227
Views
55
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Paper

Determinants of the Blood Lead Level of US Women of Reproductive Age

, PhD, , PhD & , PhD, RD
Pages 1-9 | Received 23 Oct 2003, Accepted 26 Mar 2004, Published online: 28 Jun 2013

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (2)

Krista Christensen, Carol H. Christensen, J. Michael Wright, Audrey Galizia, Barbara S. Glenn, Cheryl Siegel Scott, Jennifer K. Mall, Thomas F. Bateson, Patricia A. Murphy & Glinda S. Cooper. (2015) The Use of Epidemiology in Risk Assessment: Challenges and Opportunities. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 21:6, pages 1644-1663.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (53)

Lingfei Shi, Jia Zhou, Jinjiang Dong, Faliang Gao & Wenyan Zhao. (2023) Association of low-level blood lead with plasma homocysteine in US children and adolescents. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 45:7, pages 5013-5023.
Crossref
Diego Lacerda, Inácio Abreu Pestana, Cristiane dos Santos Vergilio & Carlos Eduardo de Rezende. (2023) Global decrease in blood lead concentrations due to the removal of leaded gasoline. Chemosphere 324, pages 138207.
Crossref
Aldo Di Nunzio, Antonella Giarra, Maria Toscanesi, Angela Amoresano, Marina Piscopo, Elisabetta Ceretti, Claudia Zani, Stefano Lorenzetti, Marco Trifuoggi & Luigi Montano. (2022) Comparison between Macro and Trace Element Concentrations in Human Semen and Blood Serum in Highly Polluted Areas in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:18, pages 11635.
Crossref
Ning Li, Yali Zhao, Fangyu Wang, Lianjun Song, Mingwu Qiao, Tianlin Wang & Xianqing Huang. (2022) Folic acid alleviates lead acetate-mediated cardiotoxicity by down-regulating the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, GRP78, and CHOP proteins. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29:37, pages 55916-55927.
Crossref
Jing Wang, Yujie Yang, Juan Zhang, Na Liu, Huifang Xi & Hong Liang. (2022) Trends of Blood Lead Levels in US Pregnant Women: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2001–2018). Frontiers in Public Health 10.
Crossref
Sun Kyoung Jung, Wookhee Choi, Sung Yeon Kim, Sooyeon Hong, Hye Li Jeon, Youngkyung Joo, Chulwoo Lee, Kyungho Choi, Sungkyoon Kim, Kee-Jae Lee & Jiyoung Yoo. (2022) Profile of Environmental Chemicals in the Korean Population—Results of the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (KoNEHS) Cycle 3, 2015–2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:2, pages 626.
Crossref
Joseph Boyle, Deniz Yeter, Michael Aschner & David C. Wheeler. (2021) Estimated IQ points and lifetime earnings lost to early childhood blood lead levels in the United States. Science of The Total Environment 778, pages 146307.
Crossref
Ronnie Levin, Carolina L. Zilli Vieira, Marieke H. Rosenbaum, Karyn Bischoff, Daniel C. Mordarski & Mary Jean Brown. (2021) The urban lead (Pb) burden in humans, animals and the natural environment. Environmental Research 193, pages 110377.
Crossref
Omid Mehrpour, Marzieh Modi, Borhan Mansouri, Nemam Ali Azadi, Samaneh Nakhaee, Alireza Amirabadi, Gholamreza Anaei-sarab, Farshad M. Shirazi & Stephanie T. Weiss. (2020) Comparison of Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, and Folic Acid Blood Levels in Plumbism Patients and Controls in Eastern Iran. Biological Trace Element Research 199:1, pages 9-17.
Crossref
Vickie Lamoureux-Tremblay, Gina Muckle, Françoise Maheu, Sandra W. Jacobson, Joseph L. Jacobson, Pierre Ayotte, Richard E. Bélanger & Dave Saint-Amour. (2020) Risk factors associated with developing anxiety in Inuit adolescents from Nunavik. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 81, pages 106903.
Crossref
Andrea ’t Mannetje, Jonathan Coakley & Jeroen Douwes. (2020) Where are we at with lead? Current levels, time trend, and determinants of blood lead in New Zealand children and adults. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 225, pages 113468.
