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Original Articles

Zirconium and Hafnium Separation, Part 1. Liquid/Liquid Extraction in Hydrochloric Acid Aqueous Solution with Aliquat 336

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Pages 1927-1940 | Received 26 Oct 2005, Accepted 07 Mar 2006, Published online: 20 Aug 2006

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Snehasis Dutta, Ashok N Bhaskarwar, S. Mukhopadhyay & K.T. Shenoy. (2021) Kinetics of solvent extraction of zirconium from acidic raffinate using tributyl phosphate. Separation Science and Technology 56:5, pages 949-960.
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Raju Banda & Man Seung Lee. (2015) Solvent Extraction for the Separation of Zr and Hf from Aqueous Solutions. Separation & Purification Reviews 44:3, pages 199-215.
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A. A. Nayl, Y. A. El-Nadi & J. A. Daoud. (2009) Extraction and Separation of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) from Nitrate Medium by Some CYANEX Extractants. Separation Science and Technology 44:12, pages 2956-2970.
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L. Poriel, F. Chitry, S. Pellet‐Rostaing, M. Lemaire & A. Favre‐Réguillon. (2006) Zirconium and Hafnium Separation, Part 3. Ligand‐Enhanced Separation of Zirconium and Hafnium from Aqueous Solution using Nanofiltration. Separation Science and Technology 41:13, pages 2883-2893.
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L. Poriel, S. Pellet‐Rostaing, V. Lamotte, M. Lemaire & A. Favre‐Réguillon. (2006) Zirconium and Hafnium Separation, Part 2. Solid/Liquid Extraction in Hydrochloric Acid Aqueous Solution with Anion Exchange Resins. Separation Science and Technology 41:12, pages 2711-2722.
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Amal E. Mubark. (2024) Sequestration of zirconium and hafnium content using magnetic cellulose/chitosan nanocomposites from waste effluents. Journal of Water Process Engineering 58, pages 104759.
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Hongru Zhao, Chengqiang Hu, Na Sui, Xinyu Liu & Junlian Wang. (2024) Evaluation of novel solvent extraction systems for Zr/Hf separation with MIBK homologues. Arabian Journal of Chemistry 17:1, pages 105425.
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SJ Lubbe & PL Crouse. (2023) Zircon as feedstock for zirconium chemicals, ceramics, the metal and alloys: A review. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 42:1, pages 43-63.
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Ting Li, Shishun Dong, Zhaowen Chen, Qifeng Wei & Xiulian Ren. (2022) Breaking through the Separation Barrier of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV): Magical Effect of the Bisamide Ligand. Inorganic Chemistry 61:35, pages 13915-13923.
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Matthew J. O'Hara, Jennifer C. Carter, Cynthia M. Kellogg & Jeanne M. Link. (2022) Anion exchange and extraction chromatography tandem column isolation of zirconium-89 (89Zr) from cyclotron bombarded targets using an automated fluidic platform. Journal of Chromatography A 1678, pages 463347.
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Ming Wu, Fei Xu, Panfei Dong, Hongzhen Wu, Zhiying Zhao, Chenjie Wu, Ruan Chi & Zhigao Xu. (2022) Process for synergistic extraction of Hf(IV) over Zr(IV) from thiocyanic acid solution with TOPO and N1923. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 170, pages 108673.
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James A. Sommers, Danielle C. Hutchison, Nicolas P. Martin, Lauren Palys, Jenn M. Amador, Douglas A. Keszler & May Nyman. (2021) Differentiating Zr/Hf IV Aqueous Polyoxocation Chemistry with Peroxide Ligation . Inorganic Chemistry 60:3, pages 1631-1640.
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Karoly Kozma, Lev N. Zakharov & May Nyman. (2020) Countercation-Controlled Nuclearity of Zr/Hf Peroxo Oxalates. Crystal Growth & Design 20:10, pages 6519-6527.
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M. J. Kabangu, S. J. Lubbe & P. L. Crouse. (2019) Extraction and Separation of Zirconium Using 1-Octanol. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 37:1, pages 93-100.
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Sungjune Sohn, Gwan Yoon Jeong, Jungho Hur, Seongjin Jeong, Jaeyeong Park & Il Soon Hwang. (2019) Spatial distribution of HfBi in metallurgically and electrochemically formed Bi-Hf alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 790, pages 772-782.
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Matthew J. O’Hara, Nathaniel J. Murray, Jennifer C. Carter & Samuel S. Morrison. (2018) Optimized anion exchange column isolation of zirconium-89 (89Zr) from yttrium cyclotron target: Method development and implementation on an automated fluidic platform. Journal of Chromatography A 1545, pages 48-58.
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Mahmoud Abd El-Magied, Waheed Salem, Ahmad Daher & Emad Elshehy. (2018) Fabrication of Silica Microspheres (HB/A@SI-MNS) for Hafnium and Zirconium Recovery from Zirconyl Leach Liquor. Colloids and Interfaces 2:2, pages 14.
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Qamar Salamat, Yadollah Yamini, Morteza Moradi, Meysam Safari & Neda Feizi. (2017) Extraction and separation of zirconium from hafnium by using nano-structured supramolecular solvent microextraction method. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 15:2, pages 293-301.
