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Original Articles

The Background and Chemistry of MDMA

Pages 291-304 | Published online: 20 Jan 2012

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (16)

Tomislav Majić, Lasse Brandt & Christiane Montag. (2022) Anxiety-related Symptoms following the Sporadic Use of Ecstasy – A Case Study. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 54:4, pages 378-385.
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E. Papaseit, M. Torrens, C. Pérez-Mañá, R. Muga & M. Farré. (2018) Key interindividual determinants in MDMA pharmacodynamics. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 14:2, pages 183-195.
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Torsten Passie & Udo Benzenhöfer. (2016) The History of MDMA as an Underground Drug in the United States, 1960–1979. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 48:2, pages 67-75.
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Andrew C. Parrott. (2014) The Potential Dangers of Using MDMA for Psychotherapy. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46:1, pages 37-43.
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Jakob Demant, Signe Ravn & Sidsel Kirstine Thorsen. (2010) Club studies: methodological perspectives for researching drug use in a central youth social space. Leisure Studies 29:3, pages 241-252.
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FirasH. Kobeissy, MeghanB. O'Donoghue, ErinC. Golden, StephenF. Larner, Zhiqun Zhang & MarkS. Gold. (2006) Performance Enhancement and Adverse Consequences of MDMA. Journal of Addictive Diseases 25:sup1, pages 47-59.
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Karen McElrath. (2005) MDMA and Sexual Behavior: Ecstasy Users' Perceptions About Sexuality and Sexual Risk. Substance Use & Misuse 40:9-10, pages 1461-1477.
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FranzX. Vollenweider, MatthiasE. Liechti, Alex Gamma, George Greer & Mark Geyer. (2002) Acute Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of MDMA in Humans. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 34:2, pages 171-184.
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Alonso G. Montoya, Renée Sorrentino, Scott E. Lukas & Bruce H. Price. (2002) Long-Term Neuropsychiatric Consequences of "Ecstasy" (MDMA): A Review. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 10:4, pages 212-220.
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AlanaR. Pentney. (2001) An Exploration of the History and Controversies Surrounding MDMA and MDA. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 33:3, pages 213-221.
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David McDowell. (2000) Gay Men, Lesbians and Substances of Abuse and the “Club and Circuit Party Scene”. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 3:3-4, pages 37-57.
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Charles S. Grob. (2000) Deconstructing Ecstasy: The Politics Of Mdma Research. Addiction Research 8:6, pages 549-588.
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N. Burns, H. J. Olverman, P. A. T. Kelly & B. C. Williams. (1996) Effects of ecstasy on aldosterone secretion in the rat in vivo and in vitro.. Endocrine Research 22:4, pages 601-606.
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MichaelJ. Cuomo, PaulG. Dyment & VictoriaM. Gammino. (1994) Increasing Use of “Ecstasy“ (MDMA) and other Hallucinogens on a College Campus. Journal of American College Health 42:6, pages 271-274.
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Arthur Hastings. (1994) Some Observations on MDMA Experiences Induced Through Posthypnotic Suggestion. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 26:1, pages 77-83.
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Articles from other publishers (128)