Crossref
Deniz Yeter, Ellen C. Banks & Michael Aschner. (2020) Disparity in Risk Factor Severity for Early Childhood Blood Lead among Predominantly African-American Black Children: The 1999 to 2010 US NHANES. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17:5, pages 1552.
Crossref
Michelle Kvalsund, Violet Kayamba, Paul Kelly, Gretchen L. Birbeck, Cleopatra Mwansa-Thurman, Ingrid Nyeggen Sommer, Yvonne Lamers, Joseph Gardiner & David N. Herrmann. (2020) Is folate deficiency a common cause of distal symmetric polyneuropathy in Zambian clinics?. Journal of the Neurological Sciences 409, pages 116583.
Crossref
Garima Yadav, Shailja Chambial, Neha Agrawal, Meenakshi Gothwal, Priyanka Kathuria, Pratibha Singh, Praveen Sharma & PremPrakash Sharma. (2020) Blood lead levels in antenatal women and its association with iron deficiency anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 9:6, pages 3106.
Crossref
Adrienne S. Ettinger, Kathryn B. Egan, David M. Homa & Mary Jean Brown. (2020) Blood Lead Levels in U.S. Women of Childbearing Age, 1976–2016. Environmental Health Perspectives 128:1.
Crossref
Neda Alvarez-Ortega, Karina Caballero-Gallardo & Jesus Olivero-Verbel. (2019) Toxicological effects in children exposed to lead: A cross-sectional study at the Colombian Caribbean coast. Environment International 130, pages 104809.
Crossref
Christelene Jack Horton, Lalatendu Acharya & Ellen M Wells. (2019) Association between self-reported length of time in the USA and blood lead levels: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2016. BMJ Open 9:7, pages e027628.
Crossref
Jamal M. Safi, Maged M. Yassin, Yasser Z. El-Nahhal, Yehia A. Abed, Mohamed J. Safi & Hassan D. Suleiman. (2019) Childhood lead poisoning in Gaza Strip, the Palestinian Authority. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 54, pages 118-125.
Crossref
Onyinyechi Bede-Ojimadu, Cecilia Nwadiuto Amadi & Orish Ebere Orisakwe. (2018) Blood Lead Levels in Women of Child-Bearing Age in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Public Health 6.
Crossref
Anna Z. Pollack, Sunni L. Mumford, Lindsey Sjaarda, Neil J. Perkins, Farah Malik, Jean Wactawski-Wende & Enrique F. Schisterman. (2017) Blood lead, cadmium and mercury in relation to homocysteine and C-reactive protein in women of reproductive age: a panel study. Environmental Health 16:1.
Crossref
Shirley Chen, Clare Wiseman, Dolon Chakravartty & Donald Cole. (2017) Metal Concentrations in Newcomer Women and Environmental Exposures: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14:3, pages 277.
Crossref
S. Chawla, F. Elbakoush, G. Natarajan, M. Dwaihy, A. Berry, Y. Ravindranath, K. Bhambhani & S.B. Narayan. (2016) Cord blood lead level in an urban inner-city hospital. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 9:3, pages 291-293.
Crossref
Timothy Dignam, Brenda Rivera García, Maridali De León, Gerald Curtis, Andreea A. Creanga, Alejandro Azofeifa, Maureen O'Neill, Curtis Blanton, Chinaro Kennedy, Maria Rullán, Kathy Caldwell, John Rullán & Mary Jean Brown. (2016) Prevalence of Elevated Blood Lead Levels and Risk Factors Among Residents Younger Than 6 Years, Puerto Rico—2010. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 22:1, pages E22-E35.
Crossref
Gilles Delage, Suzanne Gingras & Marc Rhainds. (2015) A population-based study on blood lead levels in blood donors. Transfusion 55:11, pages 2633-2640.
Crossref
Bin Zhang, Wei Xia, Yuanyuan Li, Bryan A. Bassig, Aifen Zhou, Youjie Wang, Zhengkuan Li, Yuanxiang Yao, Jie Hu, Xiaofu Du, Yanqiu Zhou, Juan Liu, Weiyan Xue, Yue Ma, Xinyun Pan, Yang Peng, Tongzhang Zheng & Shunqing Xu. (2015) Prenatal exposure to lead in relation to risk of preterm low birth weight: A matched case–control study in China. Reproductive Toxicology 57, pages 190-195.
