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Original Articles

Right–left digit ratio (2D:4D) predicts free testosterone levels associated with a physical challenge

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Pages 677-683 | Received 18 Jul 2011, Accepted 05 Nov 2012, Published online: 04 Dec 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Hamid Agha-Alinejad, Babak Farzad, Mina Akbari, Dani M. Moffit & Amirbahador Dakhili. (2019) Digit ratios and motor and health-related fitness in pre-adolescent females. Annals of Human Biology 46:3, pages 225-230.
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Articles from other publishers (36)

Sławomir Kozieł, Jan M. Konarski, Agata Konarska, Joanna Heuchert, Zofia Ignasiak & Raja Chakraborty. (2024) The change in handgrip strength, after physical exercise, is moderated by digit ratio ( 2D : 4D ): A study among the young adults in Poland . American Journal of Human Biology.
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Xin-Min Qin, Robert Allan, Ji-Young Park, Sung-Hoon Kim & Chang-Hwa Joo. (2024) Impact of exercise training and diet therapy on the physical fitness, quality of life, and immune response of people living with HIV/AIDS: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 24:1.
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Piotr Sorokowski & Marta Kowal. (2023) Relationship between the 2D : 4D and prenatal testosterone, adult level testosterone, and testosterone change: Meta‐analysis of 54 studies . American Journal of Biological Anthropology 183:1, pages 20-38.
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Evaldo RibeiroJrJr, Nick Neave, Birgit Keller Marsili, Eduardo Carlos Gonçalves Figueiredo, Anderson Joel Martino‐Andrade & Rosana Nogueira de Moraes. (2023) Prenatal androgenization ( 2D : 4D ) predictions of tennis match‐play success in junior players: A search for physiological explanations . American Journal of Human Biology 36:1.
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John T. Manning, Bernhard Fink & Robert Trivers. (2023) Digit Ratio (2D:4D; Right-Left 2D:4D) and Multiple Phenotypes for Same-Sex Attraction: The BBC Internet Study Revisited. Archives of Sexual Behavior.
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Alexandra J. South, Emma Barkus, Emma E. Walter, Carley Mendonca & Susan J. Thomas. (2023) Dark Triad personality traits, second-to-forth digit ratio (2D:4D) and circulating testosterone and cortisol levels. Biological Psychology 179, pages 108567.
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Martin G. Köllner, Sinja Braun, Hanna Schöttner, Gelena Dlugash, Marlene Bettac & Simon Steib. (2022) Relationships of the Ulna-to-fibula Ratio to Baseline and Reactive Steroid Hormone Levels: An Exploratory Study. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology 8:4, pages 407-432.
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Nathalia Ferreira Camarco, Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto, Evaldo RibeiroJr.Jr. & Anderson J. Martino Andrade. (2022) Anthropometrics, Performance, and Psychological Outcomes in Mixed Martial Arts Athletes. Biology 11:8, pages 1147.
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Blair T. Crewther, Anna Pastuszak, Dorota Sadowska, Michał Górski & Christian J. Cook. (2022) The digit ratio (2D:4D) and testosterone co-predict vertical jump performance in athletic boys: Evidence of organizational and activational effects of testosterone on physical fitness. Physiology & Behavior 251, pages 113816.
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Benjamin G. Serpell & Christian J. Cook. (2022) Exploring Finger Digit Ratios (2D:4D) in Surgeons, Professional Rugby Players, and Political Journalists to Form a Directional Hypothesis: Could Finger Length Predict Attention and Focus?. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 16.
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Jacob W. Disterhaupt, John S. Fitzgerald, Jesse L. Rhoades & Grant R. Tomkinson. (2021) The relationship between the digit ratio ( 2D : 4D ) and vertical jump performance in young athletes . American Journal of Human Biology 34:3.
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Brooke E. Pasanen, Jordan M. Tomkinson, Trevor J. Dufner, Chan Woong Park, John S. Fitzgerald & Grant R. Tomkinson. (2021) The relationship between digit ratio ( 2D : 4D ) and muscular fitness: A systematic review and meta‐analysis . American Journal of Human Biology 34:3.
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J.T. Manning, B. Fink, L. Mason, A. Kasielska-Trojan & R. Trivers. (2022) The effects of sex, nation, ethnicity, age and self-reported pubertal development on participant-measured right-left 2D:4D (Dr-l) in the BBC internet study. Journal of Biosocial Science, pages 1-13.
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Donatella Di Corrado, Andrea Buscemi, Paola Magnano, Nelson Mauro Maldonato, Matej Tusak & Marinella Coco. (2021) Mood States and Performance in Elite Canoe Polo Players: The Mediating Role of Stress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:9, pages 4494.
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John T Manning & Bernhard Fink. 2021. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science 2009 2019 .
Marta Kowal, Piotr Sorokowski, Agnieszka Żelaźniewicz, Judyta Nowak, Sylwester Orzechowski, Grzegorz Żurek, Alina Żurek, Anna Juszkiewicz, Lidia Wojtycka, Wiktoria Sieniuć, Małgorzata Poniatowska, Karolina Tarnowska, Kaja Kowalska, Katarzyna Drabik, Patrycja Łukaszek, Krzysztof Krawczyk, Tadeusz Stefaniak & Natalia Danek. (2020) No relationship between the digit ratios (2D:4D) and salivary testosterone change: Study on men under an acute exercise. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Kejin zhang, Xing Yang, Mengfei zhang, Chunlan Wang, Pengpeng Fang, Mengying Xue, Jing Zhao, Xiaocai Gao, Ruliang Pan & Pingyuan Gong. (2019) Revisiting the relationships of 2D:4D with androgen receptor ( AR ) gene and current testosterone levels: Replication study and meta‐analyses . Journal of Neuroscience Research 98:2, pages 353-370.