Brian A. Baldo. (2024) The entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; ecstasy) as a treatment aid in psychotherapy and its safety concerns. Archives of Toxicology.
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Maraine Catarina Tadini, Antônio José Ipólito & Marcelo Firmino de Oliveira. (2023) Voltammetric MDMA Analysis of Seized Ecstasy Samples. Psychoactives 2:4, pages 359-372.
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Sedat Karabulut, Harpreet Kaur & James W. Gauld. (2023) Applications and Potential of In Silico Approaches for Psychedelic Chemistry. Molecules 28:16, pages 5966.
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Katie D. Lewis, Glenn A. Pullella, Han Chern Loh, Brian W. Skelton, Gavin R. Flematti & Matthew J. Piggott. (2023) Synthesis of R- and S-MDMA via nucleophilic ring-opening of homochiral N-tosylaziridines. Australian Journal of Chemistry 76:5, pages 299-310.
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Romain Nardou, Edward Sawyer, Young Jun Song, Makenzie Wilkinson, Yasmin Padovan-Hernandez, Júnia Lara de Deus, Noelle Wright, Carine Lama, Sehr Faltin, Loyal A. Goff, Genevieve L. Stein-O’Brien & Gül Dölen. (2023) Psychedelics reopen the social reward learning critical period. Nature 618:7966, pages 790-798.
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Ruben F. Kranenburg, Henk-Jan Ramaker, Yannick Weesepoel, Peter W.F. Arisz, Peter H.J. Keizers, Annette van Esch, Cathelijne Zieltjens – van Uxem, Jorrit D.J. van den Berg, Janneke W. Hulshof, Sjors Bakels, Anouk M. Rijs & Arian C. van Asten. (2023) The influence of water of crystallization in NIR-based MDMA·HCl detection. Forensic Chemistry 32, pages 100464.
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Markéta Nowaková, Bořek Trávníček, Michal Frelich & Jan Pavlíček. (2023) Acute liver failure after MDMA (Ecstasy) intoxication. Pediatrie pro praxi 24:1, pages 53-56.
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Luis Henríquez-Hernández, Jaime Rojas-Hernández, Domingo Quintana-Hernández & Lucas Borkel. (2023) Hofmann vs. Paracelsus: Do Psychedelics Defy the Basics of Toxicology?—A Systematic Review of the Main Ergolamines, Simple Tryptamines, and Phenylethylamines. Toxics 11:2, pages 148.
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Ruben F. Kranenburg, Henk-Jan Ramaker & Arian C. van Asten. (2022) Portable near infrared spectroscopy for the isomeric differentiation of new psychoactive substances. Forensic Science International 341, pages 111467.
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Mitchell D. Arnovitz, Andrew J. Spitzberg, Ashkhan J. Davani, Nehal P. Vadhan, Julie Holland, John M. Kane & Timothy I. Michaels. (2022) MDMA for the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11:12, pages 3255.
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Anne-Laure Pélissier-Alicot, Pascal Kintz, Alice Ameline, Caroline Sastre, Valérie Baillif-Couniou & Georges Leonetti. (2022) Soumission chimique impliquant la MDMA : à propos d’un cas inhabituel. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 34:2, pages 127-131.
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Aryan Sarparast, Kelan Thomas, Benjamin Malcolm & Christopher S. Stauffer. (2022) Drug-drug interactions between psychiatric medications and MDMA or psilocybin: a systematic review. Psychopharmacology 239:6, pages 1945-1976.
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Justin Cormick, James F. Carter, Timothy Currie, Carney Matheson & Sarah L. Cresswell. (2022) Isotope fractionation during the synthesis of MDMA.HCl from helional. Forensic Chemistry 28, pages 100406.
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Jay B. Nair, Linda Hakes, Berra Yazar-Klosinski & Kathryn Paisner. (2021) Fully Validated, Multi-Kilogram cGMP Synthesis of MDMA. ACS Omega 7:1, pages 900-907.
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B. Fauvel & P. Piolino. (2021) La psychothérapie assistée par la MDMA dans la prise en charge du syndrome de stress post-traumatique. Psychologie Française 66:4, pages 345-356.
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Ji Hyun Lee, Ok Rim Park, Suresh Mandava, Jemin Kim, Jaun Koo, Jongkook Lee & Hoil Kang. (2020) Identification of a new M-ALPHA analog and MDMA in an illegal health product. Forensic Science International 313, pages 110332.
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Maria A. Aguilar, Maria P. García-Pardo & Andrew C. Parrott. (2020) Of mice and men on MDMA: A translational comparison of the neuropsychobiological effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (‘Ecstasy’). Brain Research 1727, pages 146556.
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Madeline M. Pantoni & Stephan G. Anagnostaras. (2019) Cognitive Effects of MDMA in Laboratory Animals: A Systematic Review Focusing on Dose. Pharmacological Reviews 71:3, pages 413-449.
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Kevin Sean Murnane. (2019) Serotonin 2A receptors are a stress response system: implications for post-traumatic stress disorder. Behavioural Pharmacology 30:2 and 3, pages 151-162.
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Joseph J. Palamar & Monica J. Barratt. (2018) Prevalence of reagent test‐kit use and perceptions of purity among ecstasy users in an electronic dance music scene in New York City. Drug and Alcohol Review 38:1, pages 42-49.
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Lee E. Dunlap, Anne M. Andrews & David E. Olson. (2018) Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9:10, pages 2408-2427.
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Eric Edsinger & Gül Dölen. (2018) A Conserved Role for Serotonergic Neurotransmission in Mediating Social Behavior in Octopus. Current Biology 28:19, pages 3136-3142.e4.
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Shahin Nilchi, Davood Behdarvand, Hoda Lavasani, Mohammadreza Rouini & Yalda H. Ardakani. (2018) Assessment of CYP2D6 re-activation after inhibitory effect of MDMA using tramadol as a probe. Drug Metabolism and Personalized Therapy 33:3, pages 119-125.
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Leopold Hermle & Felix Schuldt. 2018. Handbuch Psychoaktive Substanzen. Handbuch Psychoaktive Substanzen 551 565 .
Andrew C Parrott, Luke A Downey, Carl A Roberts, Cathy Montgomery, Raimondo Bruno & Helen C Fox. (2017) Recreational 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or ‘ecstasy’: Current perspective and future research prospects. Journal of Psychopharmacology 31:8, pages 959-966.
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Anya K Bershad, Melissa A Miller, Matthew J Baggott & Harriet de Wit. (2016) The effects of MDMA on socio-emotional processing: Does MDMA differ from other stimulants?. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30:12, pages 1248-1258.
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Lewis Jones, Phil Reed & Andrew Parrott. (2016) Mephedrone and 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine: Comparative psychobiological effects as reported by recreational polydrug users. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30:12, pages 1313-1320.
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Sébastien Ballesta, Gilles Reymond, Matthieu Pozzobon & Jean-René Duhamel. (2016) Effects of MDMA Injections on the Behavior of Socially-Housed Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis). PLOS ONE 11:2, pages e0147136.
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Thomas S. Ray. (2016) Constructing the ecstasy of MDMA from its component mental organs: Proposing the primer/probe method. Medical Hypotheses 87, pages 48-60.
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Andrew C. Parrott. (2014) MDMA is certainly damaging after 25 years of empirical research: a reply and refutation of Doblin et al . (2014) . Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 29:2, pages 109-119.
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