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Cognition and Emotion Volume 32, 2018 - Issue 4
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Original Articles

Disgusting clusters: trypophobia as an overgeneralised disease avoidance response

Tom R. KupferSchool of Psychology, The University of Kent, Canterbury, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-6082
ORCID Icon &
An T. D. LeDepartment of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
Pages 729-741 | Received 11 Jan 2017, Accepted 13 Jun 2017, Published online: 06 Jul 2017

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R. Nathan Pipitone, Christopher DiMattina, Emily Renae Martin, Irena Pavela Banai, KaLynn Bellmore & Michelle De Angelis. (2022) Evaluating the ‘skin disease-avoidance’ and ‘dangerous animal’ frameworks for understanding trypophobia. Cognition and Emotion 36:5, pages 943-956.
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Articles from other publishers (34)

Geoff G. Cole. (2024) Is trypophobia real?. BJPsych Open 10:2.
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Christopher DiMattina, R. Nathan Pipitone, Martin R. Renteria & Kriston J. Ryan. (2024) Trypophobia, skin disease, and the visual discomfort of natural textures. Scientific Reports 14:1.
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Geoff G. Cole, Abbie C. Millett & Marie Juanchich. (2024) The social learning account of trypophobia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology.
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Nanxin Song & Shinichi Koyama. (2024) Pupillary Responses to Dot Patterns on a Human Face Background. Behavioral Sciences 14:1, pages 69.
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Jaroslav Flegr, Jana Hlaváčová & Jan Toman. (2023) Parasitic manipulation or side effects? The effects of past Toxoplasma gondii and Borrelia spp. infections on human personality and cognitive performance are not mediated by impaired health. Folia Parasitologica 70.
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Stephanie M. Y. Wong, Eric Y. H. Tang, Christy L. M. Hui, Y. N. Suen, Sherry K. W. Chan, Edwin H. M. Lee, K. T. Chan, Michael T. H. Wong, Arnold J. Wilkins & Eric Y. H. Chen. (2023) Excessive fear of clusters of holes, its interaction with stressful life events and the association with anxiety and depressive symptoms: large epidemiological study of young people in Hong Kong. BJPsych Open 9:5.
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Ryota Hasegawa & Itsuro Koizumi. (2023) Parasites either reduce or increase host vulnerability to fishing: a case study of a parasitic copepod and its salmonid host. The Science of Nature 110:2.
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Frank Jacobi, Lena Reetz & Jeanne Winterer. (2023) Spezifische Phobien: Erscheinungsformen, Differenzialdiagnostik und Behandlung. PSYCH up2date 17:02, pages 133-150.
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Chiharu Suzuki, Nobu Shirai, Kyoshiro Sasaki, Yuki Yamada & Tomoko Imura. (2023) Preschool children aged 4 to 5 years show discomfort with trypophobic images. Scientific Reports 13:1.
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Ryan P. Doran. (2022) Ugliness Is in the Gut of the Beholder. Ergo an Open Access Journal of Philosophy 9:0.
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Xanat Vargas Meza & Shinichi Koyama. (2022) A social media network analysis of trypophobia communication. Scientific Reports 12:1.
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Nanxin Song & Shinichi Koyama. (2022) Depth perception between dots and the background face reduces trypophobic discomfort. BMC Psychology 10:1.
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Ayumi Mizuno & Masayo Soma. (2022) Star finches Neochmia ruficauda have a visual preference for white dot patterns: a possible case of trypophilia. Animal Cognition 25:5, pages 1271-1279.
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Kateri McRae, Bethany G. Ciesielski, Sean C. Pereira & James J. Gross. (2022) Case Study: A Quantitative Report of Early Attention, Fear, Disgust, and Avoidance in Specific Phobia for Buttons. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 29:2, pages 485-493.
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Yilei Zhang, Kaili Fu & Xun Lin. (2021) The Perceived Beauty of Convex Polygon Tilings: The Influence of Regularity, Curvature, and Density. Perception 50:12, pages 1002-1026.
