Surface-Adsorbing Iridium Photosensitizers. Journal of the American Chemical Society 133:31, pages 11819-11821.
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Ru Liu, Yan Xu, Jun-Ru Wang & Zhen-Ting Du. (2009) 4,4’-Bis(4-octylphenoxy)-2,2’-bipyridine. Molbank 2009:4, pages M643.
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Catriona B. Spillane, Marième N.V. Dabo, Nicholas C. Fletcher, Joy L. Morgan, F. Richard Keene, Ihtshamul Haq & Niklaas J. Buurma. (2008) The dichotomy in the DNA-binding behaviour of ruthenium(II) complexes bearing benzoxazole and benzothiazole groups. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 102:4, pages 673-683.
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Marc Harris, Kenneth Houser, Johanna Scarino, Scott Wallace, Brandon Arndt, Amy Smith, Gary Romberger & Allix Sanders. (2007) Ethylene oxide-bridged bipyridine oligomers that function as selective host molecules for the encapsulation of small alkali cation guests. Journal of Inclusion Phenomena and Macrocyclic Chemistry 60:1-2, pages 153-161.
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Plamen Kirilov, Hubert Matondo, Patricia Vicendo, Jean‐Christophe Garrigues, Michel Baboulène, Hoang‐Phuong Nguyen & Isabelle Rico‐Lattes. (2005) Synthesis and photophysical properties of novel amphiphilic ruthenium (II) complexes containing 4,4′‐dialkylaminomethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl ligands. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 20:2, pages 125-129.
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Paul Kavanagh & Dónal Leech. (2004) Improved synthesis of 4,4′-diamino-2,2′-bipyridine from 4,4′-dinitro-2,2′-bipyridine-N,N′-dioxide. Tetrahedron Letters 45:1, pages 121-123.
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A.P. Smith & C.L. Fraser. 2003. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II 1 23 .
Abdelkrim El-ghayoury & Raymond Ziessel. (2000) Facile Synthesis of Polypyridine Esters:  A Route to Functionalized Aldehydes. The Journal of Organic Chemistry 65:23, pages 7757-7763.
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Sze Chit Yu, Sijian Hou & Wai Kin Chan. (2000) Synthesis and Properties of Polyamides and Polyesters On the basis of 2,2‘-Bipyridine-5,5‘-Dicarboxylic Acid and the Corresponding Polymer−Ruthenium Complexes. Macromolecules 33:9, pages 3259-3273.
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Sze Chit Yu, Xiong Gong & Wai Kin Chan. (1998) Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(benzobisoxazole)s and Poly(benzobisthiazole)s with 2,2‘-Bipyridyl Units in the Backbone. Macromolecules 31:17, pages 5639-5646.
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Abdelkrim El-ghayoury & Raymond Ziessel. (1998) A convenient synthetic route to polypyridine-esters by palladium-promoted carboalkoxylation. Tetrahedron Letters 39:25, pages 4473-4476.
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V. Percec, B. Barboiu & H.-J. Kim. (1998) Arenesulfonyl Halides:  A Universal Class of Functional Initiators for Metal-Catalyzed “Living” Radical Polymerization of Styrene(s), Methacrylates, and Acrylates. Journal of the American Chemical Society 120:2, pages 305-316.
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M. D. K. Nazeeruddin, K. Kalyanasundaram, M. Grátzel, B. Patrick Sullivan & Kevin Morris. 1998. Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses 181 186 .
Stefan Ruile, Oliver Kohle, Peter Péchy & Michael Grätzel. (1997) Novel sensitisers for photovoltaic cells. Structural variations of Ru(II) complexes containing 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine. Inorganica Chimica Acta 261:2, pages 129-140.
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Sze Chit Yu & Wai Kin Chan. (2003) Synthesis and liquid crystal properties of bipyridine‐containing aromatic polyamides. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 18:3, pages 213-219.
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Oliver Kohle, Stefan Ruile & Michael Grätzel. (1996) Ruthenium(II) Charge-Transfer Sensitizers Containing 4,4‘-Dicarboxy-2,2‘-bipyridine. Synthesis, Properties, and Bonding Mode of Coordinated Thio- and Selenocyanates. Inorganic Chemistry 35:16, pages 4779-4787.
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Thomas Daniel, Noriyuki Suzuki, Koji Tanaka & Akira Nakamura. (1995) Fluxional behavior of tert-butyl-substituted 2,2′: 6′2″-terpyridylmolybdenum(0) and 2,2′-bipyridylmolybdenum(II) complexes: enhanced solubility and ease in NMR study caused by the tert-butyl group. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 505:1, pages 109-117.
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Thomas Daniel, Hirotaka Nagao, Koji Tanaka & Akira Nakamura. (2006) Norbornadiene(bipyridyl)molybdenum(II) Complexes: Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity of [Mo(CO)(C 7 H 8 )(C 10 H 6 R 2 N 2 )X 2 ] (X = I, Br) . Chemische Berichte 128:10, pages 1007-1013.
