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Original Articles

Safety and Side Effects of Ayahuasca in Humans—An Overview Focusing on Developmental Toxicology

Pages 68-78 | Published online: 28 Feb 2013

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (10)

Raman Sharma, Rachel Batchelor & Jacqueline Sin. (2023) Psychedelic Treatments for Substance Use Disorder and Substance Misuse: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 55:5, pages 612-630.
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Stanley Wong, An Yi Yu, Nicholas Fabiano, Ofer Finkelstein, Aryan Pasricha, Brett D.M. Jones, Joshua D. Rosenblat, Daniel M. Blumberger, Benoit H. Mulsant & M. Ishrat Husain. (2023) Beyond Psilocybin: Reviewing the Therapeutic Potential of Other Serotonergic Psychedelics in Mental and Substance Use Disorders. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 0:0, pages 1-17.
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Alexandra Arenson, Cynthia I. Campbell & Ilan Remler. (2023) Psychoactive plant derivatives (ayahuasca, ibogaine, kratom) and their application in opioid withdrawal and use disorder – a narrative review. Journal of Addictive Diseases 0:0, pages 1-11.
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Helle Kaasik & Kairi Kreegipuu. (2020) Ayahuasca Users in Estonia: Ceremonial Practices, Subjective Long-Term Effects, Mental Health, and Quality of Life. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 52:3, pages 255-263.
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Amanda A. Nunes, Rafael G. dos Santos, Flávia L. Osório, Rafael F. Sanches, José Alexandre S. Crippa & Jaime E. C. Hallak. (2016) Effects of Ayahuasca and its Alkaloids on Drug Dependence: A Systematic Literature Review of Quantitative Studies in Animals and Humans. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 48:3, pages 195-205.
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Rafael Guimarães dos Santos. (2014) Immunological Effects of Ayahuasca in Humans. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46:5, pages 383-388.
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Clancy Cavnar. (2014) The Effects of Ayahuasca Ritual Participation on Gay and Lesbian Identity. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46:3, pages 252-260.
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Anja Loizaga-Velder & Rolf Verres. (2014) Therapeutic Effects of Ritual Ayahuasca Use in the Treatment of Substance Dependence—Qualitative Results. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46:1, pages 63-72.
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Rafael Guimarães dos Santos. (2013) A Critical Evaluation of Reports Associating Ayahuasca with Life-Threatening Adverse Reactions. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 45:2, pages 179-188.
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Articles from other publishers (47)

