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Original Articles

Special populations: The referee and assistant referee

&
Pages 795-801 | Accepted 16 Nov 2005, Published online: 19 Aug 2006

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (15)

Juliano Fernandes da Silva, Anderson Santiago Teixeira, Jolmerson de Carvalho, Paulo Do Nascimento Salvador, Carlo Castagna, Arthur Pereira Ventura, José Francisco de Sousa Neto Segundo, Luiz Guilherme Antonacci Guglielmo & Ricardo Dantas de Lucas. (2023) Match activity profile and heart rate responses of top-level soccer referees during Brazilian national first and second division and regional championships. Science and Medicine in Football 7:3, pages 263-271.
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Scott Russell, Ian Renshaw & Keith Davids. (2022) Sport arbitration as an emergent process in a complex system: Decision-making variability is a marker of expertise in national-level football referees. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 34:3, pages 539-563.
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Khaled Trabelsi, Liwa Masmoudi, Achraf Ammar, Omar Boukhris, Aïmen Khacharem, Mohamed Jemal, Sahar Zlitni, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Cain C.T. Clark, Michele Lastella & Hamdi Chtourou. (2021) The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on sleep-wake behaviour and daytime sleepiness in team sport referees. Journal of Sports Sciences 39:21, pages 2411-2417.
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Mohamed Ali Nabli, Nidhal Ben Abdelkrim, Mohamed Saifeddin Fessi, Matthew D. DeLang, Wassim Moalla & Karim Chamari. (2019) Sport science applied to basketball refereeing: a narrative review. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 47:4, pages 365-374.
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Kasey Paradis, Paul Larkin & Donna O’Connor. (2016) The effects of physical exertion on decision-making performance of Australian football umpires. Journal of Sports Sciences 34:16, pages 1535-1541.
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Mohamed Ali Nabli, Nidhal Ben Abdelkrim, Carlo Castagna, Imed Jabri, Tahar Batikh & Karim Chamari. (2016) Physical and physiological demands of U-19 basketball refereeing: Aerobic and anaerobic demands. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 44:2, pages 158-163.
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Vitor Hugo Teixeira, Liliana Gonçalves, Tiago Meneses & Pedro Moreira. (2014) Nutritional intake of elite football referees. Journal of Sports Sciences 32:13, pages 1279-1285.
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Pamm Phillips & Sheranne Fairley. (2014) Umpiring. Journal of Leisure Research 46:2, pages 184-202.
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João Paulo Borin, José Francisco Daniel, Valéria Bonganha, Anderson Marques de Moraes, Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri, Luciano Allegretti Mercadante, Marcos Tadeu Nolasco da Silva & Paulo Cesar Montagner. (2013) The distances covered by basketball referees in a match increase throughout the competition phases, with no change in physiological demand. Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 4, pages 193-198.
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Caroline Sunderland, Emily Taylor, Emily Pearce & Christopher Spice. (2011) Activity profile and physical demands of male field hockey umpires in international matches. European Journal of Sport Science 11:6, pages 411-417.
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Peter Catteeuw, Bart Gilis, José-María García-Aranda, Fernando Tresaco, Johan Wagemans & Werner Helsen. (2010) Offside decision making in the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups. Journal of Sports Sciences 28:10, pages 1027-1032.
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Peter Krustrup, Werner Helsen, MortenB. Randers, JesperF. Christensen, Christopher MacDonald, Antonio Natal Rebelo & Jens Bangsbo. (2009) Activity profile and physical demands of football referees and assistant referees in international games. Journal of Sports Sciences 27:11, pages 1167-1176.
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Peter Catteeuw, Werner Helsen, Bart Gilis & Johan Wagemans. (2009) Decision-making skills, role specificity, and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences 27:11, pages 1125-1136.
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Bart Gilis, Werner Helsen, Peter Catteeuw, Evelien Van Roie & Johan Wagemans. (2009) Interpretation and application of the offside law by expert assistant referees: Perception of spatial positions in complex dynamic events on and off the field. Journal of Sports Sciences 27:6, pages 551-563.
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LouiseM. Burke, AnneB. Loucks & Nick Broad. (2006) Energy and carbohydrate for training and recovery. Journal of Sports Sciences 24:7, pages 675-685.
