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Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology Volume 30, 2006 - Issue 6
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Current distribution under electrodes in relation to stimulation current and skin blood flow: are modern electrodes really providing the current distribution during stimulation we believe they are?

J. Petrofsky Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USACorrespondence[email protected]
,
E. Schwab Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
,
M. Cúneo Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
,
J. George Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
,
J. Kim Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
,
A. Almalty Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
,
D. Lawson Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
,
E. Johnson Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
&
W. Remigo Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, 92350, USA
 show all
Pages 368-381 | Published online: 09 Jul 2009

Citations (20)

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Read on this site (2)

J. Petrofsky, M. Laymon, M. Prowse, S. Gunda & J. Batt. (2009) The transfer of current through skin and muscle during electrical stimulation with sine, square, Russian and interferential waveforms. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 33:2, pages 170-181.
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J. Petrofsky, D. Lawson, M. Prowse & H. J. Suh. (2008) Effects of a 2-, 3- and 4-electrode stimulator design on current dispersion on the surface and into the limb during electrical stimulation in controls and patients with wounds. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology 32:6, pages 485-497.
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Articles from other publishers (18)

Abdulmajeed Raja Almalty, Saja Hamdallah Hamed, Mohammad Yasser Jebril & Hassan Mubarak Abdelnour. (2024) The effect of electrical stimulation on skin vulnerability to irritants. Skin Research and Technology 30:2.
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Tom Greig, Russel Torah & Kai Yang. (2024) Electrical Stimulation for Wound Healing: Opportunities for E-Textiles. IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering 17, pages 264-279.
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Luisa Euler, Robin Juthberg, Johanna Flodin, Li Guo, Paul W. Ackermann & Nils-Krister Persson. (2021) Textile Electrodes: Influence of Electrode Construction and Pressure on Stimulation Performance in Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES). Textile Electrodes: Influence of Electrode Construction and Pressure on Stimulation Performance in Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES).
Paulo Luiz FarberFelipe Contoli IsoldiLydia Masako Ferreira. (2021) Electric Factors in Wound Healing. Advances in Wound Care 10:8, pages 461-476.
Crossref
Zaheer Q. Hashim, Loucas Constantinou & Iasonas F. Triantis. (2020) Modelling Dynamically Re-Sizeable Electrodes (DRE) for Targeted Transcutaneous Measurements in Impedance Plethysmography. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems 14:1, pages 104-112.
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Jae-Kwang Jung, Jin-Seok Byun & Jae-Kap Choi. (2016) Basic Understanding of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation. Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain 41:4, pages 145-154.
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Abdul‐Majeed R. Almalty, Saja H. Hamed, Fuad M. Al‐Dabbak & Amjad E. Shallan. (2012) Short‐term and Long‐term Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Skin Properties. Physiotherapy Research International 18:3, pages 157-166.
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Abulkhair Beatti, Anton Rayner, Lucy Chipchase & Tina Souvlis. (2011) Penetration and spread of interferential current in cutaneous, subcutaneous and muscle tissues. Physiotherapy 97:4, pages 319-326.
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J.J. Amer-Cuenca. (2010) Programación y aplicación de la estimulación nerviosa eléctrica transcutánea (TENS): guía de práctica clínica basada en la evidencia. Fisioterapia 32:6, pages 271-278.
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Denise Curtis, Stephen Fallows, Michael Morris & Carolyn McMakin. (2010) The efficacy of frequency specific microcurrent therapy on delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 14:3, pages 272-279.
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Emer P. Doheny, Brian M. Caulfield, Conor M. Minogue & Madeleine M. Lowery. (2010) Effect of subcutaneous fat thickness and surface electrode configuration during neuromuscular electrical stimulation. Medical Engineering & Physics 32:5, pages 468-474.
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David M. Sletten, Stephen D. Weigand & Phillip A. Low. (2009) Relationship of Q‐sweat to quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) volumes. Muscle & Nerve 41:2, pages 240-246.
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HyeJin SuhJerrold S. PetrofskyTakkin LoDaryl LawsonTina YuTiffany M. PfeiferTheresa Morawski. (2009) The Combined Effect of a Three-Channel Electrode Delivery System with Local Heat on the Healing of Chronic Wounds. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 11:10, pages 681-688.
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HyeJin SuhJerrold PetrofskyAnne FishVivian HernandezEnrique MendozaKelly CollinsTienning YangArmia AbdulJennifer BattDaryl Lawson. (2009) A New Electrode Design to Improve Outcomes in the Treatment of Chronic Non-Healing Wounds in Diabetes. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 11:5, pages 315-322.
Crossref
Jerrold Petrofsky. (2008) The effect of the subcutaneous fat on the transfer of current through skin and into muscle. Medical Engineering & Physics 30:9, pages 1168-1176.
Crossref
Jerrold S. Petrofsky, Hye Jin Suh, Shashi Gunda, Michelle Prowse & Jennifer Batt. (2008) Interrelationships between body fat and skin blood flow and the current required for electrical stimulation of human muscle. Medical Engineering & Physics 30:7, pages 931-936.
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N. Sha, L.P.J. Kenney, B.W. Heller, A.T. Barker, D. Howard & W. Wang. (2008) The effect of the impedance of a thin hydrogel electrode on sensation during functional electrical stimulation. Medical Engineering & Physics 30:6, pages 739-746.
Crossref
Jerrold Petrofsky, Michelle Prowse, Melanie Bain, Elaine Ebilane, Hye Jin Suh, Jennifer Batt, Daryl Lawson, Viviana Hernandez, Armia Abdo, Tien-ning Yang, Enrique Mendoza, Kelly Collins & Michael Laymon. (2008) Estimation of the distribution of intramuscular current during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology 103:3, pages 265-273.
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