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Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 4, 1981 - Issue 3: Social Relations in Park Settings
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Original Articles

Density as an incomplete cause of crowding in backcountry settings

James D. Absher Department of Leisure Studies, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL
&
Robert G. Lee College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Pages 231-247 | Published online: 13 Jul 2009

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Stefanie Döringer, Florian Porst, Lena Stumpf & Marco Heurich. (2023) The Relationship between Measured Visitor Density and Perceived Crowding Revisited: Predicting Perceived Crowding in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-24.
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Walter F. Kuentzel, Thomas A. Heberlein & Daniel W. McCollum. (2022) Why do normative encounter standards change? The social evolution of recreational crowding. Journal of Leisure Research 53:3, pages 357-376.
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Martin Thomas Falk & Eva Hagsten. (2021) Visitor flows to World Heritage Sites in the era of Instagram. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 29:10, pages 1547-1564.
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Jee In Yoon, Gerard Kyle, Yi-Chung Hsu & James Absher. (2021) Coping with crowded recreation settings: A cross-cultural investigation. Journal of Leisure Research 52:1, pages 1-21.
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Li Li, Jie Zhang, Sifeng Nian & Honglei Zhang. (2017) Tourists’ perceptions of crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction: a second-order structural model. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 22:12, pages 1250-1260.
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Ryan L. Sharp, Julie A. Sharp & Craig A. Miller. (2015) An Island in a Sea of Development: An Examination of Place Attachment, Activity Type, and Crowding in an Urban National Park. Visitor Studies 18:2, pages 196-213.
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James Absher & Carsten Mann. (2010) An Emerging Paradigm for Managing Protected Areas with Examples from Europe and the United States. International Journal of Sociology 40:3, pages 86-103.
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Carsten Mann & James D. Absher. (2008) Recreation conflict potential and management implications in the northern/central Black Forest Nature Park. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 51:3, pages 363-380.
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Gerard Kyle, Alan Graefe, Robert Manning & James Bacon. (2004) Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density. Journal of Leisure Research 36:2, pages 209-231.
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Walter F. Kuentzel & Thomas A. Heberlein. (2003) More Visitors, Less Crowding: Change and Stability of Norms Over Time at the Apostle Islands. Journal of Leisure Research 35:4, pages 349-371.
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Shannon Gibbons & EdwardJ. Ruddell. (1995) The effect of goal orientation and place dependence on select goal interferences among winter backcountry users. Leisure Sciences 17:3, pages 171-183.
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EdwardJ. Ruddell & JamesH. Gramann. (1994) Goal orientation, norms, and noise‐induced conflict among recreation area users. Leisure Sciences 16:2, pages 93-104.
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Bo Shelby, JerryJ. Vaske & ThomasA. Heberlein. (1989) Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences 11:4, pages 269-291.
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Reiner Jaakson. (1989) Recreation boating spatial patterns: Theory and management. Leisure Sciences 11:2, pages 85-98.
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TheresaN. Westover & JohnR. Collins$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1987) Perceived crowding in recreation settings: An urban case study. Leisure Sciences 9:2, pages 87-99.
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Robert E. Manning. (1985) Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Leisure Research 17:2, pages 75-89.
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AlanR. Graefe, JerryJ. Vaske & FredR. Kuss. (1984) Social carrying capacity: An integration and synthesis of twenty years of research. Leisure Sciences 6:4, pages 395-431.
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JamesH. Gramann & RabelJ. Burdge. (1984) Crowding perception determinants at intensively developed outdoor recreation sites. Leisure Sciences 6:2, pages 167-186.
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William E. Hammitt, Cary D. McDonald & Frank P. Noe. (1984) Use Level and Encounters: Important Variables of Perceived Crowding Among Nonspecialized Recreationists. Journal of Leisure Research 16:1, pages 1-8.
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Bo Shelby, ThomasA. Heberlein, JerryJ. Vaske & Geraldine Alfano. (1983) Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activities∗ . Leisure Sciences 6:1, pages 1-14.
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WilliamE. Hammitt. (1983) Toward an ecological approach to perceived crowding in outdoor recreation. Leisure Sciences 5:4, pages 309-320.
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RobertB. Ditton, AnthonyJ. Fedler & AlanR. Graefe. (1983) Factors contributing to perceptions of recreational crowding. Leisure Sciences 5:4, pages 273-288.
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Articles from other publishers (27)

