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Original Articles

Facial Reactions to Emotional Facial Expressions: Affect or Cognition?

Pages 509-531 | Published online: 31 Aug 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (9)

Lotte F. van Dillen, Lasana T. Harris, Wilco W. van Dijk & Mark Rotteveel. (2015) Looking with different eyes: The psychological meaning of categorisation goals moderates facial reactivity to facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion 29:8, pages 1382-1400.
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Brian Parkinson & Gwenda Simons. (2012) Worry spreads: Interpersonal transfer of problem-related anxiety. Cognition and Emotion 26:3, pages 462-479.
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Skye McDonald, Sophie Li, Arielle De Sousa, Jacqueline Rushby, Aneta Dimoska, Charlotte James & Robyn L. Tate. (2011) Impaired mimicry response to angry faces following severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 33:1, pages 17-29.
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Tobias Brosch, Gilles Pourtois & David Sander. (2010) The perception and categorisation of emotional stimuli: A review. Cognition and Emotion 24:3, pages 377-400.
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PeterR. Cannon, AmyE. Hayes & StevenP. Tipper. (2009) An electromyographic investigation of the impact of task relevance on facial mimicry. Cognition and Emotion 23:5, pages 918-929.
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Skye McDonald, Cristina Bornhofen & Christopher Hunt. (2009) Addressing deficits in emotion recognition after severe traumatic brain injury: The role of focused attention and mimicry. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 19:3, pages 321-339.
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KirstenI. Ruys & DiederikA. Stapel. (2009) The unconscious unfolding of emotions. European Review of Social Psychology 20:1, pages 232-271.
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Christiaan van der Gaag, RuudB. Minderaa & Christian Keysers. (2007) Facial expressions: What the mirror neuron system can and cannot tell us. Social Neuroscience 2:3-4, pages 179-222.
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Raquel E. Gur & Ruben C. Gur. (2002) Gender differences in aging: cognition, emotions, and neuroimaging studies. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 4:2, pages 197-210.
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Articles from other publishers (79)

Jun Yu, Ji Zhao, Guochen Xie, Fengxin Chen, Ye Yu, Liang Peng, Minglei Li & Zonghong Dai. (2023) Leveraging the Latent Diffusion Models for Offline Facial Multiple Appropriate Reactions Generation. Leveraging the Latent Diffusion Models for Offline Facial Multiple Appropriate Reactions Generation.
Jakob Kaiser, Antje Gentsch, Daniela Rodriguez-Manrique & Simone Schütz-Bosbach. (2023) Function without feeling: neural reactivity and intercommunication during flexible motor adjustments evoked by emotional and neutral stimuli. Cerebral Cortex 33:10, pages 6000-6012.
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Abdallah Hussein Sham, Pia Tikka, David Lamas & Gholamreza Anbarjafari. (2022) Automatic reaction emotion estimation in a human–human dyadic setting using Deep Neural Networks. Signal, Image and Video Processing 17:2, pages 527-534.
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Meng Liu, Yaocong Duan, Robin A.A. Ince, Chaona Chen, Oliver G.B. Garrod, Philippe G. Schyns & Rachael E. Jack. (2022) Facial expressions elicit multiplexed perceptions of emotion categories and dimensions. Current Biology 32:1, pages 200-209.e6.
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Sylvie Droit-Volet & Sandrine Gil. (2021) The Spread of the Lengthening Time Effect of Emotions in Memory: A Test in the Setting of the Central Tendency Effect. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Yair Dor‐Ziderman, Daniela Cohen, Nava Levit‐Binnun & Yulia Golland. (2021) Synchrony with distress in affective empathy and compassion. Psychophysiology 58:10.
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Amra Covic, Nicole von Steinbüchel & Christiane Kiese-Himmel. (2020) Emotion Recognition in Kindergarten Children. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 72:4, pages 273-281.
