Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of the American Statistical Association Volume 76, 1981 - Issue 374
Submit an article Journal homepage
90
Views
97
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Application

Representing Points in Many Dimensions by Trees and Castles

B. Kleiner Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, 07974, USA
&
J. A. Hartigan Department of Statistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
Pages 260-269 | Received 01 May 1979, Published online: 12 Mar 2012

Citations (97)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (15)

Garrett Grolemund & Hadley Wickham. (2015) Visualizing Complex Data With Embedded Plots. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 24:1, pages 26-43.
Read now
Christian Stummer, Walter J Gutjahr, Michaela Denk, Harald Riedmann & Karl A Froeschl. (2012) Training on the project: a quantifying approach to competence development. Knowledge Management Research & Practice 10:1, pages 64-78.
Read now
Andreas Buja, Dianne Cook & DeborahF. Swayne$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1996) Interactive High-Dimensional Data Visualization. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 5:1, pages 78-99.
Read now
Ross S. Sparks & Alan Eagle. (1996) Graphical Process Monitoring in the Service Industry – A Case Study. Journal of Quality Technology 28:1, pages 99-115.
Read now
D. CHAUDHURI & B. B. CHAUDHURI. (1995) A multiseed non-hierarchical clustering technique for data analysis. International Journal of Systems Science 26:2, pages 375-385.
Read now
NAGANAND SUBRAMANYAM & ALIA. HOUSHMAND. (1995) SIMULTANEOUS REPRESENTATION OF MULTIVARIATE AND CORRESPONDING UNIVARIATE X¯ CHARTS USING LINE-GRAPH. Quality Engineering 7:4, pages 681-692.
Read now
GeorgeW. Furnas & Andreas Buja. (1994) Prosection Views: Dimensional Inference through Sections and Projections. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 3:4, pages 323-353.
Read now
Camil Fuchs & Yoav Benjamini. (1994) Multivariate Profile Charts for Statistical Process Control. Technometrics 36:2, pages 182-195.
Read now
B. S. Everitt. (1994) Exploring multivariate data graphically:a brief review with examples. Journal of Applied Statistics 21:3, pages 63-94.
Read now
Thomas S. Brown & James T. Brown. (1993) Individual Differences and Data Presentation Methods in the Mis Environment. Journal of Computer Information Systems 33:2, pages 63-69.
Read now
Linda W. Blazek, Bradley Novic & Douglas M. Scott. (1987) Displaying Multivariate Data Using Polyplots. Journal of Quality Technology 19:2, pages 69-74.
Read now
. (1985) Letters to the Editor. The American Statistician 39:2, pages 156-158.
Read now
LambertinaW.J. Freni-Titulaer & WilliamC. Louv. (1984) Comparisons of Some Graphical Methods for Exploratory Multivariate Data Analysis. The American Statistician 38:3, pages 184-188.
Read now
J.B. Kruskal & J.M. Landwehr. (1983) Icicle Plots: Better Displays for Hierarchical Clustering. The American Statistician 37:2, pages 162-168.
Read now
Bernhard Flury & Hans Riedwyl. (1981) Graphical Representation of Multivariate Data by Means of Asymmetrical Faces. Journal of the American Statistical Association 76:376, pages 757-765.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (82)

Yuanzhe JinTim J. A. de Jong, Martijn Tennekes & Min Chen. (2023) Radial Icicle Tree (RIT): Node Separation and Area Constancy. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, pages 1-11.
Crossref
Daniel Atzberger, Tim Cech, Willy Scheibel, Daniel Limberger & Jürgen Döllner. 2023. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications. Computer Vision, Imaging and Computer Graphics Theory and Applications 162 182 .
Salman Mahmood & Klaus Mueller. (2020) Taxonomizer: Interactive Construction of Fully Labeled Hierarchical Groupings from Attributes of Multivariate Data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 26:9, pages 2875-2890.