Min-hui LIN, Shao-qi YU & Ya-jun WANG. (2023) Study on visitors' crowding perception, adjustment mechanism and satisfaction in urban natural parks. JOURNAL OF NATURAL RESOURCES 38:4, pages 1025.
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Melissa Hurtado, Robert C. Burns, Ross G. Andrew, Danielle Schwarzmann & Jasmine Cardozo Moreira. (2021) User Satisfaction and Crowding at Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Water 13:23, pages 3423.
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H. Skov-Petersen, F.S. Jensen & J.B. Jacobsen. (2021) Assessment of forest visitors’ route preferences – Impact encounters across a range of forest environments. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism 36, pages 100452.
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Sai Liang, Chunxiao Li, Hui Li & Hongbo Cheng. (2021) How do you feel about crowding at destinations? An exploration based on user-generated content. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 20, pages 100606.
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Sahan T. M. Dissanayake & Andrew G. Meyer. (2020) Incorporating Beliefs and Experiences into Choice Experiment Analysis: Implications for Policy Recommendations. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy 43:2, pages 823-848.
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Yan Gao, Zutao Deng & Alastair M. Morrison. (2017) Can Urban Lake Recreational Pressure Be Measured? The Impacts of Urbanization on Wuhan’s Lakes. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 12:2, pages 255-273.
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Anita Zehrer & Frieda Raich. (2016) The impact of perceived crowding on customer satisfaction. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 29, pages 88-98.
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Silvia Kainzinger, Arne Arnberger & Robert C. Burns. (2016) Setting Preferences of High and Low Use River Recreationists: How Different are They?. Environmental Management 58:5, pages 767-779.
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Bart Neuts. (2015) An econometric approach to crowding in touristic city centres. Tourism Economics 22:5, pages 1055-1074.
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Taro Mieno, Yasushi Shoji, Tetsuya Aikoh, Arne Arnberger & Renate Eder. (2016) Heterogeneous preferences for social trail use in the urban forest: A latent class model. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 19, pages 20-28.
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Sang-Oh Kim, Bo Shelby & Mark D. Needham. (2013) Effects of Facility Developments and Encounter Levels on Perceptions of Settings, Crowding, and Norms in a Korean Park. Environmental Management 53:2, pages 441-453.
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Fatemeh Bakhtiari, Jette Bredahl Jacobsen & Frank Søndergaard Jensen. (2014) Willingness to travel to avoid recreation conflicts in Danish forests. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13:4, pages 662-671.
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Haldun Muderrisoğlu, Sükran Özkan Aydin, Kıvanç Ak & Engin Eroğlu. (2012) Effects of User Density Levels on Recreational Walking Experiences. Indoor and Built Environment 22:4, pages 640-649.
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Deborah L. Kerstetter & Kelly S. Bricker. 2012. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research. Handbook of Tourism and Quality-of-Life Research 445 462 .
Mark D. Needham, Rick B. Rollins, Robyn L. Ceurvorst, Colin J. B. Wood, Kerry E. Grimm & Philip Dearden. (2010) Motivations and Normative Evaluations of Summer Visitors at an Alpine Ski Area. Journal of Travel Research 50:6, pages 669-684.
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Brian W. Szuster, Mark D. Needham & Bixler P. McClure. (2011) Scuba Diver Perceptions and Evaluations of Crowding Underwater. Tourism in Marine Environments 7:3, pages 153-165.
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Sang-Oh Kim & Bo Shelby. (2011) Effects of Soundscapes on Perceived Crowding and Encounter Norms. Environmental Management 48:1, pages 89-97.
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Selcuk Sayan & Osman Karagüzel. (2010) Problems of Outdoor Recreation: The Effect of Visitors’ Demographics on the Perceptions of Termessos National Park, Turkey. Environmental Management 45:6, pages 1257-1270.
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Yung-Ping Tseng, Gerard T. Kyle, C. Scott Shafer, Alan R. Graefe, Timothy A. Bradle & Michael A. Schuett. (2009) Exploring the Crowding–Satisfaction Relationship in Recreational Boating. Environmental Management 43:3, pages 496-507.
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A. Arnberger & C. Mann. (2008) Crowding in European forests: a review of recent research and implications for forest management and policy. Forestry 81:4, pages 559-571.
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Megha Budruk, Sonja A. Wilhem Stanis, Ingrid E. Schneider & Jennifer J. Heisey. (2008) Crowding and Experience-Use History: A Study of the Moderating Effect of Place Attachment Among Water-Based Recreationists. Environmental Management 41:4, pages 528-537.
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Hoon Lee & Alan R Graefe. (2003) Crowding at an arts festival: extending crowding models to the frontcountry. Tourism Management 24:1, pages 1-11.
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Chun-Yen Chang. (1997) Using computer simulation to manage the crowding problem in parks: a study. Landscape and Urban Planning 37:3-4, pages 147-161.
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George H. Stankey. 1989. Public Places and Spaces. Public Places and Spaces 277 299 .
Peter L. Owens. (1985) Conflict as a social interaction process in environment and behaviour research: the example of leisure and recreation research. Journal of Environmental Psychology 5:3, pages 243-259.
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Geoffrey Wall. (1983) Cycles and capacity: A contradiction in terms?. Annals of Tourism Research 10:2, pages 268-270.
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Geoffrey Wall. (1982) Cycles and capacity. Tourism Management 3:3, pages 188-192.
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