Advanced search
Publication Cover
New Zealand Veterinary Journal Volume 53, 2005 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
788
Views
68
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Scientific Article

Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 6. Bone parameters in the third metacarpal and third metatarsal bones

EC Firth Massey Equine, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand E-mail: [email protected]
,
CW Rogers Massey Equine, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand E-mail: [email protected]
,
M Doube Centre for Oral Growth and Development, St Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London E12AD, England
&
NB Jopson Abacus Biotech Limited, PO Box 5585, Dunedin, New Zealand
Pages 101-112 | Received 29 Mar 2004, Accepted 15 Feb 2005, Published online: 18 Feb 2011

Citations (68)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (8)

Helen Liley, Helen Davies, Elwyn Firth, Thor Besier & Justin Fernandez. (2017) The effect of the sagittal ridge angle on cartilage stress in the equine metacarpo-phalangeal (fetlock) joint. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 20:10, pages 1140-1149.
Read now
EC Firth, M Doube & A Boyde. (2009) Changes in mineralised tissue at the site of origin of condylar fracture are present before athletic training in Thoroughbred horses. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 57:5, pages 278-283.
Read now
EC Firth & CW Rogers. (2005) Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. Conclusions. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53:6, pages 377-383.
Read now
NR Perkins, SWJ Reid & RS Morris. (2005) Risk factors for injury to the superficial digital flexor tendon and suspensory apparatus in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53:3, pages 184-192.
Read now
NR Perkins, SWJ Reid & RS Morris. (2005) Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries of the lower limbs in Thoroughbred racehorses in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53:3, pages 171-183.
Read now
A Boyde & EC Firth. (2005) Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 8. Quantitative back-scattered electron scanning electron microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy of the epiphysis of the third metacarpal bone. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53:2, pages 123-132.
Read now
EC Firth & CW Rogers. (2005) Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 7. Bone and articular cartilage response in the carpus. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53:2, pages 113-122.
Read now
CW Rogers, EC Firth & BH Anderson. (2005) Musculoskeletal responses of 2-year-old Thoroughbred horses to early training. 5. Kinematic effects. New Zealand Veterinary Journal 53:2, pages 95-100.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (60)

Raniere Gaia Costa da Silva, Tsim Christopher Sun, Ambika Prasad Mishra, Alan Boyde, Michael Doube & Christopher Michael Riggs. (2023) Intracortical remodelling increases in highly loaded bone after exercise cessation. Journal of Anatomy 244:3, pages 424-437.
Crossref
Chris W. Rogers, Kylie Legg, Michaela Gibson & Erica K. Gee. (2023) Commercial equine production in New Zealand 4: welfare implications of the New Zealand production systems. Animal Production Science 64:1.
Crossref
Kira J. Noordwijk, Leyi Chen, Bianca D. Ruspi, Sydney Schurer, Brittany Papa, Diana C. Fasanello, Sean P. McDonough, Scott E. Palmer, Ian R. Porter, Parminder S. Basran, Eve Donnelly & Heidi L. Reesink. (2023) Metacarpophalangeal Joint Pathology and Bone Mineral Density Increase with Exercise but Not with Incidence of Proximal Sesamoid Bone Fracture in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Animals 13:5, pages 827.
Crossref
Marilia Ferrari Marsiglia, Ana Lúcia Miluzzi Yamada, Fernanda Rodrigues Agreste, Lilian Rose Marques de Sá, Rodrigo Tavares Nieman & Luís Cláudio Lopes Correia da Silva. (2022) Morphological analysis of third metacarpus cartilage and subchondral bone in Thoroughbred racehorses: An ex vivo study. The Anatomical Record 305:12, pages 3385-3397.
Crossref
Michael Doube. (2022) Closing cones create conical lamellae in secondary osteonal bone. Royal Society Open Science 9:8.
Crossref
Michaela J. Gibson, Rebecca E. Hickson, Keren E. Dittmer, Penny J. Back & Chris W. Rogers. (2022) Measures of Bone Morphology in the Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Metacarpus in Beef Cross Dairy Cattle at 8–12 and 24 Months of Age. Ruminants 2:3, pages 297-307.
