2,117
Views
69
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Chemical and Isotopic Composition of Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in Ambient Aerosols in Guangzhou, South China

, , , &
Pages 533-546 | Received 20 Aug 2011, Accepted 21 Nov 2011, Published online: 11 Jan 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (2)

Ping’an Peng, Jinping Zhao, Jianzhong Song & Shexia Ma. (2013) Humic Acid, Kerogen, and Black Carbon Isolated from Atmospheric Total Suspended Particulate from Guangzhou, China. Aerosol Science and Technology 47:12, pages 1342-1352.
Read now
Wenjuan Cheng, Lu-Tao Weng, Yongjie Li, Arthur Lau, ChakK. Chan & Chi-Ming Chan. (2013) Surface Chemical Composition of Size-Fractionated Urban Walkway Aerosols Determined by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Aerosol Science and Technology 47:10, pages 1118-1124.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (67)

Hao-Ran Yu, Yan-Lin Zhang, Fang Cao, Xiao-Ying Yang, Tian Xie, Yu-Xian Zhang & Yongwen Xue. (2024) Gas-to-particle partitioning of atmospheric water-soluble organic aerosols: Indications from high-resolution observations of stable carbon isotope. Atmospheric Environment 327, pages 120494.
Crossref
Cornelia Amarandei, Romeo Iulian Olariu & Cecilia Arsene. (2023) First insights into the molecular characteristics of atmospheric organic aerosols from Iasi, Romania: Behavior of biogenic versus anthropogenic contributions and potential implications. Science of The Total Environment 877, pages 162830.
Crossref
Yujue Wang, Zeyu Feng, Qi Yuan, Dongjie Shang, Yuan Fang, Song Guo, Zhijun Wu, Chao Zhang, Yang Gao, Xiaohong Yao, Huiwang Gao & Min Hu. (2023) Environmental factors driving the formation of water-soluble organic aerosols: A comparative study under contrasting atmospheric conditions. Science of The Total Environment 866, pages 161364.
Crossref
Kiyoshi Matsumoto, Yuya Yamamoto, Sungben Kim, Tomohisa Irino & Hisayuki Yoshikawa-Inoue. (2023) Chemical characterization of the water-soluble organic nitrogen in the maritime aerosol. Journal of Aerosol Science 167, pages 106069.
Crossref
Jinwen Li, Qingcai Chen, Tong Sha & Yongchun Liu. (2022) Significant Promotion of Light Absorption Ability and Formation of Triplet Organics and Reactive Oxygen Species in Atmospheric HULIS by Fe(III) Ions. Environmental Science & Technology 56:23, pages 16652-16664.
Crossref
Kifle Z. Aregahegn, Tamara Felber, Andreas Tilgner, Erik H. Hoffmann, Thomas Schaefer & Hartmut Herrmann. (2022) Kinetics and Mechanisms of Aqueous-Phase Reactions of Triplet-State Imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde and 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde with α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 126:46, pages 8727-8740.
Crossref
Jochen Hoefs & Russell Harmon. (2022) The Earth's atmosphere – A stable isotope perspective and review. Applied Geochemistry 143, pages 105355.
Crossref
Sihui SuQiaorong Xie, Alan J. SmithYunchao Lang, Wei Hu, Dong Cao, Siyao Yue, Shuang Chen, Jialei Zhu, Yisheng Xu, Nicholle G. A. Bell, Dušan Uhrín & Pingqing Fu. (2022) A New Structural Classification Scheme for Dissolved Organic Sulfur in Urban Snow from North China. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 9:5, pages 366-374.
Crossref
Jianzhong Song, Meiju Li, Chunlin Zou, Tao Cao, Xingjun Fan, Bin Jiang, Zhiqiang Yu, Wanglu Jia & Ping’an Peng. (2021) Molecular Characterization of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds in Humic-like Substances Emitted from Biomass Burning and Coal Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 56:1, pages 119-130.
