818
Views
74
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Defensive Pessimism and Optimism: The Bitter-Sweet Influence of Mood on Performance and Prefactual and Counterfactual Thinking

Pages 635-665 | Published online: 31 Aug 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (15)

David M. Maloney & Suzanne M. Egan. (2017) The effect of autonomy on counterfactual thinking about controllable events. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 29:3, pages 337-351.
Read now
Ewa Jarczewska-Gerc & Anna Gorgolewska. (2015) Imagine the emotion: the use of mental simulations in supporting the development of emotional skills of preschool children. Early Child Development and Care 185:8, pages 1268-1282.
Read now
Hugh Gifford & Aravinthan Varatharaj. (2010) The ELEPHANT criteria in medical education: Can medical education be fun?. Medical Teacher 32:3, pages 195-197.
Read now
James Schuurmans-Stekhoven. (2009) Cutting your losses: Could best-practice pedagogy involve acknowledging that even robust hope may be vain?. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education 37:3, pages 333-345.
Read now
MarkS. Rye, MelissaB. Cahoon, RahanS. Ali & Tarika Daftary. (2008) Development and Validation of the Counterfactual Thinking for Negative Events Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment 90:3, pages 261-269.
Read now
Ora Gilbar & Avi Hevroni. (2007) Counterfactuals, coping strategies and psychological distress among breast cancer patients. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 20:4, pages 383-392.
Read now
Nurit Tal-Or, David S Boninger & Faith Gleicher. (2004) On Becoming What We Might Have Been: Counterfactual Thinking and Self-efficacy. Self and Identity 3:1, pages 5-26.
Read now
David Mandel. (2003) Counterfactuals, emotions, and context. Cognition and Emotion 17:1, pages 139-159.
Read now
GregoryS. Wilson & JulieS. Steinke. (2002) Cognitive Orientation, Precompetition, and Actual Competition Anxiety in Collegiate Softball Players. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 73:3, pages 335-339.
Read now
Céline Pérès, François Cury, Jean-pierre Famose & Philippe Sarrazin. (2002) When anxiety is not always a handicap in physical education and sport: Some implications of the defensive pessimism strategy. European Journal of Sport Science 2:1, pages 1-9.
Read now
Matthias Siemer. (2001) Mood-specific effects on appraisal and emotion judgements. Cognition and Emotion 15:4, pages 453-485.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (59)

Stephen Gadsby. (2024) Motivational pessimism and motivated cognition. Synthese 203:4.
Crossref
Everett X. Wang, Zhong Lin Wang, Shudong Zhou, Zhanyong Hong & C. Wang. (2023) Teletransportation paradox and quantum consciousness. Physics Essays 36:3, pages 250-255.
Crossref
Mauro Bertolotti, Luca Guido Valla & Patrizia Catellani. (2022) “If it weren’t for COVID-19…”: Counterfactual arguments influence support for climate change policies via cross-domain moral licensing or moral consistency effects. Frontiers in Psychology 13.
Crossref
Carlos Hugo Criado del Valle. (2021) Guilt and Shame of What Might Have Been in Optimistic Offender Drivers. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
Crossref
Carlos Hugo Criado del Valle & Parichehr Scharifi. 2021. Models and Technologies for Smart, Sustainable and Safe Transportation Systems. Models and Technologies for Smart, Sustainable and Safe Transportation Systems.
Kumju Hwang & Jinsook Choi. (2021) How Do Failed Entrepreneurs Cope with Their Prior Failure When They Seek Subsequent Re-Entry into Serial Entrepreneurship? Failed Entrepreneurs’ Optimism and Defensive Pessimism and Coping Humor as a Moderator. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:13, pages 7021.
Crossref
Dragana Ćorić. (2021) The importance of thought experiments. Pravo - teorija i praksa 38:2, pages 31-42.
Crossref
Alison M. Bacon, Clare R. Walsh & Raluca A. Briazu. (2020) Looking Behind and Looking Ahead: Personality Differences in Counterfactual and Prefactual Thinking. Imagination, Cognition and Personality 40:2, pages 111-125.
Crossref
Jessica Gamlin, Rachel Smallman, Kai Epstude & Neal J. Roese. (2020) Dispositional optimism weakly predicts upward, rather than downward, counterfactual thinking: A prospective correlational study using episodic recall. PLOS ONE 15:8, pages e0237644.
Crossref
Heng-Hui Wu, Pornchanoke Tipgomut, Henry F.L. Chung & Wei-Kuang Chu. (2019) The mechanism of positive emotions linking consumer review consistency to brand attitudes. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32:2, pages 575-588.
