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Original Articles

Drug Tourism or Spiritual Healing? Ayahuasca Seekers in Amazonia

Pages 209-218 | Published online: 07 Sep 2011

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (18)

Fernando Mendive, Cecile Giovannetti & Sara García Arce. (2023) Ancient medicine for a modern disease: traditional Amazonian medicine to treat substance use disorders. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 49:6, pages 691-704.
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Carter Hunt. (2023) Narcotourism: a conceptual framework and research agenda. Tourism Geographies 25:2-3, pages 655-669.
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Carla Mendes Soares, Ângela Leite & Marta Pinto. (2023) Self-Care Practices with Psychedelics – A Qualitative Study of Users’ Perspectives. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 55:2, pages 159-169.
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Serhat Bingöl. (2022) From escape to seeking: understanding drug tourists. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change 20:4, pages 583-599.
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Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Dóra Révész, Paulo Rogério Morais, Paulo Cesar Ribeiro Barbosa & Lucas Oliveira Maia. (2022) Psychosocial and Drug Use Assessment of Regular vs. Non-Regular Ayahuasca Users in a Brazilian Sample: a Web-Based Survey . Substance Use & Misuse 57:7, pages 1072-1081.
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Victoria L. Rodner & Chloe Preece. (2019) Consumer transits and religious identities: towards a syncretic consumer. Journal of Marketing Management 35:7-8, pages 742-769.
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Adam Keul & Brian Eisenhauer. (2019) Making the high country: cannabis tourism in Colorado USA. Annals of Leisure Research 22:2, pages 140-160.
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Caroline Dorsen, Joseph Palamar & Michele G. Shedlin. (2019) Ceremonial ‘Plant Medicine’ use and its relationship to recreational drug use: an exploratory study. Addiction Research & Theory 27:2, pages 68-75.
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Andrew Kristoffer Dean. (2018) The supernatural salesman: unpacking shaman ‘witch doctor’ identity work. Journal of Marketing Management 34:17-18, pages 1608-1631.
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Miroslav Horák, Lea Hasíková & Nahanga Verter. (2018) Therapeutic Potential Ascribed to Ayahuasca by Users in the Czech Republic. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 50:5, pages 430-436.
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Jonathan Thomas Lowell & Paul C. Adams. (2017) The routes of a plant: ayahuasca and the global networks of Santo Daime. Social & Cultural Geography 18:2, pages 137-157.
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Girish Prayag, Paolo Mura, Colin Michael Hall & Julien Fontaine. (2016) Spirituality, drugs, and tourism: tourists’ and shamans’ experiences of ayahuasca in Iquitos, Peru. Tourism Recreation Research 41:3, pages 314-325.
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Veronika Kavenská & Hana Simonová. (2015) Ayahuasca Tourism: Participants in Shamanic Rituals and their Personality Styles, Motivation, Benefits and Risks. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47:5, pages 351-359.
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Rachel Harris & Lee Gurel. (2012) A Study of Ayahuasca Use in North America. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 44:3, pages 209-215.
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Anette Kjellgren, Anders Eriksson & Torsten Norlander. (2009) Experiences of Encounters with Ayahuasca—“the Vine of the Soul”. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 41:4, pages 309-315.
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Catherine Reynaud-Maurupt, Agnès Cadet-Taïrou & Anne Zoll. (2009) The Contemporary Uses of Hallucinogenic Plants and Mushrooms: A Qualitative Exploratory Study Carried Out in France. Substance Use & Misuse 44:11, pages 1519-1552.
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Articles from other publishers (84)