Crossref
Chris W. Rogers. 2022. Fraser’s The Behaviour and Welfare of the Horse. Fraser’s The Behaviour and Welfare of the Horse 81 95 .
J.L. Pye & S.M. Stover. 2022. Fractures in the Horse. Fractures in the Horse 29 53 .
Anna L. Palmer, Chris W. Rogers, Kevin J. Stafford, Arnon Gal & Charlotte F. Bolwell. (2021) Risk-Factors for Soft-Tissue Injuries, Lacerations and Fractures During Racing in Greyhounds in New Zealand. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8.
Crossref
Kylie L. Crawford, Anna Finnane, Ristan M. Greer, Tamsin S. Barnes, Clive J. C. Phillips, Solomon M. Woldeyohannes, Emma L. Bishop, Nigel R. Perkins & Benjamin J. Ahern. (2021) Survival Analysis of Training Methodologies and Other Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injury in 2-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8.
Crossref
Ashleigh Morrice-West, Peta Hitchens, Elizabeth Walmsley, Adelene Wong & R. Whitton. (2021) Association of Thoroughbred Racehorse Workloads and Rest Practices with Trainer Success. Animals 11:11, pages 3130.
Crossref
Ashleigh V. Morrice‐West, Peta L. Hitchens, Elizabeth A. Walmsley, Mark A. Stevenson, Adelene S. M. Wong & R. Chris Whitton. (2020) Variation in GPS and accelerometer recorded velocity and stride parameters of galloping Thoroughbred horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 53:5, pages 1063-1074.
Crossref
Deanna M. Goldstein, Julie B. Engiles, Grant B. Rezabek & Christopher B. Ruff. (2020) Locomotion on the edge: Structural properties of the third metacarpal in Thoroughbred and Quarter Horse racehorses and feral Assateague Island ponies. The Anatomical Record 304:4, pages 771-786.
Crossref
Kylie L. Crawford, Anna Finnane, Ristan M. Greer, Clive J. C. Phillips, Emma L. Bishop, Solomon M. Woldeyohannes, Nigel R. Perkins & Benjamin J. Ahern. (2021) A Prospective Study of Training Methods for Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia, and Analysis of the Differences in Training Methods between Trainers of Varying Stable Sizes. Animals 11:4, pages 928.
Crossref
Parminder S. Basran, Jonathan Gao, Scott Palmer & Heidi L. Reesink. (2020) A radiomics platform for computing imaging features from µCT images of Thoroughbred racehorse proximal sesamoid bones: Benchmark performance and evaluation. Equine Veterinary Journal 53:2, pages 277-286.
Crossref
Kylie L. Crawford, Anna Finnane, Clive J. C. Phillips, Ristan M. Greer, Solomon M. Woldeyohannes, Nigel R. Perkins, Lisa J. Kidd & Benjamin J. Ahern. (2021) The Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Injuries in Thoroughbred Racehorses in Queensland, Australia: How These Vary for Two-Year-Old and Older Horses and with Type of Injury. Animals 11:2, pages 270.
Crossref
David J. Mellor, Ngaio J. Beausoleil, Katherine E. Littlewood, Andrew N. McLean, Paul D. McGreevy, Bidda Jones & Cristina Wilkins. (2020) The 2020 Five Domains Model: Including Human–Animal Interactions in Assessments of Animal Welfare. Animals 10:10, pages 1870.
Crossref
S. Frietman, R. van Proosdij, F. ter Braake & N. de Heer. (2019) A detailed radiographic description of the nutrient foramen of the dorsal cortex of the proximal phalanx in horses. Equine Veterinary Education 32:S10, pages 72-77.
Crossref
Camie Heleski, C. Jill Stowe, Julie Fiedler, Michael L. Peterson, Colleen Brady, Carissa Wickens & James N. MacLeod. (2020) Thoroughbred Racehorse Welfare through the Lens of ‘Social License to Operate—With an Emphasis on a U.S. Perspective. Sustainability 12:5, pages 1706.
