2,551
Views
49
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB): A Scoping Review of Pharmacology, Toxicology, Motives for Use, and User Groups

, B.A. & , Ph.D., M.Sc.

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (6)

Giovanna Ricci, Francesco Paolo Busardò, Filippo Gibelli, Ascanio Sirignano & Pietro Brunetti. (2021) Evaluating the risk of toxicity and adverse drug interactions involving recreational GHB use and prescribed drugs. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology 17:12, pages 1445-1454.
Read now
Adam Bernstein. (2021) Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Withdrawal in a Patient with Polysubstance Use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 53:4, pages 299-301.
Read now
Brooke Cheng, Jordan M. Sang, Zishan Cui, Nicanor Bacani, Heather L. Armstrong, Julia Zhu, Julius Elefante, Gbolahan Olarewaju, Kiffer G. Card, Everett Blackwell, Nathan J. Lachowsky, Robert S. Hogg, Eric A. Roth & David M. Moore. (2020) Factors Associated with Cessation or Reduction of Methamphetamine Use among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men (gbMSM) in Vancouver Canada. Substance Use & Misuse 55:10, pages 1692-1701.
Read now
Florence Thibaut, Abdeslam Chagraoui, Leslie Buckley, Florence Gressier, Javier Labad, Sandrine Lamy, Marc N. Potenza, Susan G. Kornstein, Marta Rondon, Anita Riecher-Rössler, Michael Soyka & Kim Yonkers. (2019) WFSBP and IAWMH Guidelines for the treatment of alcohol use disorders in pregnant women. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 20:1, pages 17-50.
Read now
Evelyn Hearne, Emanuele Amorim Alves, Marie Claire Van Hout & Jean-Paul C. Grund. (2017) Home Manufacture of Drugs: An Online Investigation and a Toxicological Reality Check of Online Discussions on Drug Chemistry. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 49:4, pages 279-288.
Read now
Michael Soyka, Henry R. Kranzler, Victor Hesselbrock, Siegfried Kasper, Jochen Mutschler & Hans-Jürgen Möller. (2017) Guidelines for biological treatment of substance use and related disorders, part 1: Alcoholism, first revision. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 18:2, pages 86-119.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (43)

Guillaume Drevin, Marie Briet, Severine Ferec, Julien Demiselle, François Beloncle & Chadi Abbara. (2023) Acute Sodium Oxybate Intoxication: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 45:2, pages 277-281.
Crossref
Pascal Valentin Fischler, Michael Soyka, Erich Seifritz & Jochen Mutschler. (2022) Off-label and investigational drugs in the treatment of alcohol use disorder: A critical review. Frontiers in Pharmacology 13.
Crossref
Sepand Tehrani Fateh & Amir Salehi-Najafabadi. (2022) Repurposing of substances with lactone moiety for the treatment of γ-Hydroxybutyric acid and γ-Butyrolactone intoxication through modulating paraoxonase and PPARγ. Frontiers in Pharmacology 13.
Crossref
Kimberly Waters, Diana Nguyen, Lauren Hernandez, Kelly Vu, Allyson Fry-Petit, Stevan Pecic & John L. Haan. (2022) The electrochemical oxidation of butanediol isomers in an alkaline direct liquid fuel cell. Journal of Power Sources 535, pages 231401.
Crossref
Jack Freestone, Garrett Prestage, Adam Bourne, Nadine Ezard, Kane Race, Anthony Nedanoski, Joel Murray & Krista J Siefried. (2022) Controlling for pleasure and risk: The experiences of sexuality and gender diverse people who use GHB. International Journal of Drug Policy 105, pages 103747.
Crossref
Arianna Giorgetti, Francesco Paolo Busardò & Raffaele Giorgetti. (2022) Toxicological Characterization of GHB as a Performance-Enhancing Drug. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13.
Crossref
Henry H. C. Lee, Gabrielle E. McGinty, Phillip L. Pearl & Alexander Rotenberg. (2022) Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency (SSADHD): Towards the Development of SSADH-Targeted Medicine. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23:5, pages 2606.
Crossref
Matthias E. Liechti, Linda D. Simmler, Harald H. Sitte & Dino Luethi. 2022. Novel Psychoactive Substances. Novel Psychoactive Substances 109 130 .
Xavier Tête, Yannick Masson, Nicolas Donat, Gwendoline Rager, Thomas Leclerc & Bruno Fontaine. (2021) Mise au point sur l’utilisation du GammaOH en anesthésie–réanimation. Anesthésie & Réanimation 7:5, pages 356-361.
Crossref
Vivian Rodriguez‐Cruz, Tianjing Ren & Marilyn E. Morris. (2021) Drug‐drug interaction between diclofenac and gamma‐hydroxybutyric acid. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition 42:8, pages 351-358.