Crossref
J. Chen, Z. J. Wu, X. Zhao, Y. J. Wang, J. C. Chen, Y. T. Qiu, T. M. Zong, H. X. Chen, B. B. Wang, P. Lin, W. Liu, S. Guo, M. S. Yao, L. M. Zeng, H. Wex, X. Liu, M. Hu & S. M. Li. (2021) Atmospheric Humic‐Like Substances (HULIS) Act as Ice Active Entities. Geophysical Research Letters 48:14.
Crossref
Kai Xiao, Qingyue Wang, Yichun Lin, Weiqian Wang, Senlin Lu & Shinich Yonemochi. (2021) Approval Research for Carcinogen Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) Emitted from Residential Coal Combustion in High Lung Cancer Incidence Areas of China. Processes 9:7, pages 1254.
Crossref
Yaoqiang Huo, Zihua Guo, Qing Li, Di Wu, Xiang Ding, Anlin liu, Dou Huang, Gaokun Qiu, Manman Wu, Zhijun Zhao, Hao Sun, Weihua Song, Xiang Li, Yingjun Chen, Tangchun Wu & Jianmin Chen. (2021) Chemical Fingerprinting of HULIS in Particulate Matters Emitted from Residential Coal and Biomass Combustion. Environmental Science & Technology 55:6, pages 3593-3603.
Crossref
Yaoqiang Huo, Yin Wang, Weiming Qi, Meihe Jiang & Min Li. (2021) Comprehensive characterizations of HULIS in fresh and secondary emissions of crop straw burning. Atmospheric Environment 248, pages 118220.
Crossref
Wangjin Yang, Tingting Zhang, Chong Han, Ning Tang, He Yang & Xiangxin Xue. (2021) Photoenhanced heterogeneous reaction of O3 with humic acid: Focus on O3 uptake and changes in the composition and optical property. Environmental Pollution 268, pages 115696.
Crossref
Arya Mukherjee, Supriya Dey, Archita Rana, Shiguo Jia, Supratim Banerjee & Sayantan Sarkar. (2020) Sources and atmospheric processing of brown carbon and HULIS in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Insights from compositional analysis. Environmental Pollution 267, pages 115440.
Crossref
Yiqiu Ma, Yubo Cheng, Gang Gao, Jian Zhen Yu & Di Hu. (2020) Speciation of carboxylic components in humic-like substances (HULIS) and source apportionment of HULIS in ambient fine aerosols (PM2.5) collected in Hong Kong. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27:18, pages 23172-23180.
Crossref
Tian Zhang, Zhenxing Shen, Leiming Zhang, Zhuoyue Tang, Qian Zhang, Qingcai Chen, Yali Lei, Yaling Zeng, Hongmei Xu & Junji Cao. (2020) PM2.5 Humic-like substances over Xi'an, China: Optical properties, chemical functional group, and source identification. Atmospheric Research 234, pages 104784.
Crossref
Chunlin Zou, Meiju Li, Tao Cao, Mengbo Zhu, Xingjun Fan, Shiyun Peng, Jianzhong Song, Bin Jiang, Wanglu Jia, Chiling Yu, Haiyan Song, Zhiqiang Yu, Jun Li, Gan Zhang & Ping'an Peng. (2020) Comparison of solid phase extraction methods for the measurement of humic-like substances (HULIS) in atmospheric particles. Atmospheric Environment 225, pages 117370.
Crossref
Tobias Spranger, Dominik van Pinxteren & Hartmut Herrmann. (2020) Atmospheric “HULIS” in Different Environments: Polarities, Molecular Sizes, and Sources Suggest More Than 50% Are Not “Humic-like”. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 4:2, pages 272-282.
Crossref
Jianzhong Song, Meiju Li, Xingjun Fan, Chunlin Zou, Mengbo Zhu, Bin Jiang, Zhiqiang Yu, Wanglu Jia, Yuhong Liao & Ping’an Peng. (2019) Molecular Characterization of Water- and Methanol-Soluble Organic Compounds Emitted from Residential Coal Combustion Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology 53:23, pages 13607-13617.