Crossref
Anderson Gregório Marques Soares, Elvis Thermo Carvalho Miranda, Rodrigo Santos do Amor Divino Lima, Carlos Gustavo Resque dos Santos & Bianchi Serique Meiguins. (2020) Depicting More Information in Enriched Squarified Treemaps with Layered Glyphs. Information 11:2, pages 123.
Crossref
Frederik L. Dennig, Tom Polk, Zudi Lin, Tobias Schreck, Hanspeter Pfister & Michael Behrisch. (2019) FDive: Learning Relevance Models Using Pattern-based Similarity Measures. FDive: Learning Relevance Models Using Pattern-based Similarity Measures.
David J. Walker. (2018) Visualisation with treemaps and sunbursts in many-objective optimisation. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 19:3, pages 421-452.
Crossref
Richard J. HowarthRichard J. Howarth. 2017. Dictionary of Mathematical Geosciences. Dictionary of Mathematical Geosciences 305 314 .
Hadley Wickham. 2014. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
Daniel B. Carr. 2014. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
James M. Landwehr. 2014. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
Blake Haugen & Jakub Kurzak. (2014) Search Space Pruning Constraints Visualization. Search Space Pruning Constraints Visualization.
Kaisa Miettinen. (2012) Survey of methods to visualize alternatives in multiple criteria decision making problems. OR Spectrum 36:1, pages 3-37.
Crossref
Jean-Francois Im, Michael J. McGuffin & Rock Leung. (2013) GPLOM: The Generalized Plot Matrix for Visualizing Multidimensional Multivariate Data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 19:12, pages 2606-2614.
Crossref
Muhammad Arif & Saleh Basalamah. (2013) 3D Similarity-Dissimilarity Plot for High Dimensional Data Visualization in the Context of Biomedical Pattern Classification. Journal of Medical Systems 37:3.
Crossref
Glenn W. Milligan & Stephen C. Hirtle. 2012. Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition. Handbook of Psychology, Second Edition.
Hadley Wickham. 2001. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics.
Daniel Dorling. 2012. The Visualization of Spatial Social Structure. The Visualization of Spatial Social Structure 305 316 .
Hadley WickhamHeike HofmannCharlotte WickhamDianne Cook. (2012) Glyph‐maps for visually exploring temporal patterns in climate data and models. Environmetrics 23:5, pages 382-393.
Crossref
Alvin C. Rencher & William F. Christensen. 2012. Methods of Multivariate Analysis. Methods of Multivariate Analysis 728 744 .
H-J Schulz, S Hadlak & H Schumann. (2011) The Design Space of Implicit Hierarchy Visualization: A Survey. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 17:4, pages 393-411.
Crossref
Michael Chau. (2011) Visualizing web search results using glyphs. ACM Transactions on Management Information Systems 2:1, pages 1-27.
Crossref
Milan Meloun & Jiří Militký. 2011. Statistical Data Analysis. Statistical Data Analysis 151 403 .
Rita Francese, Sharefa Murad, Ignazio Passero & Genoveffa Tortora. (2010) Metric pictures: The approach and applications. Metric pictures: The approach and applications.
Richard J. Howarth & Robert G. Garrett. (2010) Statistical analysis and data display at the Geochemical Prospecting Research Centre and Applied Geochemistry Research Group, Imperial College, London. Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 10:3, pages 289-315.
Crossref
Jussi Klemelä. 2009. Smoothing of Multivariate Data. Smoothing of Multivariate Data 575 590 .
CHRISTIAN STUMMER, ELMAR KIESLING & WALTER J. GUTJAHR. (2011) A MULTICRITERIA DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR COMPETENCE-DRIVEN PROJECT PORTFOLIO SELECTION. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 08:02, pages 379-401.
Crossref
Timothy C. Havens, James C. Bezdek, James M. Keller & Mihail Popescu. (2009) Clustering in ordered dissimilarity data. International Journal of Intelligent Systems 24:5, pages 504-528.
Crossref
Anand Desai. (2008) Quantitative methods, economics, and or models. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27:3, pages 640-669.
Crossref
Elisabeth S. Nelson. (2007) The Face Symbol: Research Issues and Cartographic Potential. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization 42:1, pages 53-64.