Eleanor White, Tom Kennedy, Simon Ruffell, Daniel Perkins & Jerome Sarris. (2024) Ayahuasca and Dimethyltryptamine Adverse Events and Toxicity Analysis: A Systematic Thematic Review. International Journal of Toxicology 43:3, pages 327-339.
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Rishma S. I. Khubsing, Martin van Leerdam, Eline C. H. M. Haijen & Kim P. C. Kuypers. (2024) Self-Rated Effectiveness of Ayahuasca and Breathwork on Well-Being, Psychological Resilience, Self-Compassion, and Personality: An Observational Comparison Study. Psychoactives 3:2, pages 167-183.
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Simon GD Ruffell, Sam Gandy, WaiFung Tsang, Rono Lopez, Nathan O’Rourke, Arsalan Akhtar, Nige Netzband, Jack Hollingdale, Daniel Perkins & Jerome Sarris. (2024) Participation in an indigenous Amazonian-led ayahuasca retreat associated with increases in nature relatedness – a pilot study. Drug Science, Policy and Law 10.
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Nadide ŞAHİN. (2023) Kültürel Miras ile Uyuşturucu Madde Tartışmaları Arasında AyahuascaAyahuasca Between Cultural Heritage and Drug Debate. Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi 6:2, pages 499-513.
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Simon G. D. Ruffell, Max Crosland‐Wood, Rob Palmer, Nige Netzband, WaiFung Tsang, Brandon Weiss, Sam Gandy, Tessa Cowley‐Court, Andreas Halman, Diana McHerron, Angelina Jong, Tom Kennedy, Eleanor White, Daniel Perkins, Devin B. Terhune & Jerome Sarris. (2023) Ayahuasca: A review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports 2:4.
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Federica Ambrosini, Laura Pariset & Roberta Biolcati. (2023) Ayahuasca ceremonies: set and setting features across Italy and Colombia. Drugs, Habits and Social Policy 24:4, pages 351-371.
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Michael A. Coe & Orou G. Gaoue. (2023) Increased clonal growth in heavily harvested ecosystems failed to rescue ayahuasca lianas from decline in the Peruvian Amazon rainforest. Journal of Applied Ecology 60:10, pages 2105-2117.
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Johannes G. Ramaekers, Pablo Mallaroni, Lilian Kloft, Johannes T. Reckweg, Stefan W. Toennes, Kim van Oorsouw & Natasha L. Mason. (2023) Altered State of Consciousness and Mental Imagery as a Function of N , N -dimethyltryptamine Concentration in Ritualistic Ayahuasca Users . Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 35:9, pages 1382-1393.
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Helge Michael Osterhold & Gisele Fernandes‐Osterhold. (2023) Chasing the Numinous: Hungry Ghosts in the Shadow of the Psychedelic Renaissance. Journal of Analytical Psychology 68:4, pages 638-664.
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Joseph M Barnby, Sohee Park, Tatiana Baxter, Cherise Rosen, Peter Brugger & Ben Alderson-Day. (2023) The felt-presence experience: from cognition to the clinic. The Lancet Psychiatry 10:5, pages 352-362.
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Edgar A. Estrella-Parra, José G. Avila-Acevedo, Ana M. García-Bores, José C. Rivera-Cabrera, Edgar F. Alarcón-Villaseñor, Ivone Alejandre-García & Francisco J. Alarcón-Aguilar. (2023) Intoxication Associated with Ayahuasca Consumption, Characterization, and Comparative Analysis of the Beverage's Components: A Case Report. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría.
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Matthias Forstmann, Hannes S Kettner, Christina Sagioglou, Alexander Irvine, Sam Gandy, Robin L Carhart-Harris & David Luke. (2023) Among psychedelic-experienced users, only past use of psilocybin reliably predicts nature relatedness. Journal of Psychopharmacology 37:1, pages 93-106.
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Rachel F. Giraudo & David Picard. 2020. Encyclopedia of Tourism. Encyclopedia of Tourism 1 3 .
David M. O’Shaughnessy, Zoltán Sarnyai, Frances Quirk & Robin Rodd. (2022) Traditional Amazonian medicine in addiction treatment: Qualitative results. SSM - Qualitative Research in Health 2, pages 100086.
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Lukas A. Basedow & Sören Kuitunen‐Paul. (2022) Motives for the use of serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Review 41:6, pages 1391-1403.
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B. Beslon, V. Wagner & D. Acier. (2022) L’Appel de la forêt : étude exploratoire des trajectoires des néo-usagers d’ayahuasca. Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique 180:7, pages 657-663.
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Alex K. Gearin. (2022) Primitivist medicine and capitalist anxieties in ayahuasca tourism Peru. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 28:2, pages 496-515.
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Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Lucas Oliveira Maia, Carolina Marcolino Massarentti & Luís Fernando Tófoli. (2022) Ayahuasca and tobacco smoking cessation: results from an online survey in Brazil. Psychopharmacology 239:6, pages 1767-1782.
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Edward James, Joachim Keppler, Thomas L Robertshaw & Ben Sessa. (2022) N,N‐dimethyltryptamine and Amazonian ayahuasca plant medicine. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 37:3.
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Henry Lowe, Ngeh Toyang, Blair Steele, Justin Grant, Amza Ali, Lorenzo Gordon & Wilfred Ngwa. (2022) Psychedelics: Alternative and Potential Therapeutic Options for Treating Mood and Anxiety Disorders. Molecules 27:8, pages 2520.
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Sherilyn K.D. Houle, Derek Evans, Caitlin A. Carter & Patricia Schlagenhauf. (2021) Ayahuasca and the traveller: A scoping review of risks and possible benefits. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 44, pages 102206.