Crossref
Senlin Lu, Myat Sandar Win, Junyang Zeng, Chuanhe Yao, Mengfei Zhao, Guangli Xiu, Yichun Lin, Tingting Xie, Yafeng Dai, Lanfang Rao, Luying Zhang, Shinich Yonemochi & Qingyue Wang. (2019) A characterization of HULIS-C and the oxidative potential of HULIS and HULIS-Fe(II) mixture in PM2.5 during hazy and non-hazy days in Shanghai. Atmospheric Environment 219, pages 117058.
Crossref
Xinghua Li, Kaiqiang Yang, Junzan Han, Qi Ying & Philip K. Hopke. (2019) Sources of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Beijing: Receptor modeling approach. Science of The Total Environment 671, pages 765-775.
Crossref
Naoya Katsumi, Shuhei Miyake, Hiroshi Okochi, Yukiya Minami, Hiroshi Kobayashi, Shungo Kato, Ryuichi Wada, Masaki Takeuchi, Kei Toda & Kazuhiko Miura. (2018) Humic-like substances global levels and extraction methods in aerosols. Environmental Chemistry Letters 17:2, pages 1023-1029.
Crossref
Xinghua Li, Junzan Han, Philip K. Hopke, Jingnan Hu, Qi Shu, Qing Chang & Qi Ying. (2019) Quantifying primary and secondary humic-like substances in urban aerosol based on emission source characterization and a source-oriented air quality model. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 19:4, pages 2327-2341.
Crossref
Regina M.B.O. Duarte, Maria Piñeiro-Iglesias, Purificación López-Mahía, Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo, Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro, Artur M.S. Silva & Armando C. Duarte. (2019) Comparative study of atmospheric water-soluble organic aerosols composition in contrasting suburban environments in the Iberian Peninsula Coast. Science of The Total Environment 648, pages 430-441.
Crossref
Jianzhong Song, Mengbo Zhu, Siye Wei, Ping'an Peng & Man Ren. (2019) Abundance and 14C-based source assessment of carbonaceous materials in PM2.5 aerosols in Guangzhou, South China. Atmospheric Pollution Research 10:1, pages 313-320.
Crossref
Xingjun Fan, Meiju Li, Tao Cao, Chongchong Cheng, Feiyue Li, Yue Xie, Siye Wei, Jianzhong Song & Ping'an Peng. (2018) Optical properties and oxidative potential of water- and alkaline-soluble brown carbon in smoke particles emitted from laboratory simulated biomass burning. Atmospheric Environment 194, pages 48-57.
Crossref
Varun Kumar, Prashant Rajput & Anubha Goel. (2018) Atmospheric abundance of HULIS during wintertime in Indo-Gangetic Plain: impact of biomass burning emissions. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 75:4, pages 385-398.
Crossref
Xueming Zhou, Leiming Zhang, Jihua Tan, Kai Zhang, Jingyin Mao, Jingchun Duan & Jingnan Hu. (2018) Characterization of humic-like substances in PM2.5 during biomass burning episodes on Weizhou Island, China. Atmospheric Environment 191, pages 258-266.
Crossref
Myat Sandar Win, Zhengyang Tian, Hui Zhao, Kai Xiao, Jiaxian Peng, Yu Shang, Minghong Wu, Guangli Xiu, Senlin Lu, Shinich Yonemochi & Qingyue Wang. (2018) Atmospheric HULIS and its ability to mediate the reactive oxygen species (ROS): A review. Journal of Environmental Sciences 71, pages 13-31.
Crossref
Junwen Liu, Yangzhi Mo, Ping Ding, Jun Li, Chengde Shen & Gan Zhang. (2018) Dual carbon isotopes (14C and 13C) and optical properties of WSOC and HULIS-C during winter in Guangzhou, China. Science of The Total Environment 633, pages 1571-1578.