Crossref
Philipp Kolhoff, Jacqueline Preub & Jorn Loviscach. (2006) Music Icons: Procedural Glyphs for Audio Files. Music Icons: Procedural Glyphs for Audio Files.
James M. Landwehr. 2004. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences.
K. Ruben Gabriel. 2004. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences.
Wolfram Weckwerth & Katja Morgenthal. (2005) Metabolomics: from pattern recognition to biological interpretation. Drug Discovery Today 10:22, pages 1551-1558.
Crossref
Daniel B. Carr. 2005. Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Encyclopedia of Biostatistics.
James M. Landwehr. 2004. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences.
K. Ruben Gabriel. 2004. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences.
Ju Sun Ahn, Heike Hofmann & Dianne Cook. (2015) A Projection Pursuit Method on the multidimensional squared Contingency Table. Computational Statistics 18:3-4, pages 605-626.
Crossref
Glenn W. Milligan & Stephen C. Hirtle. 2003. Handbook of Psychology. Handbook of Psychology 165 186 .
Matthew O Ward. (2016) A Taxonomy of Glyph Placement Strategies for Multidimensional Data Visualization. Information Visualization 1:3-4, pages 194-210.
Crossref
Jing Yang, M.O. Ward & E.A. Rundensteiner. (2002) InterRing: an interactive tool for visually navigating and manipulating hierarchical structures. InterRing: an interactive tool for visually navigating and manipulating hierarchical structures.
Xiaohui Liu, Gongxian Cheng & J.X. Wu. (2002) Analyzing outliers cautiously. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 14:2, pages 432-437.
Crossref
Dan Carr. 2001. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics. Encyclopedia of Environmetrics.
T. Barlow & P. Neville. (2001) Case study: visualization for decision tree analysis in data mining. Case study: visualization for decision tree analysis in data mining.
T. Barlow & P. Neville. (2001) A comparison of 2-D visualizations of hierarchies. A comparison of 2-D visualizations of hierarchies.
Alfred Inselberg. (2000) Visualizing high dimensional datasets and multivariate relations (tutorial AM-2). Visualizing high dimensional datasets and multivariate relations (tutorial AM-2).
Xiaohui Liu. 1999. Causal Models and Intelligent Data Management. Causal Models and Intelligent Data Management 137 150 .
André I. Khuri. 1996. Design and Analysis of Experiments. Design and Analysis of Experiments 377 406 .
J.C. Bezdek & N.R. Pal. (1995) A note on self-organizing semantic maps. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 6:5, pages 1029-1036.
Crossref
Rudolf Vetschera. (1994) Visualisierungstechniken in Entscheidungsproblemen bei mehrfacher Zielsetzung. Operations-Research-Spektrum 16:4, pages 227-241.
Crossref
Alfred Inselberg & Bernard Dimsdale. (1994) Multidimensional Lines. I: Representation. SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 54:2, pages 559-577.
Crossref
A. Inselberg, C. Grinstein, T. Mihalisin & H. Hinterberger. (1994) Visualizing multidimensional (multivariate) data and relations. Visualizing multidimensional (multivariate) data and relations.
D. Chaudhuri, C.A. Murthy & B.B. Chaudhuri. (1994) Finding a subset of representative points in a data set. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 24:9, pages 1416-1424.
Crossref
. 1994. The Data Analysis Handbook. The Data Analysis Handbook 353 365 .
Kevin B. Bennett, Mona L. Toms & David D. Woods. (2016) Emergent Features and Graphical Elements: Designing More Effective Configural Displays. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 35:1, pages 71-97.
Crossref
Ying K. Leung & Mark D. Apperley. 1993. Human-Computer Interaction. Human-Computer Interaction 125 140 .
Sangit Chatterjee & Venkat Srinivasan. (2006) Graphical analysis and financial classification: A case study. Managerial and Decision Economics 13:6, pages 527-537.
Crossref
John M. Thompson. 1992. Methods of Environmental Data Analysis. Methods of Environmental Data Analysis 213 258 .