Crossref
Yan Yan Qin, Clement Kai Man Leung, Che Kit Lin & Ming Hung Wong. (2015) The associations between metals/metalloids concentrations in blood plasma of Hong Kong residents and their seafood diet, smoking habit, body mass index and age. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22:17, pages 13204-13211.
Crossref
Joshua O. Ojo, Oyedele O. Oketayo, Charles A. Adesanmi, Milena Horvat, Darja Mazej & Janja Tratnik. (2013) Influence of nutritional status on some toxic and essential elements in the blood of women exposed to vehicular pollution in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 21:2, pages 1124-1132.
Crossref
Anne JosephLogan SpectorKatherine WickhamGregory JanisJonathan WinickoffBruce LindgrenSharon Murphy. (2013) Biomarker Evidence of Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children Participating in Lead Screening. American Journal of Public Health 103:12, pages e54-e59.
Crossref
Hye-Kyung Chung, Ju Yeon Park, Yoonsu Cho & Min-Jeong Shin. (2013) Contribution of dietary patterns to blood heavy metal concentrations in Korean adults: Findings from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2010. Food and Chemical Toxicology 62, pages 645-652.
Crossref
Magdalena Chelchowska, Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz, Katarzyna Jablonka-Salach, Joanna Gajewska, Tomasz M. Maciejewski, Ewa Bulska, Teresa Laskowska-Klita & Jerzy Leibschang. (2013) Tobacco Smoke Exposure During Pregnancy Increases Maternal Blood Lead Levels Affecting Neonate Birth Weight. Biological Trace Element Research 155:2, pages 169-175.
Crossref
Christopher Faulk, Amanda Barks, Kevin Liu, Jaclyn M Goodrich & Dana C Dolinoy. (2013) Early-life lead exposure results in dose- and sex-specific effects on weight and epigenetic gene regulation in weanling mice. Epigenomics 5:5, pages 487-500.
Crossref
Gerard Ngueta & Ruth Ndjaboue. (2013) Blood lead concentrations in sub-Saharan African children below 6 years: systematic review. Tropical Medicine & International Health 18:10, pages 1283-1291.
Crossref
Xiaohui Xu, Hui Hu, Amy B. Dailey, Greg Kearney, Evelyn O. Talbott & Robert L. Cook. (2013) Potential Health Impacts of Heavy Metals on HIV-Infected Population in USA. PLoS ONE 8:9, pages e74288.
Crossref
Milton F. Suarez-Ortegón, Mildrey Mosquera, Diana M. Caicedo, Cecilia Aguilar De Plata & Fabian Méndez. (2013) Nutrients intake as determinants of blood lead and cadmium levels in Colombian pregnant women. American Journal of Human Biology 25:3, pages 344-350.
Crossref
Miranda R. Jones, Benjamin J. Apelberg, Maria Tellez-Plaza, Jonathan M. Samet & Ana Navas-Acien. (2013) Menthol Cigarettes, Race/Ethnicity, and Biomarkers of Tobacco Use in U.S. Adults: The 1999–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 22:2, pages 224-232.
Crossref
A.Z. Pollack, S.L. Mumford, J. Wactawski-Wende, E. Yeung, P. Mendola, D.R. Mattison & E.F. Schisterman. (2013) Bone mineral density and blood metals in premenopausal women. Environmental Research 120, pages 76-81.
Crossref
Anna Z. Pollack, Enrique F. Schisterman, Lynn R. Goldman, Sunni L. Mumford, Neil J. Perkins, Michael S. Bloom, Carole B. Rudra, Richard W. Browne & Jean Wactawski-Wende. (2012) Relation of Blood Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Levels to Biomarkers of Lipid Peroxidation in Premenopausal Women. American Journal of Epidemiology 175:7, pages 645-652.
Crossref
Iman Al-Saleh, Neptune Shinwari, Abdullah Mashhour, Gamal El Din Mohamed & Abdullah Rabah. (2011) Heavy metals (lead, cadmium and mercury) in maternal, cord blood and placenta of healthy women. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 214:2, pages 79-101.
Crossref
Solrunn Hansen, Evert Nieboer, Torkjel M. Sandanger, Tom Wilsgaard, Yngvar Thomassen, Anna Sofia Veyhe & Jon Øyvind Odland. (2011) Changes in maternal blood concentrations of selected essential and toxic elements during and after pregnancy. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 13:8, pages 2143.