Crossref
Yangzhi Mo, Jun Li, Bin Jiang, Tao Su, Xiaofei Geng, Junwen Liu, Haoyu Jiang, Chengde Shen, Ping Ding, Guangcai Zhong, Zhineng Cheng, Yuhong Liao, Chongguo Tian, Yingjun Chen & Gan Zhang. (2018) Sources, compositions, and optical properties of humic-like substances in Beijing during the 2014 APEC summit: Results from dual carbon isotope and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analyses. Environmental Pollution 239, pages 322-331.
Crossref
Naoya Katsumi, Shuhei Miyake & Hiroshi Okochi. (2018) Chemical Structural Features of Humic-like Substances (HULIS) in Urban Atmospheric Aerosols Collected from Central Tokyo with Special Reference to Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment 12:2, pages 153-164.
Crossref
Xingjun Fan, Siye Wei, Mengbo Zhu, Jianzhong Song & Ping'an Peng. (2018) Molecular characterization of primary humic-like substances in fine smoke particles by thermochemolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Atmospheric Environment 180, pages 1-10.
Crossref
Jianzhong Song, Meiju Li, Bin Jiang, Siye Wei, Xingjun Fan & Ping’an Peng. (2018) Molecular Characterization of Water-Soluble Humic like Substances in Smoke Particles Emitted from Combustion of Biomass Materials and Coal Using Ultrahigh-Resolution Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Environmental Science & Technology 52:5, pages 2575-2585.
Crossref
Haoran Yu, Jinlai Wei, Yilan Cheng, Kiran Subedi & Vishal Verma. (2018) Synergistic and Antagonistic Interactions among the Particulate Matter Components in Generating Reactive Oxygen Species Based on the Dithiothreitol Assay. Environmental Science & Technology 52:4, pages 2261-2270.
Crossref
Jingyi Zhang, Bin Jiang, Zhiheng Wang, Yongmei Liang, Yahe Zhang, Chunming Xu & Quan Shi. (2018) Molecular characterisation of ambient aerosols by sequential solvent extractions and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Environmental Chemistry 15:3, pages 150.
Crossref
Sanja Frka, Irena Grgić, Janja Turšič, Maria I. Gini & Konstantinos Eleftheriadis. (2018) Seasonal variability of carbon in humic-like matter of ambient size-segregated water soluble organic aerosols from urban background environment. Atmospheric Environment 173, pages 239-247.
Crossref
Chong Han, Wangjin Yang, He Yang & Xiangxin Xue. (2017) Enhanced photochemical conversion of NO2 to HONO on humic acids in the presence of benzophenone. Environmental Pollution 231, pages 979-986.
Crossref
Ge Yan & Guebuem Kim. (2017) Speciation and Sources of Brown Carbon in Precipitation at Seoul, Korea: Insights from Excitation–Emission Matrix Spectroscopy and Carbon Isotopic Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 51:20, pages 11580-11587.
Crossref
Zhaolian Ye, Qing Li, Shuaishuai Ma, Quanfa Zhou, Yuan Gu, Yalan Su, Yanfang Chen, Hui Chen, Junfeng Wang & Xinlei Ge. (2017) Summertime Day-Night Differences of PM2.5 Components (Inorganic Ions, OC, EC, WSOC, WSON, HULIS, and PAHs) in Changzhou, China. Atmosphere 8:10, pages 189.
Crossref
Varun Kumar, Anubha Goel & Prashant Rajput. (2017) Compositional and surface characterization of HULIS by UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR and XPS: Wintertime study in Northern India. Atmospheric Environment 164, pages 468-475.
Crossref
Regina M.B.O. Duarte, João T.V. Matos, Andreia S. Paula, Sónia P. Lopes, Guilherme Pereira, Pérola Vasconcellos, Adriana Gioda, Renato Carreira, Artur M.S. Silva, Armando C. Duarte, Patricia Smichowski, Nestor Rojas & Odon Sanchez-Ccoyllo. (2017) Structural signatures of water-soluble organic aerosols in contrasting environments in South America and Western Europe. Environmental Pollution 227, pages 513-525.