Crossref
Yanan Yu & Hye-Shin Kim. (2019) Online retailers’ return policy and prefactual thinking. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal 23:4, pages 504-518.
Crossref
C.H.C. del Valle. (2019) Cognitive profile of optimistic and pessimistic drivers attending re-education courses. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 65, pages 598-609.
Crossref
C.H.C. Del Valle & M. Šucha. (2019) Effects of alcohol and perceived controllability in optimistic offender drivers. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour 64, pages 58-69.
Crossref
Arjan J. Frederiks, Basil G. Englis, Michel L. Ehrenhard & Aard J. Groen. (2019) Entrepreneurial cognition and the quality of new venture ideas: An experimental approach to comparing future-oriented cognitive processes. Journal of Business Venturing 34:2, pages 327-347.
Crossref
Ji Hye Lee & Seung-Ho Park. (2017) The Effects of Induced Mood on Performance of Defensive Pessimists and Strategic Optimists. 한국심리학회지: 사회및성격 31:4, pages 165-181.
Crossref
Liang Zhao & Tsvi Vinig. (2017) Hedonic value and crowdfunding project performance: a propensity score matching-based analysis. Review of Behavioral Finance 9:2, pages 169-186.
Crossref
Cecilia Hammell & Amy Y. C. Chan. (2016) Improving Physical Task Performance with Counterfactual and Prefactual Thinking. PLOS ONE 11:12, pages e0168181.
Crossref
John V. Petrocelli, Asher L. Rubin & Ryan L. Stevens. (2016) The Sin of Prediction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 42:12, pages 1635-1652.
Crossref
Barbara S. Held. 2016. The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology. The Wiley Handbook of Positive Clinical Psychology 31 45 .
Kai Epstude, Annika Scholl & Neal J. Roese. (2016) Prefactual Thoughts: Mental Simulations about What Might Happen. Review of General Psychology 20:1, pages 48-56.
Crossref
Annika Scholl & Kai Sassenberg. (2014) Better Know When (Not) to Think Twice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 41:2, pages 159-170.
Crossref
MIKI TOYAMA. (2015) Reliability and Validity of the Cognitive Strategy Scale認知的方略尺度の作成および信頼性・妥当性の検討. The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 63:1, pages 1-12.
Crossref
Kristy K. Dean & Wendi L. Gardner. (2014) How Will “I” Versus “We” Perform? An Investigation of Future Outlooks and Self-Construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40:8, pages 947-958.
Crossref
Damien Lockner, Nathalie Bonnardel, Carole Bouchard & Vincent Rieuf. (2014) Emotion and interface design. Emotion and interface design.
John V. Petrocelli, Catherine E. Seta & John J. Seta. (2012) Prefactual Potency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 38:11, pages 1467-1479.
Crossref
Alexander M. Schoemann, Omri Gillath & Amanda K. Sesko. (2012) Regrets, I’ve had a few. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29:6, pages 795-819.
Crossref
John V. Petrocelli, Catherine E. Seta, John J. Seta & Lauren B. Prince. (2012) “If only I could stop generating counterfactual thoughts”: When counterfactual thinking interferes with academic performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48:5, pages 1117-1123.
Crossref
Sean M. McCrea & Aneka Flamm. (2011) Dysfunctional anticipatory thoughts and the self‐handicapping strategy. European Journal of Social Psychology 42:1, pages 72-81.
Crossref
Cecile K. Cho & Gita Venkataramani Johar. (2011) Attaining Satisfaction. Journal of Consumer Research 38:4, pages 622-631.
Crossref
Daniel Västfjäll, Ellen Peters & Pär Bjälkebring. 2011. Emotion Regulation and Well-Being. Emotion Regulation and Well-Being 165 180 .
MUTSUMI MITSUNAMI. (2010) Influence of Achievement Motive and Goal Orientation on Learning Behavior :達成動機と目標志向性が学習行動に及ぼす影響. The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology 58:3, pages 348-360.
Crossref
Mutsumi Mitsunami. (2010) The Effects of Four Cognitive Strategies on Self-handicapping and Stress Coping in Academic Situations. The Japanese Journal of Personality 19:2, pages 157-169.
Crossref
Edward C. Chang, Rita Chang & Lawrence J. Sanna. (2009) Optimism, Pessimism, and Motivation: Relations to Adjustment. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3:4, pages 494-506.
Crossref
Jeng-Yi Tzeng. (2009) The impact of general and specific performance and self-efficacy on learning with computer-based concept mapping. Computers in Human Behavior 25:4, pages 989-996.
Crossref
Karen Gasper, Regina H. Lozinski & Lavonia Smith LeBeau. (2009) If you plan, then you can: How reflection helps defensive pessimists pursue their goals. Motivation and Emotion 33:2, pages 203-216.