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G. Özen, Ö. Atar & H. Koç. (2019) Digit ratio (2D:4D): relationship with freestyle swimming performance of adolescent well-trained swimmers. Pedagogics, psychology, medical-biological problems of physical training and sports 23:3, pages 150-154.
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J.T. Manning, P.E. Bundred, A. Kasielska-Trojan, T. Smith-Straney & L. Mason. (2019) Digit ratio (2D:4D), myocardial infarction and fibrinogen in men. Early Human Development 133, pages 18-22.
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Blair T. Crewther & Christian J. Cook. (2019) The digit ratio (2D:4D) relationship with testosterone is moderated by physical training: Evidence of prenatal organizational influences on activational patterns of adult testosterone in physically-active women. Early Human Development 131, pages 51-55.
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Marek Kociuba, Raja Chakraborty, Zofia Ignasiak & Sławomir Kozieł. (2019) Digit ratio (2D:4D) moderates the change in handgrip strength on an aggressive stimulus: A study among Polish young adults. Early Human Development 128, pages 62-68.
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A. Di Blasio, A. Tranquilli, S. Di Santo, G. Marchetti, M. Bergamin, V. Bullo, L. Cugusi, S. Tavoletta, A. Gallazzi, I. Bucci & G. Napolitano. (2018) Does the cool-down content affect cortisol and testosterone production after a whole-body workout? A pilot study. Sport Sciences for Health 14:3, pages 579-586.
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Katelyn L. Klapprodt, John S. Fitzgerald, Sandra E. Short, John T. Manning & Grant R. Tomkinson. (2018) Relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and game‐related statistics in professional and semi‐professional male basketball players. American Journal of Human Biology 30:6.
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Gareth Richards, Magdalena Klimek, Grazyna Jasienska & Urszula M. Marcinkowska. (2018) Digit ratio (2D:4D) and circulating testosterone, oestradiol, and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle. Early Human Development 117, pages 68-73.
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John T. Manning & Bernhard Fink. 2018. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science 1 12 .
Scott Reed & Jennifer Meggs. (2017) Examining the effect of prenatal testosterone and aggression on sporting choice and sporting longevity. Personality and Individual Differences 116, pages 11-15.
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Anna Kasielska-Trojan, Piotr Stabry?a & Bogus?aw Antoszewski. (2017) Digit ratio (2D:4D) and postoperative pain perception. Early Human Development 110, pages 25-30.
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Alexander V. Georgiev, Calen P. Ryan, Lee T. Gettler, Thomas W. McDade & Christopher W. Kuzawa. (2017) Second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) is unrelated to measures of somatic reproductive effort among young men from Cebu, the Philippines. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 163:3, pages 437-445.
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D. E. O’Briain, P. H. Dawson, J. C. Kelly & P. Connolly. (2016) Assessment of the 2D:4D ratio in aggression-related injuries in children attending a paediatric emergency department. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) 186:2, pages 441-445.
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Evaldo RibeiroJrJr, Nick Neave, Rosana Nogueiro Morais, Liam Kilduff, Suzan R. Taylor, Marina Butovskaya, Bernhard Fink & John T. Manning. (2016) Digit ratio (2D:4D), testosterone, cortisol, aggression, personality and hand-grip strength: Evidence for prenatal effects on strength. Early Human Development 100, pages 21-25.
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Mahdi Khanbabazadeh, Abdollah Serajian & Amir Rashidlamir. (2016) Digit Ratio, Testosterone/Cortisol Levels, and Hand Grip Strength Among Elite Iranian Wrestlers. International Journal of Wrestling Science 6:1, pages 53-57.
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Jan Ryckmans, Kobe Millet & Luk Warlop. (2015) The Influence of Facial Characteristics on the Relation between Male 2D:4D and Dominance. PLOS ONE 10:11, pages e0143307.
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Blair Crewther, Christian Cook, Liam Kilduff & John Manning. (2015) Digit ratio (2D:4D) and salivary testosterone, oestradiol and cortisol levels under challenge: Evidence for prenatal effects on adult endocrine responses. Early Human Development 91:8, pages 451-456.
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Lawrence D. Hayes, Fergal M. Grace, Julien S. Baker & Nicholas Sculthorpe. (2015) Exercise-Induced Responses in Salivary Testosterone, Cortisol, and Their Ratios in Men: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine 45:5, pages 713-726.
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심경옥 & Woo Young Chun. (2014) Social Psychology of Fingers: The Relationship between 2D:4D Ratio and Social Behaviors. 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 28:4, pages 1-21.
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Liam P. Kilduff, Renato N. Hopp, Christian J. Cook, Blair T. Crewther & John T. Manning. (2013) Digit Ratio (2D:4D), Aggression, and Testosterone in Men Exposed to an Aggressive Video Stimulus. Evolutionary Psychology 11:5, pages 953-964.
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