Crossref
Chris W. Rogers, Charlotte F. Bolwell, Erica K. Gee & Sarah M. Rosanowski. (2020) Equine musculoskeletal development and performance: impact of the production system and early training. Animal Production Science 60:18, pages 2069.
Crossref
Michelle C. Coleman, Canaan Whitfield-Cargile, Berkley Chesen, Jarred Williams, Juan E. RomanoSr.Sr., Joanne Hardy, Evelyn MacKay, Kevin Washburn, Sarah N. Sampson, Phillippa Gibbons, Ricardo Loinaz, Sarah M. Reuss, M. Keith Chaffin, Meredyth L. Jones, Ashlee E. Watts, Tamara M. Swor, Amanda K. Hartnack, Travis M. Tull, Tracy E. Norman, Jeffrey P. Watkins, Will C. Jordan & Scott A. Katzman. 2020. Large Animal Internal Medicine. Large Animal Internal Medicine 1197 1266.e14 .
R.C. Whitton, E.A. Walmsley, A.S.M. Wong, S.M. Shannon, E.J. Frazer, N.J. Williams, J.F. Guerow & P.L. Hitchens. (2019) Associations between pre-injury racing history and tibial and humeral fractures in Australian Thoroughbred racehorses. The Veterinary Journal 247, pages 44-49.
Crossref
N. Anne‐Archard, G. Martel, U. Fogarty, H. Richard, G. Beauchamp & S. Laverty. (2018) Differences in third metacarpal trabecular microarchitecture between the parasagittal groove and condyle at birth and in adult racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 51:1, pages 115-122.
Crossref
Michael Doube, Alessandro A. Felder, Melissa Y. Chua, Kalyani Lodhia, Michał M. Kłosowski, John R. Hutchinson & Sandra J. Shefelbine. (2018) Limb bone scaling in hopping macropods and quadrupedal artiodactyls. Royal Society Open Science 5:10, pages 180152.
Crossref
Helen Liley, Ju Zhang, Elwyn C. Firth, Justin W. Fernandez & Thor F. Besier. (2018) Statistical modeling of the equine third metacarpal bone incorporating morphology and bone mineral density. PLOS ONE 13:6, pages e0194406.
Crossref
Sandra Martig, Peta L. Hitchens, Mark A. Stevenson & R. Chris Whitton. (2018) Subchondral bone morphology in the metacarpus of racehorses in training changes with distance from the articular surface but not with age. Journal of Anatomy 232:6, pages 919-930.
Crossref
Peta L. Hitchens, Peter Pivonka, Fatemeh Malekipour & R. Chris Whitton. (2018) Mathematical modelling of bone adaptation of the metacarpal subchondral bone in racehorses. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology 17:3, pages 877-890.
Crossref
Sarah M. Rosanowski, Yu-Mei Chang, Anthony J. Stirk & Kristien L. P. Verheyen. (2018) Risk factors for race-day fatality in flat racing Thoroughbreds in Great Britain (2000 to 2013). PLOS ONE 13:3, pages e0194299.
Crossref
Keren E. DittmerElwyn C. Firth. (2017) Mechanisms of bone response to injury. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29:4, pages 385-395.
Crossref
Wilna Labuschagne, Chris W. Rogers, Erica K. Gee & Charlotte F. Bolwell. (2017) A Cross-Sectional Survey of Forelimb Hoof Conformation and the Prevalence of Flat Feet in a Cohort of Thoroughbred Racehorses in New Zealand. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 51, pages 1-7.
Crossref
Martyna Frątczak, Jan Włodarek, Hieronim Frąckowiak & Marcin Komosa. (2017) Insight into the pathomorphology of the distal border of the equine navicular bone. Acta Veterinaria Brno 86:2, pages 123-131.
Crossref
Annette M. Dijkstra, Tjarda C. Sinnige, Chris W. Rogers, Erica K. Gee & Charlotte F. Bolwell. (2016) Preliminary Examination of Farriery and Hoof Care Practices and Owner-Reported Injuries in Sport Horses in New Zealand. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 46, pages 82-88.
Crossref
Vanessa E. Dahl, Peta L. Hitchens & Susan M. Stover. (2016) Effects of racetrack surface and nail placement on movement between heels of the hoof and horseshoes of racehorses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 77:9, pages 983-990.
