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Original Articles

The convergent and discriminant validity of burnout measures in sport: A multi-trait/multi-method analysis

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Pages 209-220 | Accepted 17 Jan 2005, Published online: 18 Feb 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (14)

Hanna L. Glandorf, Daniel J. Madigan, Owen Kavanagh & Sarah H. Mallinson-Howard. (2023) Mental and physical health outcomes of burnout in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 0:0, pages 1-45.
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Arianna Martignetti, Jessyca Arthur-Cameselle, Linda Keeler & Gordon Chalmers. (2020) The relationship between burnout and depression in intercollegiate athletes: An examination of gender and sport-type. Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education 14:2, pages 100-122.
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Kendra J. Homan, Susan L. Crowley & Leslie A. Sim. (2019) Motivation for sport participation and eating disorder risk among female collegiate athletes. Eating Disorders 27:4, pages 369-383.
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Erik Lundkvist, Andreas Stenling, Henrik Gustafsson & Peter Hassmén. (2014) How to Measure Coach Burnout: An Evaluation of Three Burnout Measures. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 18:3, pages 209-226.
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J. D. DeFreese & AlanL. Smith. (2013) Areas of Worklife and the Athlete Burnout-Engagement Relationship. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 25:2, pages 180-196.
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KirstenT. Verkooijen, Pepijn van Hove & Giel Dik. (2012) Athletic Identity and Well-Being among Young Talented Athletes who Live at a Dutch Elite Sport Center. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 24:1, pages 106-113.
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Henrik Gustafsson, Peter Hassmén & Leslie Podlog. (2010) Exploring the relationship between hope and burnout in competitive sport. Journal of Sports Sciences 28:14, pages 1495-1504.
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DanielF. Gucciardi & Sandy Gordon. (2009) Development and preliminary validation of the Cricket Mental Toughness Inventory (CMTI). Journal of Sports Sciences 27:12, pages 1293-1310.
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Clive Martin Jones & Gershon Tenenbaum. (2009) Adjustment Disorder: a new way of conceptualizing the overtraining syndrome. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2:2, pages 181-197.
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Chris Lonsdale, Ken Hodge & Elaine Rose. (2009) Athlete burnout in elite sport: A self-determination perspective. Journal of Sports Sciences 27:8, pages 785-795.
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Ken Hodge, Chris Lonsdale & JohanY. Y. Ng. (2008) Burnout in elite rugby: Relationships with basic psychological needs fulfilment. Journal of Sports Sciences 26:8, pages 835-844.
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A. Mark Williams, Lew Hardy & Nanette Mutrie. (2008) Twenty-five years of psychology in the Journal of Sports Sciences: A historical overview. Journal of Sports Sciences 26:4, pages 401-412.
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ScottL. Cresswell & RobertC. Eklund. (2006) The Nature of Player Burnout in Rugby: Key Characteristics and Attributions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 18:3, pages 219-239.
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Articles from other publishers (55)

Michael C. Grugan, Luke F. Olsson, Robert S. Vaughan, Daniel J. Madigan & Andrew P. Hill. (2024) Factorial validity and measurement invariance of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Psychology of Sport and Exercise 73, pages 102638.
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Daniel Alvarez Pires, Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Daniel J. Madigan, Alan L. Smith & Henrik Gustafsson. (2024) Five unsolved issues concerning burnout in athletes: An expert perspective. Sports Psychiatry 3:1, pages 39-46.
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Yu-Ping Chen, Yu-Shan Hsu & Margaret Shaffer. (2024) Self-initiated expatriates' cultural intelligence, embeddedness and career satisfaction: a whole-life perspective. Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research.
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Wen Su & Daliang Zhao. (2023) Development and validation of the Chinese coaches’ interpersonal style scale. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
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Ross M. Murray, Chris Hartley & Pete Coffee. (2023) Only my group will do: Evidence that social support protects athletes from burnout when they identify with those who provide it. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 69, pages 102508.
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Daliang Zhao & Yu Zhou. (2022) Examining the psychometric properties of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale in Chinese Elite Athletes. PLOS ONE 17:11, pages e0277985.
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Jin Li, Yanni Wang & Sihua Li. (2022) Effects of psychological fatigue on college athletes’ error-related negativity based on artificial intelligence computing method. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking 2022:1.
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Ralph Appleby, Paul Anthony Davis, Louise Davis, Andreas Stenling & Will Vickery. (2022) Preliminary Psychometric Validation of the Teammate Burnout Questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
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Daniel J. Madigan, Luke F. Olsson, Andrew P. Hill & Thomas Curran. (2022) Athlete Burnout Symptoms Are Increasing: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Average Levels From 1997 to 2019. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 44:3, pages 153-168.
