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Richard G. Scobee Memorial Lecture

Exotropic Deviations: A Functional Classification and Approach to Treatment

, M.D.
Pages 81-93 | Published online: 05 Apr 2018

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Apatsa Lekskul, Wadakarn Wuthisiri, Kavin Vanikieti & Sukrita Aramrungroj. (2024) Optimal Duration of Monocular Occlusion to Eliminate Fusion Effect in Intermittent Exotropia. Clinical Ophthalmology 18, pages 107-111.
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Ahmed Awadein, Jylan Gouda, Hala Elhilali & Kyle Arnoldi. (2023) Convergence Excess Esotropia: Review. Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility 73:4, pages 131-159.
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Burton J. Kushner. (2022) Forty-five Years of Studying Intermittent Exotropia — What Have I Learned? The WSPOS Keynote Strabismus Lecture, October 3, 2020. Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility 72:3, pages 131-138.
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Ahmed Alaadin Ismail, Mohamed Farouk Abdelkader, Asmaa Anwar Mohamed & Sahar Torky Abdelaziz. (2021) Evaluation of Efficacy and Lateral Gaze Incomitance in Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Surgery for Concomitant Esotropia and Exotropia. Clinical Ophthalmology 15, pages 3613-3621.
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Kailee Algee, Leah Walsh & Erik Hahn. (2019) A Comparison of the Maximum Deviation Measured in Intermittent Exotropia Using Various Clinical Conditions. Journal of Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility 69:2, pages 73-81.
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Apatsa Lekskul, Tatha Supakitvilekarn & Tanyatuth Padungkiatsagul. (2018) Outcomes of undercorrection in surgical management and binocular vision gained of adult intermittent exotropia. Clinical Ophthalmology 12, pages 1763-1767.
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Patricia F. Jenkins. (2016) Historical Perspective: Nonsurgical Treatment of Intermittent Exotropia. American Orthoptic Journal 66:1, pages 30-37.
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Burton J. Kushner. (2015) Tenacious Proximal Fusion: The Scobee Phenomenon. American Orthoptic Journal 65:1, pages 73-80.
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Kenneth G. Romanchuk. (2011) Intermittent Exotropia: Facts, Opinions, and Unknowns. American Orthoptic Journal 61:1, pages 71-87.
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Katherine J. Fray. (2010) Functional Benefits of Sensory and Motor Evaluation Before Strabismus Surgery. American Orthoptic Journal 60:1, pages 33-42.
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Alex Christoff. (2009) Preoperative Testing for Exotropia. American Orthoptic Journal 59:1, pages 26-30.
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Gail V. Morton. (2009) Classification of Exotropia. American Orthoptic Journal 59:1, pages 2-4.
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Kyle A. Arnoldi & James D. Reynolds. (2006) Diagnosis of Pseudo-Divergence Excess Exotropia Secondary to High Accommodative Convergence to Accommodation Ratio. American Orthoptic Journal 56:1, pages 133-137.
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Judy L. Petrunak & Rajesh Rao. (2003) The Evaluation of Office Control in Intermittent Exotropia: A Systematic Approach. American Orthoptic Journal 53:1, pages 98-104.
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Richard W. Hertle, David B. Granet, Michael A. Schaffer & Martin C. Wilson. (1997) Adjustable horizontal rectus recession surgery for disparate distance-near ocular deviations. Strabismus 5:3, pages 109-115.
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Burton J. Kushner. (1992) Surgical Pearls for the Management of Exotropia. American Orthoptic Journal 42:1, pages 65-71.
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Leslie Weingeist France. (1992) The Role of Orthoptic Therapy in Exodeviations: A Basis for Orthoptic Referral. American Orthoptic Journal 42:1, pages 52-64.
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Jacqueline W. Frank. (1992) Exotropia: The Motor Examination. American Orthoptic Journal 42:1, pages 38-42.
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Gail V. Morton. (1989) Common Strabismus Entities That Require Altering One's Routine Approach. American Orthoptic Journal 39:1, pages 36-42.
