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Leisure Sciences
An Interdisciplinary Journal
Volume 6, 1984 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Crowding perception determinants at intensively developed outdoor recreation sites

James H. Gramann Department of Recreation and Parks and, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843
&
Rabel J. Burdge Institute for Environmental Studies and, Department of Leisure Studies, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
Pages 167-186 | Published online: 13 Jul 2009

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Yun Cheng, Sai Liang, Hongbo Cheng, Rob Law & Ning Sun. (2024) Between a rock and a hard place: how does the tourist crowding perception affect the decision of absolute displacement?. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 29:1, pages 1-16.
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Stefanie Döringer, Florian Porst, Lena Stumpf & Marco Heurich. (2023) The Relationship between Measured Visitor Density and Perceived Crowding Revisited: Predicting Perceived Crowding in Outdoor Recreation. Leisure Sciences 0:0, pages 1-24.
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Shaogang Ding, Ruishan Zhang, Yingying Liu, Pan Lu & Minnan Liu. (2023) Visitor crowding at World Heritage Sites based on tourist spatial-temporal distribution: a case study of the Master-of-Nets Garden, China. Journal of Heritage Tourism 18:5, pages 632-657.
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Kyu Won Sim, Chang-Duck Koo, Tay T. R. Koo & Ho Seung Lee. (2018) An analysis on perceived crowding level reported by domestic visitors of South Korean National Parks: a multilevel ordered logit approach. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 23:3, pages 281-296.
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Beiqi Shi, Jinlin Zhao & Po-Ju Chen. (2017) Exploring urban tourism crowding in Shanghai via crowdsourcing geospatial data. Current Issues in Tourism 20:11, pages 1186-1209.
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Hilary du Cros. (2008) Too Much of a Good Thing? Visitor Congestion Management Issues for Popular World Heritage Tourist Attractions. Journal of Heritage Tourism 2:3, pages 225-238.
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Arne Arnberger & Wolfgang Haider. (2007) A Comparison of Global and Actual Measures of Perceived Crowding of Urban Forest Visitors. Journal of Leisure Research 39:4, pages 668-685.
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Charles F. Sidman$suffix/text()$suffix/text() & Timothy J. Fik$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2005) Modeling Spatial Patterns of Recreational Boaters: Vessel, Behavioral, and Geographic Considerations. Leisure Sciences 27:2, pages 175-189.
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MichaelA. Tarrant, H. Kenneth Cordell & TamelaL. Kibler. (1997) Measuring perceived crowding for high‐density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors. Leisure Sciences 19:2, pages 97-112.
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JoanneF. Tynon. (1997) Quality hunting experiences: A qualitative inquiry. Human Dimensions of Wildlife 2:1, pages 32-46.
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Mark I. Ivy, William P. Stewart & Chi-Chuan Lue. (1992) Exploring the Role of Tolerance in Recreational Conflict. Journal of Leisure Research 24:4, pages 348-360.
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Reiner Jaakson. (1989) Recreation boating spatial patterns: Theory and management. Leisure Sciences 11:2, pages 85-98.
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TheresaN. Westover & JohnR. Collins$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1987) Perceived crowding in recreation settings: An urban case study. Leisure Sciences 9:2, pages 87-99.
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Zhenghu Nie, Li Xu, Honglei Zhang, Yihan Cao, Chi Zhang, Jingxian Pan & Jie Zhang. (2022) Crowding and vaccination: Tourist's two-sided perception on crowding and the moderating effect of vaccination status during COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 24, pages 100705.
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Hongbo Cheng, Qinyue Liu & Jian-Wu Bi. (2021) Perceived crowding and festival experience: The moderating effect of visitor-to-visitor interaction. Tourism Management Perspectives 40, pages 100888.
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Jie Yin, Yun Cheng, Yahua Bi & Yensen Ni. (2020) Tourists perceived crowding and destination attractiveness: The moderating effects of perceived risk and experience quality. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 18, pages 100489.
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Shaojung Sharon Wang & Chih-Ting Hsieh. (2018) Ubiquitous Pokémon Go: Human–Environment Relationships and the Location-Based Augmented Reality Game. Environment and Behavior 52:7, pages 695-725.
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KangJae Jerry Lee, Mark Morgan & Hyojeong Shim. (2020) Crowding, Race, and Ethnicity: A Case Study at Onondaga Cave State Park. Journal of Interpretation Research 24:1, pages 49-61.
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Marina Puzakova & Hyokjin Kwak. (2017) Should Anthropomorphized Brands Engage Customers? The Impact of Social Crowding on Brand Preferences. Journal of Marketing 81:6, pages 99-115.
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Silvia Kainzinger, Arne Arnberger & Robert C. Burns. (2016) Setting Preferences of High and Low Use River Recreationists: How Different are They?. Environmental Management 58:5, pages 767-779.
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Aleksandra M. Tomczyk, Piran C.L. White & Marek W. Ewertowski. (2016) Effects of extreme natural events on the provision of ecosystem services in a mountain environment: The importance of trail design in delivering system resilience and ecosystem service co-benefits. Journal of Environmental Management 166, pages 156-167.
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Liye Zhang & ShanShan Chung. (2015) Assessing the Social Carrying Capacity of Diving Sites in Mabul Island, Malaysia. Environmental Management 56:6, pages 1467-1477.
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Li-Ye Zhang, Jian-Wen Qiu & Shan-Shan Chung. (2015) Assessing perceived crowding of diving sites in Hong Kong. Ocean & Coastal Management 116, pages 177-184.
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Arne Arnberger & Renate Eder. (2012) Exploring coping behaviours of Sunday and workday visitors due to dense use conditions in an urban forest. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 11:4, pages 439-449.
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Taketo Naoi, Takanobu Yamada, Shoji Iijima & Takayuki Kumazawa. (2011) Applying the caption evaluation method to studies of visitors’ evaluation of historical districts. Tourism Management 32:5, pages 1061-1074.
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Arne Arnberger, Tetsuya Aikoh, Renate Eder, Yasushi Shoji & Taro Mieno. (2010) How many people should be in the urban forest? A comparison of trail preferences of Vienna and Sapporo forest visitor segments. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 9:3, pages 215-225.
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Taketo Naoi, David Airey & Shoji Iijima. (2009) Evaluating Historical Districts: Exploring the Use of Photographs and Slide Experiments. Tourism Analysis 14:5, pages 587-603.
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Yung-Ping Tseng, Gerard T. Kyle, C. Scott Shafer, Alan R. Graefe, Timothy A. Bradle & Michael A. Schuett. (2009) Exploring the Crowding–Satisfaction Relationship in Recreational Boating. Environmental Management 43:3, pages 496-507.
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Taketo Naoi, David Airey, Shoji Iijima & Outi Niininen. (2007) Towards a theory of visitors' evaluation of historical districts as tourism destinations: Frameworks and methods. Journal of Business Research 60:4, pages 396-400.
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Taketo Naoi, David Airey, Shoji Iijima & Outi Niininen. 2007. Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research Volume 1. Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research Volume 1 289 319 .
Christina Goulding. (2000) The museum environment and the visitor experience. European Journal of Marketing 34:3/4, pages 261-278.
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Philip L. Pearce & Peter F. Stringer. (1991) Psychology and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research 18:1, pages 136-154.
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Theresa N. Westover. (2016) Perceived Crowding in Recreational Settings. Environment and Behavior 21:3, pages 258-276.
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David G. Pitt. 1989. Public Places and Spaces. Public Places and Spaces 217 254 .

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