Crossref
Leonard S. Newman, Jeffrey A. Nibert & E. Samuel Winer. (2009) Mnemic neglect is not an artifact of expectancy: The moderating role of defensive pessimism. European Journal of Social Psychology 39:3, pages 477-486.
Crossref
Kai Epstude & Neal J. Roese. (2008) The Functional Theory of Counterfactual Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review 12:2, pages 168-192.
Crossref
Julie K. Norem. (2007) Defensive Pessimism, Anxiety, and the Complexity of Evaluating Self‐Regulation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 2:1, pages 121-134.
Crossref
Lawrence J. SannaEdward C. Chang, Seth E. Carter & Eulena M. Small. (2016) The Future Is Now: Prospective Temporal Self-Appraisals Among Defensive Pessimists and Optimists. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32:6, pages 727-739.
Crossref
Tom M.Y. Lin, Heng‐Hui Wu, Chun‐Wei Liao & Tzu‐Hsin Liu. (2006) Why are some e‐mails forwarded and others not?. Internet Research 16:1, pages 81-93.
Crossref
Katherine WhiteDarrin R. Lehman. (2016) Looking on the Bright Side: Downward Counterfactual Thinking in Response to Negative Life Events. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 31:10, pages 1413-1424.
Crossref
Céline Pérès, Paul Fontayne, François Cury & Jean-Pierre Famose. (2005) Validation française du Questionnaire de Présélection de l'Optimisme et du Pessimisme de Norem et Cantor. Staps n o 69:3, pages 93-103.
Crossref
Maya Tamir. (2005) Don't worry, be happy? Neuroticism, trait-consistent affect regulation, and performance.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 89:3, pages 449-461.
Crossref
Julie K Norem & K.S.Shaun Illingworth. (2004) Mood and performance among defensive pessimists and strategic optimists. Journal of Research in Personality 38:4, pages 351-366.
Crossref
Keith D. Markman & Matthew N. McMullen. (2016) A Reflection and Evaluation Model of Comparative Thinking. Personality and Social Psychology Review 7:3, pages 244-267.
Crossref
José‐Miguel Fernández‐Dols & James A. Russell. 2003. Handbook of Psychology. Handbook of Psychology 283 298 .
Michael J.A Wohl & Michael E Enzle. (2003) The effects of near wins and near losses on self-perceived personal luck and subsequent gambling behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39:2, pages 184-191.
Crossref
Edward C. Chang & Lawrence J. Sanna. (2003) Optimism, Accumulated Life Stress, and Psychological and Physical Adjustment: Is it Always Adaptive to Expect the Best. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 22:1, pages 97-115.
Crossref
James A. Russell. (2003) Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion.. Psychological Review 110:1, pages 145-172.
Crossref
Craig D. Parks, Lawrence J. Sanna & Donelle C. Posey. (2003) Retrospection in social dilemmas: How thinking about the past affects future cooperation.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84:5, pages 988-996.
Crossref
Julie K. Norem & Edward C. Chang. (2002) The positive psychology of negative thinking. Journal of Clinical Psychology 58:9, pages 993-1001.
Crossref
Gregory S Wilson, John S Raglin & Mary E Pritchard. (2002) Optimism, Pessimism, and Precompetition Anxiety in College Athletes. Personality and Individual Differences 32:5, pages 893-902.
Crossref
Maya Tamir, Michael D. Robinson & Gerald L. Clore. (2002) The epistemic benefits of trait-consistent mood states: An analysis of extraversion and mood.. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83:3, pages 663-677.
Crossref
Lawrence J. SannaEdward C. Chang & Susanne Meier. (2016) Counterfactual Thinking and Self-Motives. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 27:8, pages 1023-1034.
Crossref
Lawrence J. Sanna. (2016) Mental Simulation, Affect, and Personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science 9:5, pages 168-173.
Crossref
Lawrence J. Sanna & Susanne Meier. (2000) Looking for Clouds in a Silver Lining: Self-Esteem, Mental Simulations, and Temporal Confidence Changes. Journal of Research in Personality 34:2, pages 236-251.
Crossref
Matthew N. McMullen & Keith D. Markman. (2016) Downward Counterfactuals and Motivation: The Wake-Up Call and the Pangloss Effect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26:5, pages 575-584.
Crossref
Lawrence J. Sanna & Kandi Jo Turley-Ames. (2000) Counterfactual intensity. European Journal of Social Psychology 30:2, pages 273-296.
Crossref
Lawrence J. Sanna. (2016) Mental Simulations, Affect, and Subjective Confidence: Timing Is Everything. Psychological Science 10:4, pages 339-345.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.