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F. M. Macdonald & V. M. Lingard. 1993. Dictionary of Analytical Reagents. Dictionary of Analytical Reagents 91 202 .
Raymond Ziessel. (2003) Photocatalysis of the Homogeneous Water‐Gas Shift Reaction under Ambient Conditions by Cationic Iridium ( III ) Complexes . Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 30:7, pages 844-847.
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Raymond Ziessel. (2006) Photokatalyse des Wassergasprozesses in homogener Phase unter Normalbedingungen durch kationische Iridium(III)‐Komplexe. Angewandte Chemie 103:7, pages 863-866.
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Leopoldo Delia Ciana, Walter J. Dressick & A. Von Zelewsky. (2009) Synthesis of 4,4′‐divinyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry 27:2, pages 163-165.
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Oldrich Kocian, Roger J. Mortimer & Paul D. Beer. (1990) Novel polytopic macrocyclic receptor molecules containing multiple bipyridyl and dibenzo-18-crown-6 units. Tetrahedron Letters 31:35, pages 5069-5072.
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Kenji Hanabusa, Jun‐ichi Higashi, Toshiki Koyama, Hirofusa Shirai, Nobumasa Hojo & Akio Kurose. (2003) Synthesis and properties of thermotropic liquid‐crystalline polymers containing transition metals. Die Makromolekulare Chemie 190:1, pages 1-8.
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Paul N.W. Baxter & Joseph A. Connor. (1988) Bipyridinedicarbonitrile complexes of molybdenum and tungsten. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 355:1-3, pages 193-196.
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B. Gaš, J. Klíma, S. Záliš & A.A. Vlček. (1987) Redox series of complexes with a mixed coordination sphere. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 222:1-2, pages 161-171.
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Jean-Claude Chambron & Jean-Pierre Sauvage. (1987) Synthèse de composés macrocycliques comportant deux fragments coordinants séparés et différents,de type bipyrldyl-2,2' et diphényl-2,9 phénanthroline-1,10.. Tetrahedron 43:5, pages 895-904.
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Hirofumi Takemura, Tetsuo Saji, Masamichi Fujihira, Shigeru Aoyagui, Kazuhito Hashimoto & Tadayoshi Sakata. (1985) Luminescence dynamics of Ru(II) complexes chemically or physically immobilized on semiconductor particles in water. Chemical Physics Letters 122:5, pages 496-502.
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J.L. Bourdelande, J. Camps, J. Font, P. De March & E. Brillas. (1985) Synthesis of a new relay four photosensitized hydrogen production in basic aqueous SiO2 media. Journal of Photochemistry 30:4, pages 437-444.
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M. Fujihira, K. Aoki, S. Inoue, H. Takemura, H. Muraki & S. Aoyagui. (1985) Dye sensitization on SnO2 and Au electrodes chemically modified with Langmuir-Blodgett films of surfactant derivatives of rhodamine B and Ru(II)(bpy)32+ complexes. Thin Solid Films 132:1-4, pages 221-228.
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Yu-Pei Wang & D.C. Neckers. (1985) Polyamide-anchored palladium(0): Catalysts for the hydrogenation of olefins and nitro compounds. Reactive Polymers, Ion Exchangers, Sorbents 3:3, pages 191-198.
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Yu-Pei Wang & D.C. Neckers. (1985) 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic acid and 2,6-diaminopyridine polyamides: Complexes with rhodium. Reactive Polymers, Ion Exchangers, Sorbents 3:3, pages 181-189.
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Hideharu Daifuku, Koichi Aoki, Koichi Tokuda & Hiroaki Matsuda. (1985) Electrode kinetics of surfactant polypyridine osmium and ruthenium complexes confined to tin oxide electrodes in a monomolecular layer by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 183:1-2, pages 1-26.
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N. K. Khannanov & V. Ya. Shafirovich. (1984) Photosensitive electrode with a bilaminar modifying coating made with polyxylideneviologenpolysulfostyrene and the bis-2,2?-dipyridyl-4, 4?-diheptadecyl-2, 2?-dipyridyl ruthenium(II) complex. Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 33:11, pages 2396-2399.
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Christian-Herbert Fischer. (1984) Synthesis of 4,4′-bis(tridecyl)- and 4-methyl-4′-tridecyl-2,2′-bipyridine and a 2,2′-bipyridine-substituted polystyrene: an easier method for the preparation of 2,2′-bipyridines with long-chain substituents. Journal of Photochemistry 24:4, pages 415-418.
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Lindsay A. Summers. 1984. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry Volume 35. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry Volume 35 281 374 .
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Dean K. Ellison & Reynold T. Iwamoto. (1983) Synthesis of unsymmetrical 4,4′-dialkyl-2,2′-bipyridines. Tetrahedron Letters 24:1, pages 31-32.
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K. D. BOS, J. G. KRAAIJKAMP & J. G. NOLTES. (2016) ChemInform Abstract: IMPROVED SYNTHESIS OF 4,4′‐DISUBSTITUTED‐2,2′‐BIPYRIDINES. Chemischer Informationsdienst 10:46.
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