Matthew X. Lowe, Hannes Kettner, Del R. P. Jolly, Robin L. Carhart-Harris & Heather Jackson. (2024) Long-term benefits to psychological health and well-being after ceremonial use of Ayahuasca in Middle Eastern and North African immigrants and refugees. Frontiers in Psychiatry 15.
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Simon G. D. Ruffell, Max Crosland‐Wood, Rob Palmer, Nige Netzband, WaiFung Tsang, Brandon Weiss, Sam Gandy, Tessa Cowley‐Court, Andreas Halman, Diana McHerron, Angelina Jong, Tom Kennedy, Eleanor White, Daniel Perkins, Devin B. Terhune & Jerome Sarris. (2023) Ayahuasca: A review of historical, pharmacological, and therapeutic aspects. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports 2:4.
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Rabeet Tariq. (2023) Using Psychedelics in Clinical Practice: Comparing Therapeutic Uses and Potential Harms. Current Reviews in Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology 18:2, pages 94-109.
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Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Natalia Maria Simionato, Vanessa Manchim Favaro & Lucas Oliveira Maia. (2023) The current state of ayahuasca research in animal models: A systematic review. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 125, pages 110738.
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Edgar A. Estrella-Parra, José G. Avila-Acevedo, Ana M. García-Bores, José C. Rivera-Cabrera, Edgar F. Alarcón-Villaseñor, Ivone Alejandre-García & Francisco J. Alarcón-Aguilar. (2023) Intoxication Associated with Ayahuasca Consumption, Characterization, and Comparative Analysis of the Beverage's Components: A Case Report. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría.
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Lucas Oliveira Maia, Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno, Isabel Wießner, Draulio B. Araujo & Luís Fernando Tófoli. (2023) Ayahuasca's therapeutic potential: What we know – and what not. European Neuropsychopharmacology 66, pages 45-61.
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Raúl López-Arnau, Jordi Camarasa, Marcel·lí Carbó, Núria Nadal-Gratacós, Pol Puigseslloses, María Espinosa-Velasco, Edurne Urquizu, Elena Escubedo & David Pubill. (2022) 3,4-Methylenedioxy methamphetamine, synthetic cathinones and psychedelics: From recreational to novel psychotherapeutic drugs. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13.
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Joost J Breeksema, Bouwe W Kuin, Jeanine Kamphuis, Wim van den Brink, Eric Vermetten & Robert A Schoevers. (2022) Adverse events in clinical treatments with serotonergic psychedelics and MDMA: A mixed-methods systematic review. Journal of Psychopharmacology 36:10, pages 1100-1117.
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V. L. Matrenitsky. (2022) РЕНЕСАНС ПСИХОДЕЛІЧНОЇ ТЕРАПІЇ ТА ЇЇ ЗНАЧЕННЯ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ. Likarska sprava:3-4, pages 37-59.
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Kim van Oorsouw, S. W. Toennes & J. G. Ramaekers. (2022) Therapeutic effect of an ayahuasca analogue in clinically depressed patients: a longitudinal observational study. Psychopharmacology 239:6, pages 1839-1852.
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Anne K Schlag, Jacob Aday, Iram Salam, Jo C Neill & David J Nutt. (2022) Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. Journal of Psychopharmacology 36:3, pages 258-272.
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Ľuboš Nižnanský, Žofia Nižnanská, Roman Kuruc, Andrea Szórádová, Ján Šikuta & Anežka Zummerová. (2022) Ayahuasca as a Decoction Applied to Human: Analytical Methods, Pharmacology and Potential Toxic Effects. Journal of Clinical Medicine 11:4, pages 1147.
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Shaun L. Greene. 2022. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 495 532 .
Sherilyn K.D. Houle, Derek Evans, Caitlin A. Carter & Patricia Schlagenhauf. (2021) Ayahuasca and the traveller: A scoping review of risks and possible benefits. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 44, pages 102206.
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Ícaro Durante, Rafael G. dos Santos, José C. Bouso & Jaime E. Hallak. (2021) Risk assessment of ayahuasca use in a religious context: self-reported risk factors and adverse effects. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 43:4, pages 362-369.
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Simon G. D. Ruffell, Nige Netzband, WaiFung Tsang, Merlin Davies, Antonio Inserra, Matthew Butler, James J. H. Rucker, Luís Fernando Tófoli, Emma Louise Dempster, Allan H. Young & Celia J. A. Morgan. (2021) Ceremonial Ayahuasca in Amazonian Retreats—Mental Health and Epigenetic Outcomes From a Six-Month Naturalistic Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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Ivanilce Cristina Guimarães, Luís Fernando Tófoli & Alessandra Sussulini. (2020) Determination of the Elemental Composition of Ayahuasca and Assessments Concerning Consumer Safety. Biological Trace Element Research 199:3, pages 1179-1184.
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Chia-Chi A Fu, Maria L Morales & Miguel M Cabada. (2021) Ayahuasca experiences for sale on the internet—systematic analysis of health information provided to travellers in commercial websites. Journal of Travel Medicine 28:1.
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Victor Distefano Wiltenburg, Dianne da Rocha Prado & Fúlvio Rieli Mendes. 2021. Drugs and Human Behavior. Drugs and Human Behavior 479 510 .
Peter Neu. (2020) Ayahuasca – Religion, Life-style oder Droge?. Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie 88:10, pages 669-673.
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Wagner Lins Lira. (2020) “Entre Plantas, Curadores e Entidades”: o Modelo Terapêutico do Centro Ayahuasqueiro Flor de Jasmim. Mediações - Revista de Ciências Sociais 25:2, pages 523.
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Brianna R. Altman, M. N. Mian & M. Earleywine. (2020) The Novelty of Ayahuasca Scale and the prediction of intentions to use. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 4:2, pages 93-103.
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Débora González, Jordi Cantillo, Irene Pérez, Magí Farré, Amanda Feilding, Jordi E. Obiols & José Carlos Bouso. (2020) Therapeutic potential of ayahuasca in grief: a prospective, observational study. Psychopharmacology 237:4, pages 1171-1182.
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Miroslav Horák, Elizabeth Mateos Segovia & Slavia Salinas. 2020. Amazonía unida 1ª parte. Amazonía unida 1ª parte 80 93 .