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Marije Strikwerda, Joline W. Beulens, Sharon Remmelzwaal, Linda J. Schoonmade, Annemieke van Straten, Miranda T. Schram, Petra J. Elders & Femke Rutters. (2021) The Association of Burnout and Vital Exhaustion With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine 83:9, pages 1013-1030.
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Vinicius da Cruz Sousa, Gabriel Lucas Morais Freire, Carla Thamires Laranjeira Granja, José Fernando Vila Nova de Moraes, Leonardo de Sousa Fortes & José Roberto de Andrade do Nascimento Junior. (2021) Psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) in a sample of young and adult athletes. Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 27.
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Jens Kleinert, Hanna Raven & Marion Sulprizio. 2021. Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft. Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft 341 367 .
Kaisa Aunola, Matilda Sorkkila & Asko Tolvanen. (2020) Validity of the Finnish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA). Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 61:5, pages 714-722.
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Matilda Sorkkila, Tatiana V. Ryba, Kaisa Aunola, Harri Selänne & Katariina Salmela-Aro. (2020) Sport burnout inventory–Dual career form for student-athletes: Assessing validity and reliability in a Finnish sample of adolescent athletes. Journal of Sport and Health Science 9:4, pages 358-366.
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Robert C. Eklund1 & J. D. DeFreese. 2020. Handbook of Sport Psychology. Handbook of Sport Psychology 1220 1240 .
Hannah Macdougall, Paul O'Halloran, Emma Sherry & Nora Shields. (2019) A Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial to Enhance Well-Being and Performance of Athletes in Para Sports. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity 12:2, pages 7-7.
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Chris Hartley & Pete Coffee. (2019) Perceived and Received Dimensional Support: Main and Stress-Buffering Effects on Dimensions of Burnout. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
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Jens Kleinert, Hanna Raven & Marion Sulprizio. 2019. Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft. Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft 1 27 .
Jose‐Luis Padilla, Isabel Benitez & Fons J.R. van de Vijver. 2018. Advances in Comparative Survey Methods. Advances in Comparative Survey Methods 45 64 .
J.D. DeFreese, Travis E. Dorsch & Travis A. Flitton. (2018) The Parent–Child Relationship and Sport Parents’ Experiences of Burnout and Engagement. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 12:2, pages 218-233.
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Sabir I Giga, Ian J Fletcher, Georgios Sgourakis, Caroline A Mulvaney & Brenda H Vrkljan. (2018) Organisational level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
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E. Lundkvist, H. Gustafsson, P.A. Davis, S. Holmström, N. Lemyre & A. Ivarsson. (2017) The temporal relations across burnout dimensions in athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 28:3, pages 1215-1226.
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Henrik Gustafsson, Daniel J. Madigan & Erik Lundkvist. 2018. Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport. Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport 489 504 .
Denise Albieri Jodas Salvagioni, Francine Nesello Melanda, Arthur Eumann Mesas, Alberto Durán González, Flávia Lopes Gabani & Selma Maffei de Andrade. (2017) Physical, psychological and occupational consequences of job burnout: A systematic review of prospective studies. PLOS ONE 12:10, pages e0185781.
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Keunchul Lee, Sangwook Kang & Inwoo Kim. (2017) Relationships Among Stress, Burnout, Athletic Identity, and Athlete Satisfaction in Students at Korea’s Physical Education High Schools. Psychological Reports 120:4, pages 585-608.
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Olivia Knowles, Paul B. Gastin & Peter Kremer. (2017) Time use and health and wellbeing outcomes of sport school students in Australia. Sport Sciences for Health 13:2, pages 427-435.
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Yong-Gwan Song, Sung Hyeon Cheon & Hwang Hwang. (2017) Influence of Coaching Styles on Athletes’ Psychological Need Satisfaction, Mental Toughness, and Burnout in Sport Context. The Korean Journal of Physical Education 56:1, pages 247-261.
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Henrik Gustafsson, Erik Lundkvist, Leslie Podlog & Carolina Lundqvist. (2016) Conceptual Confusion and Potential Advances in Athlete Burnout Research. Perceptual and Motor Skills 123:3, pages 784-791.
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Cristina De Francisco, Constantino Arce, María del Pilar Vílchez & Ángel Vales. (2016) Antecedents and consequences of burnout in athletes: Perceived stress and depression. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology 16:3, pages 239-246.
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Andrew P. Hill & Thomas Curran. (2015) Multidimensional Perfectionism and Burnout. Personality and Social Psychology Review 20:3, pages 269-288.
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Henrik Gustafsson, Daniel J. Madigan & Erik Lundkvist. 2017. Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport. Handbuch Stressregulation und Sport 1 21 .