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Hyo Sun Jung & Hye Hyun Yoon. (2019) Emotional contagion and collective commitment among leaders and team members in deluxe hotel. Service Business 13:4, pages 737-754.
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Márjoy Da Costa-Abreu & Giuliana Silva Bezerra. (2017) FAMOS: a framework for investigating the use of face features to identify spontaneous emotions. Pattern Analysis and Applications 22:2, pages 683-701.
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Kazuhide Hashiya, Xianwei Meng, Yusuke Uto & Kana Tajiri. (2019) Overt congruent facial reaction to dynamic emotional expressions in 9–10-month-old infants. Infant Behavior and Development 54, pages 48-56.
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Mohamed K. Shahin, Alaa Tharwat, Tarek Gaber & Aboul Ella Hassanien. (2019) A Wheelchair Control System Using Human-Machine Interaction: Single-Modal and Multimodal Approaches. Journal of Intelligent Systems 28:1, pages 115-132.
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Nicholas M. Thompson, Andero Uusberg, James J. Gross & Bhismadev Chakrabarti. 2019. Emotion and Cognition. Emotion and Cognition 273 304 .
Niklas Ravaja, Gary Bente, Jari Katsyri, Mikko Salminen & Tapio Takala. (2018) Virtual Character Facial Expressions Influence Human Brain and Facial EMG Activity in a Decision-Making Game. IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing 9:2, pages 285-298.
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Krystyna Rymarczyk, Łukasz Żurawski, Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda & Iwona Szatkowska. (2018) Neural Correlates of Facial Mimicry: Simultaneous Measurements of EMG and BOLD Responses during Perception of Dynamic Compared to Static Facial Expressions. Frontiers in Psychology 9.
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Jakob Kaiser, Maria Magdalena Crespo-Llado, Chiara Turati & Elena Geangu. (2017) The development of spontaneous facial responses to others’ emotions in infancy: An EMG study. Scientific Reports 7:1.
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Heidi S. Blocker & Daniel N. McIntosh. (2017) Not All Outgroups Are Equal: Group Type May Influence Group Effect on Matching Behavior. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 41:4, pages 395-413.
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Magnus Söderlund. (2017) Employee display of burnout in the service encounter and its impact on customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 37, pages 168-176.
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Ralph Pawling, Alexander J. Kirkham, Amy E. Hayes & Steven P. Tipper. (2017) Incidental retrieval of prior emotion mimicry. Experimental Brain Research 235:4, pages 1173-1184.
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Julia C. Zwick & Larissa Wolkenstein. (2017) Facial emotion recognition, theory of mind and the role of facial mimicry in depression. Journal of Affective Disorders 210, pages 90-99.
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Ole Åsli, Henriette Michalsen & Morten Øvervoll. (2017) In Your Face: Startle to Emotional Facial Expressions Depends on Face Direction. i-Perception 8:1, pages 204166951769439.
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김미경 & Joong-In Kim. (2016) Relationships among Salespersons’Rapport Building Behaviors for Customers, Salesperson Rapport, and Job Satisfaction: Focused on Apparel Salespersons. Journal of Product Research 34:4, pages 11-19.
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Krystyna Rymarczyk, Łukasz Żurawski, Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda & Iwona Szatkowska. (2016) Do Dynamic Compared to Static Facial Expressions of Happiness and Anger Reveal Enhanced Facial Mimicry?. PLOS ONE 11:7, pages e0158534.
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Elena Geangu, Ermanno Quadrelli, Stefania Conte, Emanuela Croci & Chiara Turati. (2016) Three-year-olds’ rapid facial electromyographic responses to emotional facial expressions and body postures. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 144, pages 1-14.
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Marianne Sonnby-Borgström. 2016. Emotional Mimicry in Social Context. Emotional Mimicry in Social Context 125 161 .
Mariëlle Stel. 2016. Emotional Mimicry in Social Context. Emotional Mimicry in Social Context 27 43 .
Tanja Bänziger. 2016. The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately. The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately 23 51 .