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Carol Flabetich Dickey. (1989) The Preoperative Use of Prisms: Beyond the “Prism Adaptation Test”. American Orthoptic Journal 39:1, pages 20-24.
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Sara Shippman, Deborah Weintraub, Kenneth R. Cohen & Alan C Weseley. (1988) Prisms in the Pre-Operative Diagnosis of Intermittent Exotropia. American Orthoptic Journal 38:1, pages 101-106.
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Articles from other publishers (70)

Clara Mestre, Sonisha Neupane, Vivian Manh, Kristina Tarczy‐Hornoch & T. Rowan Candy. (2023) Vergence and accommodation responses in the control of intermittent exotropia. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 43:4, pages 598-614.
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Jeong-Min Hwang. (2022) How to Better Treat Patients with Intermittent Exotropia: A Review of Surgical Treatment of Intermittent Exotropia. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 36:6, pages 550-564.
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Yueping Li & Huiyu Lin. (2022) Slanted recession on bilateral lateral rectus for the treatment of intermittent Exotropia with convergence insufficiency. BMC Ophthalmology 22:1.
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Vikas Chahal, Vinita Singh, Jyotsana Singh, Gurkiran Kaur, RajatM Srivastava & Siddharth Agrawal. (2022) Profile of orthoptic clinic patients at a tertiary care Government Medical University in North India: A 6-year review. Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology and Research 10:1, pages 27.
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Kanwar Mohan & Suresh Kumar Sharma. (2022) Comparison Between the Deviations After 1 and 24 Hours of Diagnostic Occlusion for Basic and Divergence Excess Types of Intermittent Exotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 59:1, pages 41-45.
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Ryota Takada, Fumiko Matsumoto, Akemi Wakayama, Takuya Numata, Fumi Tanabe, Kosuke Abe & Shunji Kusaka. (2021) Efficacies of preoperative prism adaptation test and monocular occlusion for detecting the maximum angle of deviation in intermittent exotropia. BMC Ophthalmology 21:1.
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Martin Ming-Leung Ma, Ying Kang, Chao Chen, Cuiyun Su, Zhen Tian & Meihua Le. (2021) Vision therapy for intermittent exotropia: A case series. Journal of Optometry 14:3, pages 247-253.
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Byung Joo Lee & Hyun Taek Lim. (2021) High Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio Consecutive Esotropia Following Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia: Clinical Feature, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Journal of Clinical Medicine 10:10, pages 2135.
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Dominique Salh, Leah Walsh, Erik Hahn & Robert La Roche. (2021) Preoperative Variables Associated with Surgical Outcome for the Correction of Exodeviation. Vision 5:2, pages 19.
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Meiyu Ren, Qi Wang & Lihua Wang. (2020) Slanted bilateral lateral rectus recession for convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia: a retrospective study. BMC Ophthalmology 20:1.
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Young In Yun, Seong-Joon Kim & Jae Ho Jung. (2020) Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Intermittent Exotropia According to the Response to Short-term Prism Adaptation Test. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 34:5, pages 375-382.
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Jin Young Lee, Ji Eun Song, Hae Ran Chang, Chul Young Choi & So Young Han. (2020) Surgical Outcomes of Patients with Diagnostic Preoperative Monocular Occlusion in Intermittent Exotropia. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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F. Audren. (2019) Les strabismes divergents intermittents. Journal Français d'Ophtalmologie 42:9, pages 1007-1019.
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Ji Min KwonSoo Jung Lee. (2019) Long-term Results of Slanted Recession of Bilateral Lateral Rectus Muscle for Intermittent Exotropia with Convergence Insufficiency. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 33:4, pages 353.
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Jung Woo LeeHoon Dong KimSo Young Kim. (2019) Short-term Surgical Outcomes of Rectus Muscle Plication and Resection in Intermittent Exotropia. Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 60:2, pages 169.
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Seok Hyun Bae, Young Bok Lee, Soolienah Rhiu, Joo Yeon Lee, Mi Young Choi, Hae Jung Paik, Key Hwan Lim & Dong Gyu Choi. (2018) Postoperative changes of intermittent exotropia type as classified by 1-hour monocular occlusion. PLOS ONE 13:8, pages e0200592.