Crossref
Ana Maria Ronco, Yareni Gutierrez, Nuri Gras, Luis Muñoz, Gabriela Salazar & Miguel N. Llanos. (2009) Lead and Arsenic Levels in Women with Different Body Mass Composition. Biological Trace Element Research 136:3, pages 269-278.
Crossref
Marie Lynn Miranda, Sharon E. Edwards, Geeta K. Swamy, Christopher J. Paul & Brian Neelon. (2010) Blood Lead Levels Among Pregnant Women: Historical Versus Contemporaneous Exposures. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7:4, pages 1508-1519.
Crossref
Katarzyna Kordas, Adrienne S. Ettinger, Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa, Martha M. Tellez-Rojo, Mauricio Hérnandez-Avila, Howard Hu & Robert O. Wright. (2009) Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) C677T, A1298C and G1793A genotypes, and the relationship between maternal folate intake, tibia lead and infant size at birth . British Journal of Nutrition 102:6, pages 907-914.
Crossref
Alireza A. Shamshirsaz, Jerome Yankowitz, Asha Rijhsinghani, Andrea Greiner, Sarah A. Holstein & Jennifer R. Niebyl. (2009) Severe Lead Poisoning Caused by Use of Health Supplements Presenting as Acute Abdominal Pain During Pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology 114:2, pages 448-450.
Crossref
Adrienne S. Ettinger, Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa, Martha M. Téllez-Rojo, Adriana Mercado-García, Karen E. Peterson, Joel Schwartz, Howard Hu & Mauricio Hernández-Avila. (2009) Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Blood Lead Levels in Pregnancy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Environmental Health Perspectives 117:1, pages 26-31.
Crossref
Claudia S Riedt, Brian T Buckley, Robert E Brolin, Hasina Ambia-Sobhan, George G Rhoads & Sue A Shapses. (2008) Blood lead levels and bone turnover with weight reduction in women. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 19:1, pages 90-96.
Crossref
Orville Solon, Travis J. Riddell, Stella A. Quimbo, Elizabeth Butrick, Glen P. Aylward, Marife Lou Bacate & John W. Peabody. (2008) Associations between Cognitive Function, Blood Lead Concentration, and Nutrition among Children in the Central Philippines. The Journal of Pediatrics 152:2, pages 237-243.e1.
Crossref
Sandra D. Lane, Noah J. Webster, Brooke A. Levandowski, Robert A. Rubinstein, Robert H. Keefe, Martha A. Wojtowycz, Donald A. Cibula, Johanna E.F. Kingson & Richard H. Aubry. (2008) Environmental Injustice: Childhood Lead Poisoning, Teen Pregnancy, and Tobacco. Journal of Adolescent Health 42:1, pages 43-49.
Crossref
Yingjun Liao, Fei Yu, Yaping Jin, Chunwei Lu, Gexin Li, Xuping Zhi, Li An & Jun Yang. (2007) Selection of micronutrients used along with DMSA in the treatment of moderately lead intoxicated mice. Archives of Toxicology 82:1, pages 37-43.
Crossref
Barbara Hackley, Abigail Feinstein & Jane Dixon. (2007) Air Pollution: Impact on Maternal and Perinatal Health. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 52:5, pages 435-443.
Crossref
Edward F. KriegJr.Jr.. (2007) The relationships between blood lead levels and serum follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environmental Research 104:3, pages 374-382.
Crossref
Howard Hu, Regina Shih, Stephen Rothenberg & Brian S. Schwartz. (2007) The Epidemiology of Lead Toxicity in Adults: Measuring Dose and Consideration of Other Methodologic Issues. Environmental Health Perspectives 115:3, pages 455-462.
Crossref
Gary Rischitelli, Peggy Nygren, Christina Bougatsos, Michele Freeman & Mark Helfand. (2006) Screening for Elevated Lead Levels in Childhood and Pregnancy: An Updated Summary of Evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Pediatrics 118:6, pages e1867-e1895.
Crossref
Rachel Morello-Frosch & Edmond D. Shenassa. (2006) The Environmental “Riskscape” and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities. Environmental Health Perspectives 114:8, pages 1150-1153.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.