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Articles from other publishers (48)

Jaroslav Sučka, Monika Vašková, Tomáš Eliaš & Frederika Pajonková. (2024) Lower limb explosive power and dynamic stability in soccer referees and assistant referees. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 33:104, pages 1-11.
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Rūtenis Paulauskas, Alejandro Vaquera & Bruno Figueira. (2024) Absence of Monotony and Strain Effects on Referees’ Physical Performance During International Basketball Federation World Cup Basketball Competition. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, pages 1-8.
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Meysam Rostamzadeh Samarein, Mohammad Hossein Samanipour, Foad Asjodi, Pooya Shokati, Zanyar Fallahi, Thomas E. Brownlee, João Paulo Brito, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi & Rafael Oliveira. (2023) Comparisons and associations among anthropometric indices of first and second division and assistant soccer referees. Frontiers in Psychology 14.
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Pascal Izzicupo, Cristian Petri, Sofia Serafini, Giorgio Galanti & Gabriele Mascherini. (2023) Morphological Characteristics of Elite International Soccer Referees: Somatotype and Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 8:3, pages 100.
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Ivan Belcic, Lana Ruzic & Ivan Krakan. (2022) The Effect of Physiological Load during Matches on the Quality of Refereeing in Handball Referees. Annals of Applied Sport Science 10:4, pages 0-0.
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Hamza KÜÇÜK. (2022) Futbol Hakemlerinin Çeviklik, Sürat ve Aerobik Kapasitelerinin KarşılaştırılmasıComparison of Agility, Speed, and Aerobic Capacities of Football Referees. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 5:3, pages 713-721.
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Ivan Belcic. (2022) Does Age, Experience and Body Fat Have an Influence on the Performance of Handball Referees?. Applied Sciences 12:19, pages 9399.
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Larissa Schlösser, Fernanda Schmitz Goulart Delgado, Larissa Vieira da Silva, Cândice Laís Knöner Copetti, Patricia Faria Di Pietro, Patrícia de Fragas Hinnig, Jolmerson de Carvalho, Yara Maria Franco Moreno & Fernanda Hansen. (2022) Validity of body fat percentage through different methods of body composition assessment in elite soccer referees. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria & Desempenho Humano 24.
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Widi Kusumah, Masayu Rizka & Yudi Nurcahya. The implementation of training methods and the ability of basic speed 100M on the physical improvement of football referees. The implementation of training methods and the ability of basic speed 100M on the physical improvement of football referees.
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Simcha Avugos, Clare MacMahon, Michael Bar-Eli & Markus Raab. (2021) Inter-individual differences in sport refereeing: A review of theory and practice. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 55, pages 101926.
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James Collins, Ronald John Maughan, Michael Gleeson, Johann Bilsborough, Asker Jeukendrup, James P Morton, S M Phillips, Lawrence Armstrong, Louise M Burke, Graeme L Close, Rob Duffield, Enette Larson-Meyer, Julien Louis, Daniel Medina, Flavia Meyer, Ian Rollo, Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen, Benjamin T Wall, Beatriz Boullosa, Gregory Dupont, Antonia Lizarraga, Peter Res, Mario Bizzini, Carlo Castagna, Charlotte M Cowie, Michel D'Hooghe, Hans Geyer, Tim Meyer, Niki Papadimitriou, Marc Vouillamoz & Alan McCall. (2021) UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. British Journal of Sports Medicine 55:8, pages 416-416.
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Y Nurcahya, P Nurmansyah, F Rosdiana & D Stiadi. (2021) Improving the performance of football assistant referee through video-based training. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1806:1, pages 012212.
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Carlos Serrano, Javier Sánchez-Sánchez, Jose Luis Felipe, Enrique Hernando, Leonor Gallardo & Jorge Garcia-Unanue. (2021) Physical Demands in Elite Futsal Referees During Spanish Futsal Cup. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Berhanu Tesema Guta. (2020) Comparative Study of Factors Affecting the Performances of Soccer Referees: The Case of Oromia Soccer Higher League. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development 9:4.