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Ling Yun Wang & Man Seung Lee. (2016) A review on the aqueous chemistry of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) and their separation by solvent extraction. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 39, pages 1-9.
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Zhi-gao Xu, Jun Zhao, Li-jun Wang, Yuan-lai Xu, Ru-an Chi, Pan-hong Li & Xin Jin. (2015) Kinetics for extraction of zirconium and hafnium in DIBK-P350 system. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.
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Thomas Zemb, Caroline Bauer, Pierre Bauduin, Luc Belloni, Christophe Déjugnat, Olivier Diat, Véronique Dubois, Jean-François Dufrêche, Sandrine Dourdain, Magali Duvail, Chantal Larpent, Fabienne Testard & Stéphane Pellet-Rostaing. (2014) Recycling metals by controlled transfer of ionic species between complex fluids: en route to “ienaics”. Colloid and Polymer Science 293:1, pages 1-22.
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Raju Banda, Soo Hwan Min & Man Seung Lee. (2013) Selective extraction of Hf( IV ) over Zr( IV ) from aqueous H 2 SO 4 solutions by solvent extraction with acidic organophosphorous based extractants . Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 89:11, pages 1712-1719.
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Bhikari Charan Bhatta & Sujata Mishra. (2014) Binary Mixture of Tri-Octyl Amine and Cyanex 923 as Extractant for the Extraction of Zr (IV) from Acidic Chloride Medium. International Journal of Nonferrous Metallurgy 03:02, pages 9-17.
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Raju Banda, Hwa Young Lee & Man Seung Lee. (2012) Separation of Zr from Hf in acidic chloride solutions by using TOPO and its mixture with other extractants. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 298:1, pages 259-264.
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Raju Banda, Hwa Young Lee & Man Seung Lee. (2012) Separation of Zr and Hf from strong hydrochloric acid solution by solvent extraction with TEHA. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 295:2, pages 1537-1543.
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Ling Yun Wang, Hwa Young Lee & Man Seung Lee. (2013) Solvent Extraction of Zirconium and Hafnium from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions Using Acidic Organophosphorus Extractants and Their Mixtures with TOPO. MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 54:8, pages 1460-1466.
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Raju Banda, Hwa Young Lee & Man Seung Lee. (2012) Separation of Zr from Hf in Hydrochloric Acid Solution Using Amine-Based Extractants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51:28, pages 9652-9660.
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Zhi-gao XU, Li-jun WANG, Yan-ke WU, Ru-an CHI, Li ZHANG & Ming WU. (2012) Solvent extraction of hafnium from thiocyanic acid medium in DIBK-TBP mixed system. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 22:7, pages 1760-1765.
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Masahito Uchikoshi, Kouji Mimura & Minoru Isshiki. 2012. T.T. Chen Honorary Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization. T.T. Chen Honorary Symposium on Hydrometallurgy, Electrometallurgy and Materials Characterization 303 314 .
Oduetse S. Monnahela, Bernard M. Vilakazi, Jacobus B. Wagener, Andreas Roodt, Pieter A.B. Carstens & Willem L. Retief. (2012) A thermogravimetric study of the fluorination of zirconium and hafnium oxides with fluorine gas. Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 135, pages 246-249.
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Mohammad Rezaee, Yadollah Yamini & Alireza Khanchi. (2011) Extraction and separation of zirconium from hafnium using a new solvent microextraction technique. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society 9:1, pages 67-74.
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M. Taghizadeh, M. Ghanadi & E. Zolfonoun. (2011) Separation of zirconium and hafnium by solvent extraction using mixture of TBP and Cyanex 923. Journal of Nuclear Materials 412:3, pages 334-337.
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D. J. Branken, G. Lachmann, H. M. Krieg & O. S. L. Bruinsma. (2010) A density‐functional theory approach to the separation of K 2 ZrF 6 and K 2 HfF 6 via fractional crystallization . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 111:3, pages 682-693.
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Dawie J. Branken, Gerhard Lachmann, Henning M. Krieg & Dolf S. L. Bruinsma. (2009) Influence of KF and HF on the Selectivity of Zr and Hf Separation by Fractional Crystallization of K 2 Zr(Hf)F 6 . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49:2, pages 797-808.
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M. Taghizadeh, R. Ghasemzadeh, S.N Ashrafizadeh, K. Saberyan & M. Ghanadi Maragheh. (2008) Determination of optimum process conditions for the extraction and separation of zirconium and hafnium by solvent extraction. Hydrometallurgy 90:2-4, pages 115-120.
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Ting li, Shishun Dong, Zhaowen Chen, Qifeng Wei & Xiulian Ren. (2022) Breaking Through the Separation Barrier of Zr(Ⅳ) and Hf(Ⅳ): The Magical Effect of Bisamide Ligand. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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