Renzo Bianchi, Irvin Sam Schonfeld & Eric Laurent. (2015) Burnout–depression overlap: A review. Clinical Psychology Review 36, pages 28-41.
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J.D. DeFreese & Alan L. Smith. (2013) Teammate social support, burnout, and self-determined motivation in collegiate athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14:2, pages 258-265.
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Rong Liu, Shaomin Wu, Yuantao Hao, Jing Gu, Jiqian Fang, Nanqiao Cai & Jinxin Zhang. (2013) The Chinese version of the world health organization quality of life instrument-older adults module (WHOQOL-OLD): psychometric evaluation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 11:1, pages 156.
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Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Emma Guillet-Descas & Joan L. Duda. (2013) How to achieve in elite training centers without burning out? An achievement goal theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14:1, pages 72-83.
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Anne Alaphilippe, Stéphane Mandigout, Sébastien Ratel, Joëlle Bonis, Daniel Courteix & Martine Duclos. (2012) Longitudinal Follow-Up of Biochemical Markers of Fatigue Throughout a Sporting Season in Young Elite Rugby Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 26:12, pages 3376-3384.
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Lawrence W. Judge, Robert J. Bell, Rachel Theodore, Laura Simon & David Bellar. (2012) An Exploratory Examination of Burnout in NCAA Division II Athletes. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 5:2, pages 230-240.
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Constantino Arce, Cristina De Francisco, Elena Andrade, Gloria Seoane & Thomas Raedeke. (2013) Adaptation of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire in a Spanish Sample of Athletes. The Spanish journal of psychology 15:3, pages 1529-1536.
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José A. Martínez, Manuel Ruiz Marin & Maria del Carmen Vivo Molina. (2013) A Method to Analyse Measurement Invariance under Uncertainty in Between-Subjects Design. The Spanish journal of psychology 15:3, pages 1510-1519.
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Carlos Eduardo Lopes Verardi, Maria Cristina de Oliveira Santos Miyazaki, Kazuo Kawano Nagamine, Ana Paula da Silva Lobo & Neide Aparecida Micelli Domingos. (2012) Esporte, stress e burnout. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas) 29:3, pages 305-313.
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Kate I. Goodger & Martin I. Jones. 2012. The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology. The Oxford Handbook of Sport and Performance Psychology 562 580 .
Yusuke Tabei, David Fletcher & Kate Goodger. (2012) The Relationship between Organizational Stressors and Athlete Burnout in Soccer Players. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 6:2, pages 146-165.
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D. Korczak & B. Huber. (2012) Burn-outBurnout. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 55:2, pages 164-171.
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David J. Woehr, Dan J. Putka & Mark C. Bowler. (2011) An Examination of G-Theory Methods for Modeling Multitrait–Multimethod Data. Organizational Research Methods 15:1, pages 134-161.
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Daniel F. Gucciardi, Ben Jackson, Tristan J. Coulter & Clifford J. Mallett. (2011) The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Dimensionality and age-related measurement invariance with Australian cricketers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 12:4, pages 423-433.
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CHRIS LONSDALE & KEN HODGE. (2011) Temporal Ordering of Motivational Quality and Athlete Burnout in Elite Sport. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 43:5, pages 913-921.
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Sandrine Isoard-Gautheur, Marie Oger, Emma Guillet & Charles Martin-Krumm. (2010) Validation of a French Version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment 26:3, pages 203-211.
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Paul R. Appleton, Howard K. Hall & Andrew P. Hill. (2009) Relations between multidimensional perfectionism and burnout in junior-elite male athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10:4, pages 457-465.
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Kirk J. Cureton. (2009) Athlete Burnout: A Physiological Perspective. Journal of Intercollegiate Sport 2:1, pages 31-34.
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Scott L. Cresswell. (2009) Possible early signs of athlete burnout: A prospective study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 12:3, pages 393-398.
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Lung Hung Chen, Ying Hwa Kee & Ying-Mei Tsai. (2008) An Examination of the Dual Model of Perfectionism and Adolescent Athlete Burnout: A Short-Term Longitudinal Research. Social Indicators Research 91:2, pages 189-201.
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Henrik Gustafsson, Peter Hassmén, Göran Kenttä & Mattias Johansson. (2008) A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite Swedish athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 9:6, pages 800-816.
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Lung Hung Chen, Ying Hwa Kee & Ying-Mei Tsai. (2008) Relation of Dispositional Optimism with Burnout among Athletes. Perceptual and Motor Skills 106:3, pages 693-698.
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Robert C. Eklund & Scott L. Cresswell. 2007. Handbook of Sport Psychology. Handbook of Sport Psychology 621 641 .
S.L. Cresswell & R.C. Eklund. (2006) Changes in athlete burnout over a thirty-week “rugby year”. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 9:1-2, pages 125-134.
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