Crossref
Sophie H. Bogers, Chris W. Rogers, Charlotte Bolwell, Wendi Roe, Erica Gee & C. Wayne McIlwraith. (2016) Quantitative comparison of bone mineral density characteristics of the distal epiphysis of third metacarpal bones from Thoroughbred racehorses with or without condylar fracture. American Journal of Veterinary Research 77:1, pages 32-38.
Crossref
Kazutaka YAMADA, Fumio SATO, Tohru HIGUCHI, Kaori NISHIHARA, Mitsunori KAYANO, Naoki SASAKI & Yasuo NAMBO. (2015) Experimental investigation of bone mineral density in Thoroughbreds using quantitative computed tomography. Journal of Equine Science 26:3, pages 81-87.
Crossref
Sophie H. Bogers, Christopher W. Rogers, Charlotte F. Bolwell, Wendi D. Roe, Erica K. Gee & C. Wayne McIlwraith. (2014) Impact of race training on volumetric bone mineral density and its spatial distribution in the distal epiphysis of the third metatarsal bone of 2-year-old horses. The Veterinary Journal 201:3, pages 353-358.
Crossref
Chris W. Rogers, Charlotte F. Bolwell, Erica K. Gee, Michael L. Peterson & C. Wayne McIlwraith. (2014) Profile and Surface Conditions of New Zealand Thoroughbred Racetracks. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 34:9, pages 1105-1109.
Crossref
S. Martig, W. Chen, P. V. S. Lee & R. C. Whitton. (2014) Bone fatigue and its implications for injuries in racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 46:4, pages 408-415.
Crossref
Sean M. Turley, Ashvin Thambyah, Christopher M. Riggs, Elwyn C. Firth & Neil D. Broom. (2014) Microstructural changes in cartilage and bone related to repetitive overloading in an equine athlete model. Journal of Anatomy 224:6, pages 647-658.
Crossref
JANET C. PATTERSON-KANE & ELWYN C. FIRTH. 2014. The Athletic Horse. The Athletic Horse 202 242 .
Sandra Martig, Peter V.S. Lee, Garry A. Anderson & R. Chris Whitton. (2013) Compressive fatigue life of subchondral bone of the metacarpal condyle in thoroughbred racehorses. Bone 57:2, pages 392-398.
Crossref
Ann Carstens, Robert M. Kirberger, Mark Velleman, Leif E. Dahlberg, Lizelle Fletcher & Eveliina Lammentausta. (2013) FEASIBILITY FOR MAPPING CARTILAGE T1 RELAXATION TIMES IN THE DISTAL METACARPUS3/METATARSUS3 OF THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES USING DELAYED GADOLINIUM‐ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CARTILAGE ( d GEMRIC): NORMAL CADAVER STUDY . Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 54:4, pages 365-372.
Crossref
R. C. Whitton, M. Mirams, E. J. Mackie, G. A. Anderson & E. Seeman. (2013) Exercise-induced inhibition of remodelling is focally offset with fatigue fracture in racehorses. Osteoporosis International 24:7, pages 2043-2048.
Crossref
A. M. Alrtib, C. J. Philip, A. H. Abdunnabi & H. M. S. Davies. (2012) Morphometrical Study of Bony Elements of the Forelimb Fetlock Joints in Horses. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 42:1, pages 9-20.
Crossref
Stuart Gordon, Chris Rogers, Jenny Weston, Charlotte Bolwell & Orgil Doloonjin. (2013) The Forelimb and Hoof Conformation in a Population of Mongolian Horses. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33:2, pages 90-94.
Crossref
Elwyn C. Firth, Christopher W. Rogers, P. Rene van Weeren, Albert Barneveld, C. Wayne McIlwraith, Christopher E. Kawcak, Allen E. Goodship & Roger K.W. Smith. (2012) The effect of previous conditioning exercise on diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone to imposition and withdrawal of training in young Thoroughbred horses. The Veterinary Journal 192:1, pages 34-40.