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이정인 & Chang-Dai Kim. (2015) The effects of empathic perspective-taking on aggression and permissive attitudes towards bullying in elementary school children. Korea Journal of Counseling 16:5, pages 253-266.
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Laura F. Mega, Gerd Gigerenzer & Kirsten G. Volz. (2015) Do intuitive and deliberate judgments rely on two distinct neural systems? A case study in face processing. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 9.
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Beate Seibt, Andreas Mühlberger, Katja U. Likowski & Peter Weyers. (2015) Facial mimicry in its social setting. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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Eugene Y.J. Tee. (2015) The emotional link: Leadership and the role of implicit and explicit emotional contagion processes across multiple organizational levels. The Leadership Quarterly 26:4, pages 654-670.
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Ursula Hess & Shlomo Hareli. 2015. Understanding Facial Expressions in Communication. Understanding Facial Expressions in Communication 119 141 .
Chien-Cheng Chen & Mei-Mei Lin. (2014) The Effect of Applicant Impression Management Tactics on Hiring Recommendations: Cognitive and Affective Processes. Applied Psychology 63:4, pages 698-724.
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Diana Armbruster, Vivien Suchert, Anne Gärtner & Alexander Strobel. (2014) Threatening shapes: The impact of simple geometric configurations on peripheral physiological markers. Physiology & Behavior 135, pages 215-221.
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Ursula Hess & Agneta Fischer. (2014) Emotional Mimicry: Why and When We Mimic Emotions. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8:2, pages 45-57.
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Sridhar P. Arjunan, Wai C. Yau & Dinesh K. Kumar. 2014. Computational Models of Complex Systems. Computational Models of Complex Systems 89 104 .
Chien‐Cheng Chen, Chi‐Sheng Hsu & Pei‐Shan Tsai. (2013) The Process Mechanisms Linking Recruiter Positive Moods and Organizational Attraction. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 21:4, pages 376-387.
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ChangGu Heo, JungYeon Jo & KangHyun Shin. (2013) The role of empathy(emotional contagion, empathic concern) in service relationship. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology 26:4, pages 579-597.
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Bo-Young Kim & Yong-Mi Kim. (2013) The Meaning of Teachers as they Manifest themselves in the Emotional Regulation of 2 Year Old Infants. Korean Journal of Child Studies 34:5, pages 17-41.
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Guillaume Dezecache, Laurence Conty, Michele Chadwick, Leonor Philip, Robert Soussignan, Dan Sperber & Julie Grèzes. (2013) Evidence for Unintentional Emotional Contagion Beyond Dyads. PLoS ONE 8:6, pages e67371.
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Ursula Hess & Agneta Fischer. (2013) Emotional Mimicry as Social Regulation. Personality and Social Psychology Review 17:2, pages 142-157.
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YI LI & MINORU HASHIMOTO. (2013) EMOTIONAL SYNCHRONIZATION-BASED HUMAN–ROBOT COMMUNICATION AND ITS EFFECTS. International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 10:01, pages 1350014.
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Nicole Krämer, Stefan Kopp, Christian Becker-Asano & Nicole Sommer. (2013) Smile and the world will smile with you—The effects of a virtual agent‘s smile on users’ evaluation and behavior. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 71:3, pages 335-349.
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Julie Grèzes, Léonor Philip, Michèle Chadwick, Guillaume Dezecache, Robert Soussignan & Laurence Conty. (2013) Self-Relevance Appraisal Influences Facial Reactions to Emotional Body Expressions. PLoS ONE 8:2, pages e55885.
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Luis Aguado, Francisco J. Román, Sonia Rodríguez, Teresa Diéguez-Risco, Verónica Romero-Ferreiro & María Fernández-Cahill. (2013) Learning of Facial Responses to Faces Associated with Positive or Negative Emotional Expressions. The Spanish Journal of Psychology 16.