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Ángel Matute-Llorente, Javier Sanchez-Sanchez, Carlo Castagna & José A. Casajus. (2020) Injuries of a Spanish top-level sample of football referees. A retrospective study. Apunts Sports Medicine 55:208, pages 146-152.
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Barış BAYDEMİR, Veysi CİRASUN & Hüseyin Özden YURDAKUL. (2020) FUTBOL HAKEMLERİNE UYGULANAN KUVVET ANTRENMANLARININ SÜRAT, ÇEVİKLİK, AEROBİK VE ANAEROBİK KAPASİTEYE ETKİSİ. International Journal of Mountaineering and Climbing 3:1, pages 15-26.
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Cristian Petri, Francesco Campa, Vitor Hugo Teixeira, Pascal Izzicupo, Giorgio Galanti, Angelo Pizzi, Georgian Badicu & Gabriele Mascherini. (2020) Body Fat Assessment in International Elite Soccer Referees. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 5:2, pages 38.
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Williams Nuytens, Nicolas Penin & Grégoire Duvant. (2020) Les pleins pouvoirs ? Éléments de sociologie des arbitres de football en France. Déviance et Société Vol. 44:1, pages 83-110.
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Rebecca Regnoli, Marco Rovelli, Vincenzo Gianturco, Fabrizio Ernesto Pregliasco, Bruno Dino Bodini & Luigi Gianturco. (2020) Individualized Breakfast Programs or Glycogen Super-Compensation: Which Is the Better Performing Strategy? Insights from an Italian Soccer Referees Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:3, pages 1014.
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Gabriele Mascherini, Cristian Petri, Elena Ermini, Angelo Pizzi, Antonio Ventura & Giorgio Galanti. (2020) Eating Habits and Body Composition of International Elite Soccer Referees. Journal of Human Kinetics 71:1, pages 145-153.
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David García-Santos, José Pino-Ortega, Javier García-Rubio, Alejandro Vaquera & Sergio J. Ibáñez. (2019) Internal and External Demands in Basketball Referees during the U-16 European Women’s Championship. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16:18, pages 3421.
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Paulo Cipriano, Paulo Martins, Ricardo Duarte, Luis Preto, César Peixoto & Miguel Moreira. (2019) Investigation on Soccer Referees: A Narrative Review. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism 26:3, pages 20-28.
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Paulo Rogério Vieira, Angelica Castilho Alonso, Sheila Jean McNeill Ingham, Acary Souza Bulle Oliveira, Beny Schmidt & Flávio Fallopa. (2019) INCIDENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES IN SOCCER REFEREES: A THREE-YEAR STUDY. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte 25:3, pages 258-262.
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Morris Banda, Heinrich W. Grobbelaar & Elmarie Terblanche. (2019) Body composition and somatotypes of male Zimbabwean Premier League football referees. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 59:3.
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Catherine Noelle O’Riordan, Micheál Newell & Gerard Flaherty. (2018) Cardiovascular disease risk factor profile of male Gaelic Athletic Association sports referees. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 187:4, pages 915-924.
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Luigi Gianturco, Bruno D. Bodini, Vincenzo Gianturco, Fabrizio E. Pregliasco, Marta Cascio, Antonio Serafin & Maurizio Turiel. (2018) Foot and Soccer Referees’: A Pilot Study Searching “Performance” Throughout Prevention. Frontiers in Physiology 9.
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Bjoern Krenn. (2017) Does uniform color affect offside in association football?. Color Research & Application 43:2, pages 268-275.
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Alessandra Carla Peixoto Monteiro, Mariana Verdolin Guilherme Froeseler & Marcela Mansur-Alves. (2018) Estresse e Coping de Árbitros de Futebol no Teste Físico FIFA. Psicologia: Ciência e Profissão 38:1, pages 102-115.
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K. Schenk, M. Bizzini & H. Gatterer. (2018) Exercise physiology and nutritional perspectives of elite soccer refereeing. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 28:3, pages 782-793.
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Luigi Gianturco, Bruno Bodini, Vincenzo Gianturco, Giuseppina Lippo, Agnese Solbiati & Maurizio Turiel. (2017) Left ventricular longitudinal strain in soccer referees. Oncotarget 8:24, pages 39766-39773.