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Kim I. van Oorsouw, Malin V. Uthaug, Natasha L. Mason, Nick J. Broers & Johannes G. Ramaekers. (2021) Sub-acute and long-term effects of ayahuasca on mental health and well-being in healthy ceremony attendants: A replication study. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 5:2, pages 103-113.
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Maggie K. Kiraga, Natasha L. Mason, Malin V. Uthaug, Kim I.M. van Oorsouw, Stefan W. Toennes, Johannes G. Ramaekers & Kim P. C. Kuypers. (2021) Persisting Effects of Ayahuasca on Empathy, Creative Thinking, Decentering, Personality, and Well-Being. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Leor Roseman & Nadeem Karkabi. (2021) On Revelations and Revolutions: Drinking Ayahuasca Among Palestinians Under Israeli Occupation. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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M. V. Uthaug, N. L. Mason, S. W. Toennes, J. T. Reckweg, E. B. de Sousa Fernandes Perna, K. P. C. Kuypers, K. van Oorsouw, J. Riba & J. G. Ramaekers. (2021) A placebo-controlled study of the effects of ayahuasca, set and setting on mental health of participants in ayahuasca group retreats. Psychopharmacology 238:7, pages 1899-1910.
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Alexandre Augusto de Deus Pontual, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Carlos Fernando Collares, Johannes G. Ramaekers & Clarissa Mendonça Corradi-Webster. (2021) The Setting Questionnaire for the Ayahuasca Experience: Questionnaire Development and Internal Structure. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Simon G. D. Ruffell, Nige Netzband, WaiFung Tsang, Merlin Davies, Antonio Inserra, Matthew Butler, James J. H. Rucker, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Emma Louise Dempster, Allan H. Young & Celia J. A. Morgan. (2021) Ceremonial Ayahuasca in Amazonian Retreats—Mental Health and Epigenetic Outcomes From a Six-Month Naturalistic Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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David M. O’Shaughnessy & Ilana Berlowitz. (2021) Amazonian Medicine and the Psychedelic Revival: Considering the “Dieta”. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Tom John Wolff. (2021) Ayahuasca-Tourismus in Peru: Motivationen und subjektive Bedeutungen bei Teilnehmern von Ayahuasca-Retreats im oberen Amazonasgebiet. Zeitschrift für Tourismuswissenschaft 13:1, pages 101-124.
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Brian Rush, Olivia Marcus, Sara García, Anja Loizaga-Velder, Gabriel Loewinger, Ariane Spitalier & Fernando Mendive. (2021) Protocol for Outcome Evaluation of Ayahuasca-Assisted Addiction Treatment: The Case of Takiwasi Center. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Leor Roseman, Yiftach Ron, Antwan Saca, Natalie Ginsberg, Lisa Luan, Nadeem Karkabi, Rick Doblin & Robin Carhart-Harris. (2021) Relational Processes in Ayahuasca Groups of Palestinians and Israelis. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12.
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Alex K. Gearin & Oscar Calavia Sáez. (2021) Altered Vision. Current Anthropology 62:2, pages 138-163.
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Ingmar Gorman, Elizabeth M. Nielson, Aja Molinar, Ksenia Cassidy & Jonathan Sabbagh. (2021) Psychedelic Harm Reduction and Integration: A Transtheoretical Model for Clinical Practice. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Karsten Fatur. (2021) Peculiar plants and fantastic fungi: An ethnobotanical study of the use of hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms in Slovenia. PLOS ONE 16:1, pages e0245022.
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Donald Pollock. (2022) Subjectivité droguée, altérité intoxicante : consommation rituelle de substances psychoactives chez les Madija. Cygne noir:9, pages 129-156.
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Tereza Rumlerová, Olivia Marcus, Jesús M. González Mariscal, Miroslav Horák & Matteo Politi. 2021. AMAZONÍA UNIDA 3ª PARTE. AMAZONÍA UNIDA 3ª PARTE 87 97 .
Natasha L. Mason & Kim P. C. Kuypers. 2021. Ayahuasca Healing and Science. Ayahuasca Healing and Science 117 136 .
Evgenia Fotiou. (2020) Shamanic Tourism in the Peruvian Lowlands: Critical and Ethical Considerations. The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 25:3, pages 374-396.
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Eduardo Massad, Gabriel Zorello Laporta, Jan Evelyn Conn, Leonardo Suveges Chaves, Eduardo Sterlino Bergo, Elder Augusto Guimarães Figueira, Francisco Antonio Bezerra Coutinho, Luis Fernandez Lopez, Claudio Struchiner & Maria Anice Mureb Sallum. (2020) The risk of malaria infection for travelers visiting the Brazilian Amazonian region: A mathematical modeling approach. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 37, pages 101792.
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Brianna R. Altman, M. N. Mian & M. Earleywine. (2020) The Novelty of Ayahuasca Scale and the prediction of intentions to use. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 4:2, pages 93-103.
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Miroslav Horák, Elizabeth Mateos Segovia & Slavia Salinas. 2020. Amazonía unida 1ª parte. Amazonía unida 1ª parte 80 93 .
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Tom John Wolff, Simon Ruffell, Nigel Netzband & Torsten Passie. (2019) A phenomenology of subjectively relevant experiences induced by ayahuasca in Upper Amazon vegetalismo tourism. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 3:3, pages 295-307.
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Jonathan Hamill, Jaime Hallak, Serdar M. Dursun & Glen Baker. (2019) Ayahuasca: Psychological and Physiologic Effects, Pharmacology and Potential Uses in Addiction and Mental Illness. Current Neuropharmacology 17:2, pages 108-128.
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