Crossref
Elwyn C. Firth, Christopher W. Rogers, P. Rene van Weeren, Albert Barneveld, C. Wayne McIlwraith, Christopher E. Kawcak, Allen E. Goodship & Roger K.W. Smith. (2011) Mild exercise early in life produces changes in bone size and strength but not density in proximal phalangeal, third metacarpal and third carpal bones of foals. The Veterinary Journal 190:3, pages 383-389.
Crossref
Francesca Beccati, Marco Pepe, Antonio Di Meo, Sveva Davanzo & Franco Moriconi. (2011) Radiographic evaluation of changes in the proximal phalanx of Thoroughbreds in race training. American Journal of Veterinary Research 72:11, pages 1482-1488.
Crossref
Katrien Vanderperren & Hendrik‐Jan Bergman. 2011. Veterinary Computed Tomography. Veterinary Computed Tomography 473 482 .
R. Christopher Whitton, Gareth D. Trope, Ali Ghasem-Zadeh, Garry A. Anderson, Timothy D.H. Parkin, Eleanor J. Mackie & Ego Seeman. (2010) Third metacarpal condylar fatigue fractures in equine athletes occur within previously modelled subchondral bone. Bone 47:4, pages 826-831.
Crossref
E. R. ELY, C. S. AVELLA, J. S. PRICE, R. K. W. SMITH, J. L. N. WOOD & K. L. P. VERHEYEN. (2010) Descriptive epidemiology of fracture, tendon and suspensory ligament injuries in National Hunt racehorses in training. Equine Veterinary Journal 41:4, pages 372-378.
Crossref
Michael Doube, Alexis Wiktorowicz Conroy, Per Christiansen, John R. Hutchinson & Sandra Shefelbine. (2009) Three-Dimensional Geometric Analysis of Felid Limb Bone Allometry. PLoS ONE 4:3, pages e4742.
Crossref
Elissa Z. Cameron, Wayne L. Linklater, Kevin J. Stafford & Edward O. Minot. (2008) Maternal investment results in better foal condition through increased play behaviour in horses. Animal Behaviour 76:5, pages 1511-1518.
Crossref
Susanne Dykgraaf, Elwyn C. Firth, Christopher W. Rogers & Christopher E. Kawcak. (2008) Effects of exercise on chondrocyte viability and subchondral bone sclerosis in the distal third metacarpal and metatarsal bones of young horses. The Veterinary Journal 178:1, pages 53-61.
Crossref
Alan Boyde & Elwyn C. Firth. (2008) High resolution microscopic survey of third metacarpal articular calcified cartilage and subchondral bone in the juvenile horse: Possible implications in chondro‐osseous disease. Microscopy Research and Technique 71:6, pages 477-488.
Crossref
Katrien Vanderperren, Benoit Ghaye, Frédéric R. Snaps & Jimmy H. Saunders. (2008) Evaluation of computed tomographic anatomy of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint. American Journal of Veterinary Research 69:5, pages 631-638.
Crossref
P. René van Weeren & Elwyn C. Firth. (2008) Future Tools for Early Diagnosis and Monitoring of Musculoskeletal Injury: Biomarkers and CT. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 24:1, pages 153-175.
Crossref
MARTHA G. DRUM, CHRISTOPHER E. KAWCAK, ROBERT W. NORRDIN, RICHARD D. PARK, C. WAYNE McILWRAITH & CLIFFORD M. LES. (2007) COMPARISON OF GROSS AND HISTOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS WITH QUANTITATIVE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC BONE DENSITY IN THE DISTAL THIRD METACARPAL BONE OF RACEHORSES. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 48:6, pages 518-527.
Crossref
Brendan F. Jackson, Philip K. Dyson, Rachael D. Hattersley, Hannah R. Kelly, Dirk U. Pfeiffer & Joanna S. Price. (2006) Relationship between stages of the estrous cycle and bone cell activity in Thoroughbreds. American Journal of Veterinary Research 67:9, pages 1527-1532.
Crossref
Elwyn C. Firth. (2006) The response of bone, articular cartilage and tendon to exercise in the horse. Journal of Anatomy 208:4, pages 513-526.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.