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Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 6, 1983 - Issue 1
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Original Articles

Expectations, preferences, and feeling crowded in recreation activitiesFootnote∗

Bo Shelby Department of Resource Recreation Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
,
Thomas A. Heberlein Department of Rural Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
,
Jerry J. Vaske Department of Recreation, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
&
Geraldine Alfano Department of Rural Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Pages 1-14 | Published online: 13 Jul 2009

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Adam Frakes, Omkar Joshi & Neelam C. Poudyal. (2024) Factors that determine visitor satisfaction in a lake: a case study from Oklahoma, USA. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 67:3, pages 504-521.
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Stefanie Döringer, Florian Porst, Lena Stumpf & Marco Heurich. (2023) The Relationship between Measured Visitor Density and Perceived Crowding Revisited: Predicting Perceived Crowding in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-24.
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William L. Rice, Nathan Reigner, Stephanie Freeman, Peter Newman, Timothy J. Mateer, Ben Lawhon & B. Derrick Taff. (2022) The impact of protective masks on outdoor recreation crowding norms during a pandemic. Journal of Leisure Research 53:3, pages 340-356.
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Walter F. Kuentzel, Thomas A. Heberlein & Daniel W. McCollum. (2022) Why do normative encounter standards change? The social evolution of recreational crowding. Journal of Leisure Research 53:3, pages 357-376.
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Kathrin Stemmer, Olga Gjerald & Torvald Øgaard. (2022) Crowding, Emotions, Visitor Satisfaction and Loyalty in a Managed Visitor Attraction. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-23.
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Ryan L. Sharp, Julie A. Sharp & Craig A. Miller. (2015) An Island in a Sea of Development: An Examination of Place Attachment, Activity Type, and Crowding in an Urban National Park. Visitor Studies 18:2, pages 196-213.
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Jordan W. Smith, Roger L. Moore & Morgan Sommerville. (2013) Non-sovereign visitor satisfaction: a case study of military training on the Appalachian Trail. Managing Leisure 18:3, pages 239-251.
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LoriB. Shelby & JerryJ. Vaske. (2008) Understanding Meta-Analysis: A Review of the Methodological Literature. Leisure Sciences 30:2, pages 96-110.
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JerryJ. Vaske & LoriB. Shelby. (2008) Crowding as a Descriptive Indicator and an Evaluative Standard: Results from 30 Years of Research. Leisure Sciences 30:2, pages 111-126.
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Arne Arnberger & Wolfgang Haider. (2007) A Comparison of Global and Actual Measures of Perceived Crowding of Urban Forest Visitors. Journal of Leisure Research 39:4, pages 668-685.
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LoriB. Shelby & JerryJ. Vaske. (2007) Perceived Crowding among Hunters and Anglers: A Meta-Analysis. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 12:4, pages 241-261.
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Shannon Dickson & TroyE. Hall. (2006) An Examination of Whitewater Boaters' Expectations: Are Pre-Trip and Post-Trip Measures Consistent?. Leisure Sciences 28:1, pages 1-16.
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Gerard Kyle, Alan Graefe, Robert Manning & James Bacon. (2004) Effect of Activity Involvement and Place Attachment on Recreationists' Perceptions of Setting Density. Journal of Leisure Research 36:2, pages 209-231.
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MichaelA. Tarrant, H. Kenneth Cordell & TamelaL. Kibler. (1997) Measuring perceived crowding for high‐density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors. Leisure Sciences 19:2, pages 97-112.
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JoanneF. Tynon. (1997) Quality hunting experiences: A qualitative inquiry. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 2:1, pages 32-46.
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MichaelS. Lewis, DavidW. Lime & DorothyH. Anderson. (1996) Paddle canoeists’ encounter norms in Minnesota's boundary waters canoe area wilderness. Leisure Sciences 18:2, pages 143-160.
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Walter F. Kuentzel & Thomas A. Heberlein. (1992) Cognitive and Behavioral Adaptations To Perceived Crowding: A Panel Study of Coping and Displacement. Journal of Leisure Research 24:4, pages 377-393.
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Mark I. Ivy, William P. Stewart & Chi-Chuan Lue. (1992) Exploring the Role of Tolerance in Recreational Conflict. Journal of Leisure Research 24:4, pages 348-360.
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Daniel R. Williams, Joseph W. Roggenbuck & Steve Bange. (1991) The Effect of Norm-Encounter Compatability On Crowding Perceptions, Experience and Behavior in River Recreation Settings. Journal of Leisure Research 23:2, pages 154-172.
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DennisB. Propst & MargotE. Kurtzz. (1989) Perceived control/reactance: a framework for understanding leisure behaviour in natural settings. Leisure Studies 8:3, pages 241-248.
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Bo Shelby, JerryJ. Vaske & ThomasA. Heberlein. (1989) Comparative analysis of crowding in multiple locations: Results from fifteen years of research. Leisure Sciences 11:4, pages 269-291.
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Heinz-Günter Vester. (1987) Adventure as a form of leisure. Leisure Studies 6:3, pages 237-249.
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JamesE. Applegate & KathleenE. Clark. (1987) Satisfaction levels of birdwatchers: An observation on the consumptive—nonconsumptive continuum . Leisure Sciences 9:2, pages 129-134.
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TheresaN. Westover & JohnR. Collins$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1987) Perceived crowding in recreation settings: An urban case study. Leisure Sciences 9:2, pages 87-99.
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Robert E. Manning. (1985) Crowding Norms in Backcountry Settings: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Leisure Research 17:2, pages 75-89.
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GeorgeH. Stankey & StephenF. McCool. (1984) Carrying capacity in recreational settings: Evolution, appraisal, and application. Leisure Sciences 6:4, pages 453-473.
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Natalia Buta & Tinelle D Bustam. Assessing Crowding Perceptions and Satisfaction Among Diverse Visitors at El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-20.
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Yung-Ping Tseng, Gerard T. Kyle, C. Scott Shafer, Alan R. Graefe, Timothy A. Bradle & Michael A. Schuett. (2009) Exploring the Crowding–Satisfaction Relationship in Recreational Boating. Environmental Management 43:3, pages 496-507.
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Takeshi BABA & Yukihiro MORIMOTO. (2007) The Visitor's Recreational Manners and Evaluations to Actions against Overuse of Forest Region on Yakushima-Island, Japan. Journal of The Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture 70:5, pages 547-550.
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Chun-Yen Chang. (1997) Using computer simulation to manage the crowding problem in parks: a study. Landscape and Urban Planning 37:3-4, pages 147-161.
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Theresa N. Westover. (2016) Perceived Crowding in Recreational Settings. Environment and Behavior 21:3, pages 258-276.
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George H. Stankey. 1989. Public Places and Spaces. Public Places and Spaces 277 299 .
Alan R. Graefe & Jerry J. Vaske. (1987) A framework for managing quality in the tourist experience. Annals of Tourism Research 14:3, pages 390-404.
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