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M F Farid & E A Abdelbaset. (2017) Surgical outcomes of three different surgical techniques for treatment of convergence insufficiency intermittent exotropia. Eye 32:4, pages 693-700.
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Eun Hye Jung, Seong-Joon Kim & Young Suk Yu. (2018) Comparison of the characteristics of patients with intermittent exotropia according to response to diagnostic monocular occlusion. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology 62:2, pages 243-248.
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Jun Woo ParkSoo Jung Lee. (2018) Comparison of Binocular Function and Surgical Outcomes of Tenacious Proximal Fusion and High Accommodative Convergence/Accommodation Ratio Types of Intermittent Exotropia. Korean Journal of Ophthalmology 32:6, pages 483.
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Min Hwan KimSeok Hyeon SongHae Ri Yum. (2018) Comparison between Modified Bilateral Lateral Rectus Recession and Augmented Unilateral Recession-resection for Convergence Insufficiency Exotropia. Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 59:1, pages 60.
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Burton J. KushnerBurton J. Kushner. 2017. Strabismus. Strabismus 73 95 .
Ling Ma, Likun Yang & Ningdong Li. (2016) Bilateral lateral rectus muscle recession for the convergence insufficiency type of intermittent exotropia. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 20:3, pages 194-196.e1.
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Michael C. Brodsky & Jaeho Jung. (2015) Intermittent Exotropia and Accommodative Esotropia: Distinct Disorders or Two Ends of a Spectrum?. Ophthalmology 122:8, pages 1543-1546.
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Judith B. Lavrich. (2015) Intermittent exotropia. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 26:5, pages 375-381.
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Shailja Tibrewal, Nishtha Singh & Suma Ganesh. (2015) Unilateral strabismus surgery in patients with exotropia results in postoperative lateral incomitance. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 19:3, pages 293-294.
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Michael Clarke, Vanessa Hogan, Deborah Buck, Jing Shen, Christine Powell, Chris Speed, Peter Tiffin, John Sloper, Robert Taylor, Mahmoud Nassar, Kerry Joyce, Fiona Beyer, Richard Thomson, Luke Vale, Elaine McColl & Nick Steen. (2015) An external pilot study to test the feasibility of a randomised controlled trial comparing eye muscle surgery against active monitoring for childhood intermittent exotropia [X(T)]. Health Technology Assessment 19:39, pages 1-144.
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Xueliang Feng, Xinxin Zhang & Yading Jia. (2015) Improvement in Fusion and Stereopsis Following Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus 52:1, pages 52-57.
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Edward Khawam, Bachir Abiad, Alaa Boughannam, Joanna Saade & Ramzi Alameddine. (2015) Convergence Insufficiency/Divergence Insufficiency Convergence Excess/Divergence Excess: Some Facts and Fictions. Case Reports in Ophthalmological Medicine 2015, pages 1-7.
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Bing Wang, Lihua Wang, Qi Wang & Meiyu Ren. (2014) Comparison of different surgery procedures for convergence insufficiency-type intermittent exotropia in children. British Journal of Ophthalmology 98:10, pages 1409-1413.
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Alec M. Ansons & Helen Davis. 2013. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders. Diagnosis and Management of Ocular Motility Disorders 344 379 .
Lihua Wang, Qizheng Wu, Xiangyun Kong & Zhiwei Li. (2013) Comparison of bilateral lateral rectus recession and unilateral recession resection for basic type intermittent exotropia in children. British Journal of Ophthalmology 97:7, pages 870-873.
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Sung Uk BaekJoo Yeon Lee. (2013) Long-Term Outcome of Surgery for Intermittent Exotropia. Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 54:7, pages 1079.
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Anna M. Horwood & Patricia M. Riddell. (2012) Evidence that convergence rather than accommodation controls intermittent distance exotropia. Acta Ophthalmologica 90:2.
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Jong Hyun JungSe Youp Lee. (2012) The Ratio of Accommodative-Convergence to Accommodation in Patients with Intermittent Exotropia. Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society 53:12, pages 1846.
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