Crossref
Yanting Chen, Wenjiao Du, Jinsheng Chen, Youwei Hong, Jinping Zhao, Lingling Xu & Hang Xiao. (2017) Chemical composition, structural properties, and source apportionment of organic macromolecules in atmospheric PM10 in a coastal city of Southeast China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24:6, pages 5877-5887.
Crossref
Regina M.B.O. Duarte & Armando C. Duarte. 2017. 83 135 .
Jihua Tan, Ping Xiang, Xueming Zhou, Jingchun Duan, Yongliang Ma, Kebin He, Yuan Cheng, Jianzhen Yu & Xavier Querol. (2016) Chemical characterization of humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 in Lanzhou, China. Science of The Total Environment 573, pages 1481-1490.
Crossref
Xingjun Fan, Siye Wei, Mengbo Zhu, Jianzhong Song & Ping'an Peng. (2016) Comprehensive characterization of humic-like substances in smoke PM<sub>2.5</sub> emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and fossil fuels. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16:20, pages 13321-13340.
Crossref
Xingjun Fan, Jianzhong Song & Ping’an Peng. (2016) Temporal variations of the abundance and optical properties of water soluble Humic-Like Substances (HULIS) in PM2.5 at Guangzhou, China. Atmospheric Research 172-173, pages 8-15.
Crossref
Qingcai Chen, Fumikazu Ikemori, Hayato Higo, Daichi Asakawa & Michihiro Mochida. (2016) Chemical Structural Characteristics of HULIS and Other Fractionated Organic Matter in Urban Aerosols: Results from Mass Spectral and FT-IR Analysis. Environmental Science & Technology 50:4, pages 1721-1730.
Crossref
A. M. K. Hansen, J. Hong, T. Raatikainen, K. Kristensen, A. Ylisirniö, A. Virtanen, T. Petäjä, M. Glasius & N. L. Prisle. (2015) Hygroscopic properties and cloud condensation nuclei activation of limonene-derived organosulfates and their mixtures with ammonium sulfate. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15:24, pages 14071-14089.
Crossref
Ting Qiao, Mengfei Zhao, Guangli Xiu & Jianzhen Yu. (2015) Seasonal variations of water soluble composition (WSOC, Hulis and WSIIs) in PM1 and its implications on haze pollution in urban Shanghai, China. Atmospheric Environment 123, pages 306-314.
Crossref
Regina M.B.O. Duarte, Sandra M.S.C. Freire & Armando C. Duarte. (2015) Investigating the water-soluble organic functionality of urban aerosols using two-dimensional correlation of solid-state 13C NMR and FTIR spectral data. Atmospheric Environment 116, pages 245-252.
Crossref
Regina M. B. O. Duarte & Armando C. Duarte. (2015) Unraveling the structural features of organic aerosols by NMR spectroscopy: a review. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 53:9, pages 658-666.
Crossref
Se-Chang Son, Min-Suk Bae & Seung-Shik Park. (2015) Chemical Characteristics and Formation Pathways of Humic Like Substances (HULIS) in PM<sub>2.5</sub> in an Urban Area. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 31:3, pages 239-254.
Crossref
Barbara Nozière, Markus Kalberer, Magda Claeys, James Allan, Barbara D’Anna, Stefano Decesari, Emanuela Finessi, Marianne Glasius, Irena Grgić, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, Thorsten Hoffmann, Yoshiteru Iinuma, Mohammed Jaoui, Ariane Kahnt, Christopher J. Kampf, Ivan Kourtchev, Willy Maenhaut, Nicholas Marsden, Sanna Saarikoski, Jürgen Schnelle-Kreis, Jason D. Surratt, Sönke Szidat, Rafal Szmigielski & Armin Wisthaler. (2015) The Molecular Identification of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere: State of the Art and Challenges. Chemical Reviews 115:10, pages 3919-3983.