Crossref
Cassandra R. Doyno & C. Michael White. (2021) Sedative‐Hypnotic Agents That Impact Gamma‐Aminobutyric Acid Receptors: Focus on Flunitrazepam, Gamma‐Hydroxybutyric Acid, Phenibut, and Selank. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 61:S2.
Crossref
A. G. Sinenchenko, A. N. Lodyagin, T. V. Gorbacheva, G. I. Sinenchenko & B. V. Batotsyrenov. (2021) Pathomorphological changes in internal organs in acute poisoning with 4-hydroxybutanoic acid (according to the data of the Bureau of forensic medical expertise). Toxicological Review:3, pages 28-34.
Crossref
Keith Azevedo, Molly Johnson, Michael Wassermann & Jessica Evans-Wall. (2021) Drugs of Abuse—Opioids, Sedatives, Hypnotics. Critical Care Clinics 37:3, pages 501-516.
Crossref
Guillaume Drevin, Léa-Héléna Rossi, Séverine Férec, Marie Briet & Chadi Abbara. (2021) Chemsex/slamsex-related intoxications: A case report involving gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) and a review of the literature. Forensic Science International 321, pages 110743.
Crossref
Luke A. Turnock. (2021) Polydrug use and drug market intersections within powerlifting cultures in remote South-West England. Performance Enhancement & Health 8:4, pages 100186.
Crossref
Massimo di Giannantonio, Attilio Negri, Stefania Schiavone, Chiara Vannini, Mauro Pettorruso, Fabio De-Giorgio, Valeria Verrastro, Luigia Trabace, Mariangela Corbo, Rossella Gottardo, Cristian Camuto, Monica Mazzarino, Andrea Barra, Domenico De Berardis, Juan Iglesias Lopez, Cristina Merino Del Villar, Fabrizio Schifano & Giovanni Martinotti. (2020) Prescription Drug Misuse in “Clubbers” and Disco Goers in Ibiza. Frontiers in Psychiatry 11.
Crossref
Yanna Richelly de Souza Costa, Stefânia Neiva Lavorato & Julianna Joanna Carvalho Moraes de Campos Baldin. (2020) Violence against women and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA): A review of the main drugs. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 74, pages 102020.
Crossref
Dario Cattaneo, Davide Minisci, Tiziana Formenti, Cristina Negri, Giuliano Rizzardini & Cristina Gervasoni. (2020) The prescribing cascade 3.0: a case for recreational drugs in HIV. AIDS 34:8, pages 1253-1255.
Crossref
Dino Luethi & Matthias E. Liechti. (2020) Designer drugs: mechanism of action and adverse effects. Archives of Toxicology 94:4, pages 1085-1133.
Crossref
Zohar Mor, Dan Turner, Yuval Livnat & Itzchak Levy. (2019) Recreational drug and excessive alcohol use among HIV-infected men who have sex with men in Central Israel. BMC Public Health 19:1.
Crossref
Jennifer P. Pascali, Paolo Fais, Fabio Vaiano, Alice Ciolini & Elisabetta Bertol. (2019) Zwitterionic HILIC stationary phase as a valuable alternative in separative techniques: Application to the analysis of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and its metabolite in hair. Journal of Chromatography B 1134-1135, pages 121876.
Crossref
Marie Allard, Marion Leclercq & Laurence Labat. (2019) La toxicologie du GHB et de ses précurseurs. Revue Francophone des Laboratoires 2019:517, pages 36-42.
Crossref
JC van Mechelen, BAG Dijkstra & ACM Vergouwen. (2019) Severe illicit gamma-hydroxybutyric acid withdrawal in a pregnant woman: what to do?. BMJ Case Reports 12:12, pages e230997.
Crossref
Matthew D. Krasowski. 2019. Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing. Critical Issues in Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse Testing 225 236 .
Jean-Paul Grund, Dirk de Bruin & Sanne van Gaalen. (2018) Going knock —Recurrent comatose GHB intoxication in the Netherlands & Flanders (Belgium). International Journal of Drug Policy 58, pages 137-148.
Crossref
Peter Eischens & William Leigh Atherton. (2018) Psychedelic therapy as a complementary treatment approach for alcohol use disorders. Journal of Psychedelic Studies 2:1, pages 36-44.
Crossref
Desiree Madah-Amiri, Lars Myrmel & Guttorm Brattebø. (2017) Intoxication with GHB/GBL: characteristics and trends from ambulance-attended overdoses. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 25:1.
Crossref
Li-You Chen, Ting-Yi Renn, Wen-Chieh Liao, Fu-Der Mai, Ying-Jui Ho, George Hsiao, Ai-Wei Lee & Hung-Ming Chang. (2017) Melatonin successfully rescues hippocampal bioenergetics and improves cognitive function following drug intoxication by promoting Nrf2-ARE signaling activity. Journal of Pineal Research 63:2, pages e12417.