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Jung-Hyun Lee, Yoosun Hwang, Keun-Ah Cheon & Hyo-Il Jung. (2012) Emotion-on-a-chip (EOC): Evolution of biochip technology to measure human emotion using body fluids. Medical Hypotheses 79:6, pages 827-832.
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Christian von Scheve. (2012) The Social Calibration of Emotion Expression. Sociological Theory 30:1, pages 1-14.
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Jason Tsai, Emma Bowring, Stacy Marsella, Wendy Wood & Milind Tambe. 2012. Intelligent Virtual Agents. Intelligent Virtual Agents 81 88 .
Yi Li & Minoru Hashimoto. (2011) Effect of emotional synchronization using facial expression recognition in human-robot communication. Effect of emotional synchronization using facial expression recognition in human-robot communication.
Eric J. Moody & Daniel N. McIntosh. (2011) Mimicry of Dynamic Emotional and Motor-Only Stimuli. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2:6, pages 679-686.
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Brian Parkinson. (2011) Interpersonal Emotion Transfer: Contagion and Social Appraisal. Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5:7, pages 428-439.
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Georg W. Alpers, Dirk Adolph & Paul Pauli. (2011) Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses. International Journal of Psychophysiology 80:3, pages 173-181.
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Woo-Jong ChoIlsun YangHang-Sok ChoiHae-Young Lee. (2011) The Effects of Individual Emotional Characteristics on Emotional Labor of School Dietitians. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 16:5, pages 592.
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Paula M. Niedenthal, Martial Mermillod, Marcus Maringer & Ursula Hess. (2010) The future of SIMS: Who embodies which smile and when?. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33:6, pages 464-480.
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Christian von Scheve. (2010) Die emotionale Struktur sozialer Interaktion: Emotionsexpression und soziale Ordnungsbildung / The Emotional Structure of Social Interaction: The Expression of Emotion and the Emergence of Social Order. Zeitschrift für Soziologie 39:5, pages 346-362.
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Magnus Söderlund & Sara Rosengren. (2010) The happy versus unhappy service worker in the service encounter:Assessing the impact on customer satisfaction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 17:2, pages 161-169.
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Franziska Schrammel, Sebastian Pannasch, Sven‐Thomas Graupner, Andreas Mojzisch & Boris M. Velichkovsky. (2009) Virtual friend or threat? The effects of facial expression and gaze interaction on psychophysiological responses and emotional experience. Psychophysiology 46:5, pages 922-931.
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Jeff T. Larsen & J. Ian Norris. (2009) A facial electromyographic investigation of affective contrast. Psychophysiology 46:4, pages 831-842.
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David A. Lishner, Amy B. Cooter & David H. Zald. (2008) Rapid Emotional Contagion and Expressive Congruence Under Strong Test Conditions. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 32:4, pages 225-239.
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Magnus Söderlund & Sara Rosengren. (2008) Revisiting the smiling service worker and customer satisfaction. International Journal of Service Industry Management 19:5, pages 552-574.
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Laurence J. Kirmayer. (2008) Culture and the Metaphoric Mediation of Pain. Transcultural Psychiatry 45:2, pages 318-338.
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Kirsten I. Ruys & Diederik A. Stapel. (2008) Emotion Elicitor or Emotion Messenger?. Psychological Science 19:6, pages 593-600.
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Amal Achaibou, Gilles Pourtois, Sophie Schwartz & Patrik Vuilleumier. (2008) Simultaneous recording of EEG and facial muscle reactions during spontaneous emotional mimicry. Neuropsychologia 46:4, pages 1104-1113.
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Magnus Söderlund & Sara Rosengren. (2007) Receiving word-of-mouth from the service customer: An emotion-based effectiveness assessment. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 14:2, pages 123-136.
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HIROKO ICHIKAWA. (2007) FUNCTION OF CONGRUENT FACIAL RESPONSES TO SMILING AND FROWNING. Perceptual and Motor Skills 105:7, pages 838.
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