Crossref
Davide Vione, Valter Maurino & Claudio Minero. (2013) Photosensitised humic-like substances (HULIS) formation processes of atmospheric significance: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21:20, pages 11614-11622.
Crossref
Marie-Cecile G. Chalbot & Ilias G. Kavouras. (2014) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the functional content of organic aerosols: A review. Environmental Pollution 191, pages 232-249.
Crossref
Davide Atzei, Marzia Fantauzzi, Antonella Rossi, Paola Fermo, Andrea Piazzalunga, Gianluigi Valli & Roberta Vecchi. (2014) Surface chemical characterization of PM10 samples by XPS. Applied Surface Science 307, pages 120-128.
Crossref
M.-C. G. Chalbot, J. Brown, P. Chitranshi, G. Gamboa da Costa, E. D. Pollock & I. G. Kavouras. (2014) Functional characterization of the water-soluble organic carbon of size-fractionated aerosol in the southern Mississippi Valley. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14:12, pages 6075-6088.
Crossref
Satoshi Irei, Akinori Takami, Masahiko Hayashi, Yasuhiro Sadanaga, Keiichiro Hara, Naoki Kaneyasu, Kei Sato, Takemitsu Arakaki, Shiro Hatakeyama, Hiroshi Bandow, Toshihide Hikida & Akio Shimono. (2014) Transboundary Secondary Organic Aerosol in Western Japan Indicated by the δ 13 C of Water-Soluble Organic Carbon and the m / z 44 Signal in Organic Aerosol Mass Spectra . Environmental Science & Technology 48:11, pages 6273-6281.
Crossref
Iulia Gensch, Astrid Kiendler-Scharr & Jochen Rudolph. (2014) Isotope ratio studies of atmospheric organic compounds: Principles, methods, applications and potential. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 365-366, pages 206-221.
Crossref
Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa, Mohd Talib Latif, Masni Mohd Ali & Md Firoz Khan. (2014) Source apportionment of surfactants in marine aerosols at different locations along the Malacca Straits. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21:10, pages 6590-6602.
Crossref
Quynh T. Nguyen, Thomas B. Kristensen, Anne Maria K. Hansen, Henrik Skov, Rossana Bossi, Andreas Massling, Lise L. Sørensen, Merete Bilde, Marianne Glasius & Jacob K. Nøjgaard. (2014) Characterization of humic‐like substances in Arctic aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 119:8, pages 5011-5027.
Crossref
Thomas B. Kristensen, Nønne L. Prisle & Merete Bilde. (2014) Cloud droplet activation of mixed model HULIS and NaCl particles: Experimental results and κ-Köhler theory. Atmospheric Research 137, pages 167-175.
Crossref
Xingjun Fan, Jianzhong Song & Ping’an Peng. (2013) Comparative study for separation of atmospheric humic-like substance (HULIS) by ENVI-18, HLB, XAD-8 and DEAE sorbents: Elemental composition, FT-IR, 1H NMR and off-line thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). Chemosphere 93:9, pages 1710-1719.
Crossref
Guangjie Zheng, Kebin He, Fengkui Duan, Yuan Cheng & Yongliang Ma. (2013) Measurement of humic-like substances in aerosols: A review. Environmental Pollution 181, pages 301-314.
Crossref
Thomas B. Kristensen, Heike Wex, Bettina Nekat, Jacob K. Nøjgaard, Dominik van Pinxteren, Douglas H. Lowenthal, Lynn R. Mazzoleni, Katrin Dieckmann, Christian Bender Koch, Thomas F. Mentel, Hartmut Herrmann, A. Gannet Hallar, Frank Stratmann & Merete Bilde. (2012) Hygroscopic growth and CCN activity of HULIS from different environments. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117:D22.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.