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Eric Mayor, Andrea Meyer, Alessandro Miani & Roselind Lieb. (2021) An exploration of the nomological network of trypophobia. PLOS ONE 16:9, pages e0257409.
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Tom R. Kupfer, Daniel M. T. Fessler, Bozhi Wu, Tiffany Hwang, Adam Maxwell Sparks, Sonia Alas, Theodore Samore, Vedika Lal, Tanvi P. Sakhamuru & Colin Holbrook. (2021) The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288:1955, pages 20210376.
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Risako Shirai & Hirokazu Ogawa. (2021) Priming with skin-problems increases fear of clusters. Scientific Reports 11:1.
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Joshua M. Tybur & Debra Lieberman. (2021) Considerations of the proximate mechanisms and ultimate functions of disgust will improve our understanding of cleansing effects. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 44.
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An Le, Geoff G. Cole & Arnold Wilkins. (2020) Trypophobia: Heart rate, heart rate variability and cortical haemodynamic response. Journal of Affective Disorders 274, pages 1147-1151.
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R. Nathan Pipitone & Christopher DiMattina. (2020) Object Clusters or Spectral Energy? Assessing the Relative Contributions of Image Phase and Amplitude Spectra to Trypophobia. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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Chrissie Giles. (2020) Avez-vous peur des trous ?. Cerveau & Psycho N° 123:7, pages 86-90.
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Fay Alkhalifa, Arnold Wilkins, Nehal Almurbati & Joao Pinelo. (2020) EXAMINING THE VISUAL EFFECT OF TRYPOPHOBIC REPETITIVE PATTERN IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: BAHRAIN AS A CASE FOR MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES. JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 44:1, pages 44-51.
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Siqi Zhu, Kyoshiro Sasaki, Yue Jiang, Kun Qian & Yuki Yamada. (2020) Trypophobia as an urbanized emotion: comparative research in ethnic minority regions of China. PeerJ 8, pages e8837.
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Philip A. Powell, Christopher R. Jones & Nathan S. Consedine. (2019) It’s not queasy being green: The role of disgust in willingness-to-pay for more sustainable product alternatives. Food Quality and Preference 78, pages 103737.
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Albert Wabnegger, Daniela Schwab & Anne Schienle. (2019) The hole story: an event-related potential study with trypophobic stimuli. Motivation and Emotion 43:6, pages 985-992.
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Marijn Nieuwenhuis. (2019) Porous skin: Breathing through the prism of the holey body. Emotion, Space and Society 33, pages 100595.
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Patrick Bonin & Alain Méot. (2019) Pourquoi avons-nous encore peur des serpents ? Apport de la psychologie évolutionniste à la compréhension de certains biais comportementaux. L’Année psychologique Vol. 119:3, pages 363-396.
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Jan W. Van Strien & Manja K. Van der Peijl. (2018) Enhanced early visual processing in response to snake and trypophobic stimuli. BMC Psychology 6:1.
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Shu Imaizumi & Yoshihiko Tanno. (2018) Rasch analysis of the Trypophobia Questionnaire. BMC Research Notes 11:1.
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Manami Furuno, Yuri Sakurai, Shu Imaizumi & Shinichi Koyama. (2018) Face-Inversion Effect on Disgust Evoked by a Cluster of Dots. i-Perception 9:3, pages 204166951878496.
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Juan Carlos Martínez-Aguayo, Renzo C. Lanfranco, Marcelo Arancibia, Elisa Sepúlveda & Eva Madrid. (2018) Trypophobia: What Do We Know So Far? A Case Report and Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Psychiatry 9.
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Vladislav Ayzenberg, Meghan R. Hickey & Stella F. Lourenco. (2018) Pupillometry reveals the physiological underpinnings of the aversion to holes. PeerJ 6, pages e4185.
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Yuki Yamada & Kyoshiro Sasaki. (2017) Involuntary protection against dermatosis: A preliminary observation on trypophobia. BMC Research Notes 10:1.
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