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Yoshihiko Ishihara, Hisashi Naito, Satoshi Ishizaki & Masafumi Yoshimura. (2017) Temporal Change in the Match Performance of Football Referees during Youth Top-level Matches: Influence of Match Technical-tactical Data in Same Matches. International Journal of Sport and Health Science 15:0, pages 14-22.
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Tuba Kızılet Bozdoğan, Ali Kızılet & Bilal Biçer. (2017) The effect of morphological characteristics on the physical and physiological performance of Turkish soccer referees and assistant referees. SHS Web of Conferences 37, pages 01032.
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Reza Mazaheri, Farzin Halabchi, Tohid Seif Barghi & Mohammad Ali Mansournia. (2016) Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition of Soccer Referees; Do These Correlate With Proper Performance?. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine 7:1.
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Mohamed HousseinPhilippe Lopes, Bruno FagnoniSaid AhmaidiSoubère Mahamoud YonisPierre-Marie Leprêtre. (2016) Hydration: The New FIFA World Cup's Challenge for Referee Decision Making?. Journal of Athletic Training 51:3, pages 264-266.
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Clare MacMahon, Duncan Mascarenhas, Henning Plessner, Alexandra Pizzera, Raôul Oudejans & Markus Raab. 2014. Sports Officials and Officiating. Sports Officials and Officiating 47 59 .
Boris Blumenstein & Iris Orbach. (2014) Development of Psychological Preparation Program for Football Referees: Pilot Study. Sport Science Review 23:3-4, pages 113-125.
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Lee Taylor, Natalie Fitch, Paul Castle, Samuel Watkins, Jeffrey Aldous, Nicholas Sculthorpe, Adrian Midgely, John Brewer & Alexis Mauger. (2014) Exposure to hot and cold environmental conditions does not affect the decision making ability of soccer referees following an intermittent sprint protocol. Frontiers in Physiology 5.
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Ty B. Palmer, Matt J. Hawkey, Doug B. Smith & Brennan J. Thompson. (2014) The Influence of Professional Status on Maximal and Rapid Isometric Torque Characteristics in Elite Soccer Referees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 28:5, pages 1310-1318.
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Hae Yong ParkYoung In Choi. (2014) A Preliminary Study on Musculoskeletal Pain in K-League Referees: A Complete Survey. The Korean Journal of Sports Medicine 32:1, pages 37.
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Goran Gabrilo, Marko Ostojic, Kemal Idrizovic, Bozidar Novosel & Damir Sekulic. (2013) A retrospective survey on injuries in Croatian football/soccer referees. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 14:1.
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A.I. Da Silva, L.C. Fernandes & R. Fernandez. (2011) Time motion analysis of football (soccer) referees during official matches in relation to the type of fluid consumed. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 44:8, pages 801-809.
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António N Rebelo, António A Ascensão, José F Magalhães, Rasmus Bischoff, Mads Bendiksen & Peter Krustrup. (2011) Elite Futsal Refereeing: Activity Profile and Physiological Demands. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25:4, pages 980-987.
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Carlo Castagna, Franco M Impellizzeri, Mario Bizzini, Matthew Weston & Vincenzo Manzi. (2011) Applicability of a Change of Direction Ability Field Test in Soccer Assistant Referees. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25:3, pages 860-866.
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Mario Bizzini, Astrid Junge, Roald Bahr & Jiri Dvorak. (2009) Injuries and Musculoskeletal Complaints in Referees-A Complete Survey in the Top Divisions of the Swiss Football League. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 19:2, pages 95-100.
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Thomas Reilly & Laura Sutton. 2008. Contemporary Ergonomics 2008. Contemporary Ergonomics 2008 491 495 .
G Galanti, A Pizzi, M Lucarelli, L Stefani, M Gianassi, V Di Tante, L Toncelli, A Moretti & F Del Furia. (2008) The cardiovascular profile of soccer referees: an echocardiographic study. Cardiovascular Ultrasound 6:1.
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Javier Mallo, Enrique Navarro, Jose M García-Aranda, Bart Gilis & Werner Helsen. (2008) Analysis of the Kinematical Demands Imposed on Top-Class Assistant Referees During Competitive Soccer Matches. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22:1, pages 235-242.
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