Susanna Wei & Norman I. Badler. (2006) Graphical displays of human strength data. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 3:1, pages 13-22.
Crossref
Anand Desai & Lawrence C. Walters. (2007) Graphical Presentations of Data Envelopment Analyses: Management Implications from Parallel Axes Representations*. Decision Sciences 22:2, pages 335-353.
Crossref
Heinrich Müller, Jörg Winckler, Stefan Grzybek, Matthias Otte, Bertram Stoll, Frederic Equoy & Nicolas Higelin. (2006) The program animation system PASTIS. The Journal of Visualization and Computer Animation 2:1, pages 26-33.
Crossref
A. D. Gordon. (1990) Constructing dissimilarity measures. Journal of Classification 7:2, pages 257-269.
Crossref
Leonard Kaufman & Peter J. Rousseeuw. 1990. Finding Groups in Data. Finding Groups in Data 320 331 .
A. Inselberg & B. Dimsdale. (1990) Parallel coordinates: a tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry. Parallel coordinates: a tool for visualizing multi-dimensional geometry.
J. LeBlanc, M.O. Ward & N. Wittels. (1990) Exploring N-dimensional databases. Exploring N-dimensional databases.
Heinrich Müller. 1990. GI - 20. Jahrestagung I. GI - 20. Jahrestagung I 297 316 .
STEPHAN LEWANDOWSKY & IAN SPENCE. (2016) The Perception of Statistical Graphs. Sociological Methods & Research 18:2-3, pages 200-242.
Crossref
M.G. Sobol & G. Klein. (1989) New graphics as computerized displays for human information processing. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics 19:4, pages 893-898.
Crossref
D.H. Schwela & G.H.M. Krause. (1989) Chernoff-Flury faces: A statistical means for representing multivariate response parameters of air pollution induced injury on plants. Environmental Pollution 61:1, pages 59-75.
Crossref
D.D. Woods & E.M. Roth. 1988. Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction. Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction 3 43 .
Hans Robert Hansen & Gustaf Neumann. 1988. Statistik, Informatik und Ökonomie. Statistik, Informatik und Ökonomie 96 105 .
Glenn W. Milligan & Martha C. Cooper. (2016) Methodology Review: Clustering Methods. Applied Psychological Measurement 11:4, pages 329-354.
Crossref
David B. MacKay & Angelina Villarreal. (2007) PERFORMANCE DIFFERENCES IN THE USE OF GRAPHIC AND TABULAR DISPLAYS OF MULTIVARIATE DATA. Decision Sciences 18:4, pages 535-546.
Crossref
Yvonne Rogers. (1986) The potential of the visual image at the interface. Current Psychological Research & Reviews 5:2, pages 105-118.
Crossref
Lothar SachsLothar Sachs. 1986. A Guide to Statistical Methods and to the Pertinent Literature / Literatur zur Angewandten Statistik. A Guide to Statistical Methods and to the Pertinent Literature / Literatur zur Angewandten Statistik 132 208 .
PHILIP S. MORRISON. (2008) Symbolic Representation of Tabular Data. New Zealand Journal of Geography 79:1, pages 11-18.
Crossref
R. Cléroux, Y. Lepage & N. Ranger. 1985. Computer-Generated Images. Computer-Generated Images 395 410 .
G. A. F. Seber. 1984. Multivariate Observations. Multivariate Observations 626 670 .
Robert G. Garrett. (1983) Opportunities for the 80s. Journal of the International Association for Mathematical Geology 15:2, pages 385-398.
Crossref
Howard Wainer. 1983. Recent Advances in Statistics. Recent Advances in Statistics 469 508 .
Robert J.K. Jacob. 1983. Recent Advances in Statistics. Recent Advances in Statistics 449 468 .
Howard Wainer. (2014) MULTIVARIATE DISPLAY FROM QUIPUS TO FACES. ETS Research Report Series 1982:1.
Crossref
S. R. Wilson. 1982. COMPSTAT 1982 5th Symposium held at Toulouse 1982. COMPSTAT 1982 5th Symposium held at Toulouse 1982 447 450 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.