Crossref
Martina Palomino-Schätzlein, Yaoyao Wang, Alan D. Brailsford, Teodor Parella, David A. Cowan, Cristina Legido-Quigley & Míriam Pérez-Trujillo. (2017) Direct Monitoring of Exogenous γ-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Body Fluids by NMR Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 89:16, pages 8343-8350.
Crossref
Òscar Miró, Miguel Galicia, Paul Dargan, Alison M. Dines, Isabelle Giraudon, Fridtjof Heyerdahl, Knut E. Hovda, Christopher Yates, David M. Wood, Evangelia Liakoni, Matthias Liechti, Gesche Jürgens, Carsten Boe Pedersen, Niall O’Connor, Gerard Markey, Adrian Moughty, Christopher Lee, Patrick O’Donohoe, Jacek Sein Anand, Jordi Puiguriguer, Catalina Homar, Florian Eyer, Odd Martin Vallersnes, Per Sverre Persett, Lucie Chevillard, Bruno Mégarbane, Raido Paasma, W. Stephen Waring, Kristiina Põld, Christian Rabe & Piotr Maciej Kabata. (2017) Intoxication by gamma hydroxybutyrate and related analogues: Clinical characteristics and comparison between pure intoxication and that combined with other substances of abuse. Toxicology Letters 277, pages 84-91.
Crossref
Máté Kapitány-Fövény, Gábor Zacher, János Posta & Zsolt Demetrovics. (2017) GHB-involved crimes among intoxicated patients. Forensic Science International 275, pages 23-29.
Crossref
Rouhollah Qurishi, Wiebren Markus, Maaike M.J. Habra, Bibi Bressers & Cornelis A.J. De Jong. (2017) EMDR Therapy Reduces Intense Treatment-Resistant Cravings in a Case of Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid Addiction. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 11:1, pages 30-42.
Crossref
Alan D. Brailsford, Christiaan Bartlett, Andrew T. Kicman & David A. Cowan. (2017) Increases in Serum Growth Hormone Concentrations Associated with GHB Administration. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 41:1, pages 54-59.
Crossref
Christine Murphy & Lauren K. Shawn. 2017. Case Studies in Medical Toxicology. Case Studies in Medical Toxicology 163 172 .
David R. Owen, David M. Wood, John R. H. Archer & Paul I. Dargan. (2016) Phenibut (4-amino-3-phenyl-butyric acid): Availability, prevalence of use, desired effects and acute toxicity. Drug and Alcohol Review 35:5, pages 591-596.
Crossref
Nele Sadones, Elien Van Bever, John R.H. Archer, David M. Wood, Paul I. Dargan, Luc Van Bortel, Willy E. Lambert & Christophe P. Stove. (2016) Microwave-assisted on-spot derivatization for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry based determination of polar low molecular weight compounds in dried blood spots. Journal of Chromatography A 1465, pages 175-183.
Crossref
Monica F. Tomlinson, Matthew Brown & Peter N.S. Hoaken. (2016) Recreational drug use and human aggressive behavior: A comprehensive review since 2003. Aggression and Violent Behavior 27, pages 9-29.
Crossref
Colin Davidson & Fabrizio Schifano. (2016) The potential utility of some legal highs in CNS disorders. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 64, pages 267-274.
Crossref
J.G.C. van Amsterdam, T.M. Brunt, M.T.B. McMaster & W. van den Brink. 2016. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse 453 459 .
Su-Chung Youn, Li-You Chen, Ruei-Jen Chiou, Te-Jen Lai, Wen-Chieh Liao, Fu-Der Mai & Hung-Ming Chang. (2015) Comprehensive Application of Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) for Ionic Imaging and Bio-energetic Analysis of Club Drug-induced Cognitive Deficiency. Scientific Reports 5:1.
Crossref
Adam Bourne, David Reid, Ford Hickson, Sergio Torres-Rueda, Paul Steinberg & Peter Weatherburn. (2015) “Chemsex” and harm reduction need among gay men in South London. International Journal of Drug Policy 26:12, pages 1171-1176.
Crossref
Nele Sadones, John R. H. Archer, Ann-Sofie M. E. Ingels, Paul I. Dargan, David M. Wood, Michelle Wood, Hugo Neels, Willy E. Lambert & Christophe P. Stove. (2015) Do capillary dried blood spot concentrations of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid mirror those in venous blood? A comparative study. Drug Testing and Analysis 7:4, pages 336-340.
Crossref
Fabrizio Schifano, Laura Orsolini, G. Duccio Papanti & John M. Corkery. (2015) Novel psychoactive substances of interest for psychiatry. World Psychiatry 14:1, pages 15-26.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.