Silvia Muttoni, Maddalena Ardissino & Christopher John. (2019) Classical psychedelics for the treatment of depression and anxiety: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders 258, pages 11-24.
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Débora González, María Carvalho, Jordi Cantillo, Marc Aixalá & Magí Farré. (2017) Potential Use of Ayahuasca in Grief Therapy. OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 79:3, pages 260-285.
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Charlotte Martial, Héléna Cassol, Vanessa Charland-Verville, Carla Pallavicini, Camila Sanz, Federico Zamberlan, Rocío Martínez Vivot, Fire Erowid, Earth Erowid, Steven Laureys, Bruce Greyson & Enzo Tagliazucchi. (2019) Neurochemical models of near-death experiences: A large-scale study based on the semantic similarity of written reports. Consciousness and Cognition 69, pages 52-69.
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Miroslav Horák & Nahanga Verter. 2019. Ayahuasca in the Czech Republic: Extended Version. Ayahuasca in the Czech Republic: Extended Version.
Lindsay P. Cameron & David E. Olson. (2018) Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: N , N -Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) . ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9:10, pages 2344-2357.
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Lindsay P. Cameron, Charlie J. Benson, Lee E. Dunlap & David E. Olson. (2018) Effects of N , N -Dimethyltryptamine on Rat Behaviors Relevant to Anxiety and Depression . ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9:7, pages 1582-1590.
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Matthew H. Bilhimer, Rachel F. Schult, Kristan V. Higgs, Timothy J. Wiegand, Rachel M. Gorodetsky & Nicole M. Acquisto. (2018) Acute Intoxication following Dimethyltryptamine Ingestion. Case Reports in Emergency Medicine 2018, pages 1-3.
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Rafael Guimarães dos Santos, José Carlos Bouso & Jaime Eduardo Cecilio Hallak. (2017) Ayahuasca: what mental health professionals need to know. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo) 44:4, pages 103-109.
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Benjamin J. Malcolm & Kelly C. Lee. (2017) Ayahuasca: An ancient sacrament for treatment of contemporary psychiatric illness?. Mental Health Clinician 7:1, pages 39-45.
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Miroslav Horák. 2017. AYAHUASCA V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE. AYAHUASCA V ČESKÉ REPUBLICE.
Rafael G dos Santos, Fermanda M Balthazar, José C Bouso & Jaime EC Hallak. (2016) The current state of research on ayahuasca: A systematic review of human studies assessing psychiatric symptoms, neuropsychological functioning, and neuroimaging. Journal of Psychopharmacology 30:12, pages 1230-1247.
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Raven Renèe Ray & Kerry S. Lassiter. (2016) Ayahuasca Treatment Center Safety for the Western Seeker. Anthropology of Consciousness 27:2, pages 121-150.
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Rafael G. dos Santos, Flávia L. Osório, José Alexandre S. Crippa, Jordi Riba, Antônio W. Zuardi & Jaime E. C. Hallak. (2016) Antidepressive, anxiolytic, and antiaddictive effects of ayahuasca, psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD): a systematic review of clinical trials published in the last 25 years. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology 6:3, pages 193-213.
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Rafael G. dos Santos, Flávia L. Osório, José Alexandre S. Crippa & Jaime E. C. Hallak. (2016) Antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of ayahuasca: a systematic literature review of animal and human studies. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 38:1, pages 65-72.
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Rafael G. dos Santos, Flávia L. Osório, José Alexandre S. Crippa, José Carlos Bouso & Jaime E.C. Hallak. (2016) Letter to the Editor. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 38, pages 116-117.
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Petter Grahl Johnstad. (2017) User perceptions of mental health consequences of hallucinogen use in self-identified spiritual contexts. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 32:6, pages 545-562.
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Aline Pic-Taylor, Luciana Gueiros da Motta, Juliana Alves de Morais, Willian Melo Junior, Alana de Fátima Andrade Santos, Leandro Ambrósio Campos, Marcia Renata Mortari, Marcus Vinicius von Zuben & Eloisa Dutra Caldas. (2015) Behavioural and neurotoxic effects of ayahuasca infusion (Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis) in female Wistar rat. Behavioural Processes 118, pages 102-110.
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Dimitrius L. Pitol, Selma Siéssere, Rafael G. dos Santos, Maria L. N. M. Rosa, Jaime E. C. Hallak, Priscilla H. Scalize, Bruno F. Pereira, Melina M. Iyomasa, Marisa Semprini, Jordi Riba & Simone C. H. Regalo. (2015) Ayahuasca Alters Structural Parameters of the Rat Aorta. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 66:1, pages 58-62.
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Flávia de L. Osório, Rafael F. Sanches, Ligia R. Macedo, Rafael G. dos Santos, João P. Maia-de-Oliveira, Lauro Wichert-Ana, Draulio B. de Araujo, Jordi Riba, José A. Crippa & Jaime E. Hallak. (2015) Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: a preliminary report. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 37:1, pages 13-20.
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Tomislav Majić, Timo T Schmidt & Jürgen Gallinat. (2015) Peak experiences and the afterglow phenomenon: When and how do therapeutic effects of hallucinogens depend on psychedelic experiences?. Journal of Psychopharmacology 29:3, pages 241-253.
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Marc G. Blainey. (2014) Forbidden Therapies: Santo Daime, Ayahuasca, and the Prohibition of Entheogens in Western Society. Journal of Religion and Health 54:1, pages 287-302.
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Miroslav Horák & Kristina Somerlíková. 2015. ETNOBOTÁNICA Y FITOTERAPIA EN AMÉRICA. ETNOBOTÁNICA Y FITOTERAPIA EN AMÉRICA 52 71 .
Rafael G. dos Santos. (2014) Potential Therapeutic Effects of Psilocybin/Psilocin are Minimized While Possible Adverse Reactions are Overrated. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 36:1, pages 131-132.
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