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Justice Quarterly Volume 23, 2006 - Issue 2
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Original Articles

Differential Suspicion: Theory Specification and Gender Effects in the Traffic Stop Context

Michael R. SmithCorrespondence[email protected]
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,
Matthew MakariosView further author information
&
Geoffrey P. AlpertView further author information
Pages 271-295 | Published online: 22 Aug 2006

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Sean G. Massey, Richard A. Kauffman, Mei-Hsiu Chen & Wangshu Tu. (2022) Race, excess suspicion, and larceny in Upstate NY. Criminal Justice Studies 35:3, pages 295-321.
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Sean McCandless & G. M. Vogler. (2020) “Habermasville”: Police–Community Intersections and Communicative Rationality. Administrative Theory & Praxis 42:4, pages 443-458.
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Mally Shechory Bitton & Liza Zvi. (2019) Chivalry and attractiveness bias in police officer forensic judgments in Israel. The Journal of Social Psychology 159:5, pages 503-517.
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Weston J. Morrow & John a. Shjarback. (2019) Police worldviews, unconscious bias, and their potential to contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in New York Police Department (NYPD) stops for reason of “furtive movement”. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 17:3, pages 269-298.
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Kathleen M. Donovan, Rob Tillyer & Charles F. Klahm$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2018) Understanding perceptions of citizen demeanour: using an experimental design to understand the impact of encounter and observer characteristics. Policing and Society 28:4, pages 480-496.
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Karen G. Weiss, Lynn A. Addington & James J. Nolan. (2018) Discretion and the Sex Dyad: Exploring the Interactive Effects of Offender and Victim Sex on Reporting and Arrest of One-on-One Assaultive Crime. Women & Criminal Justice 28:1, pages 1-18.
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Shaun A. Thomas, Kyle A. Burgason, Timothy Brown & Emily Berthelot. (2017) Is it all about race? Intergroup threat and perceptions of racial profiling. Criminal Justice Studies 30:4, pages 401-420.
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Mally Shechory-Bitton & Liza Zvi. (2016) Does Offenders’ Facial Attractiveness Affect Police Officers’ Judgment?. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law 23:4, pages 588-601.
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Angelo G. Constantinou. (2016) “Demystifying” the police: a participant observation study of police stops (and searches). International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 40:1, pages 79-99.
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Rob Tillyer. (2014) Opening the Black Box of Officer Decision-Making: An Examination of Race, Criminal History, and Discretionary Searches. Justice Quarterly 31:6, pages 961-985.
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RobinS. Engel, Rob Tillyer, CharlesF. Klahm IV & James Frank. (2012) From the Officer’s Perspective: A Multilevel Examination of Citizens’ Demeanor during Traffic Stops. Justice Quarterly 29:5, pages 650-683.
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RobinS. Engel. (2008) A Critique of the “Outcome Test” in Racial Profiling Research. Justice Quarterly 25:1, pages 1-36.
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Articles from other publishers (43)

Rob Tillyer, Michael R. Smith & Caleb D. Lloyd. (2021) May I Talk to You for a Minute? An Assessment of Street Stops and Officer Decision-Making. Crime & Delinquency 69:9, pages 1758-1784.
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Phillip Shon. (2023) ‘I Clocked You Going 50 In a 25’: A Discourse-Based Critique Of Police Procedural Justice Research Through A Sequential Exploration Of ‘Voice’ And Excuses In Traffic Encounters. The British Journal of Criminology.
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Jeffrey S Nowacki, David Makin, Dale Willits, Megan Parks & Rachael Brooks. (2023) Gender, police-community contacts, and situational outcomes. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 17.
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Miltonette O. Craig, Jonathan C. Reid & Kelsey L. Kramer. (2022) Vehicle Stops and Group Position: How Missouri Agencies Use Place and Race to Explain Disparities. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 38:4, pages 411-431.
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Liza Zvi & Mally Shechory-Bitton. (2022) In the eye of the beholder: Decision-making of lawyers in cases of sexual harassment. PLOS ONE 17:8, pages e0272606.
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Inès Saudelli, Sofie De Kimpe & Jenneke Christiaens. (2021) Police stops, suspicion and the influence of police department cultures: a look into the Belgian context. Journal of Organizational Ethnography 11:2, pages 98-115.
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Vijay F. Chillar. (2021) The Racial Divide at Micro Places: A Pre/Post Analysis of the Effects of the Newark Consent Decree on Field Inquiries (2015–2017). Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 59:2, pages 240-276.
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Lyndel Bates, Levi Anderson & Rebecca McLean. (2021) Exploring Young Drivers’ Perceptions of Procedurally Just Policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 15:3, pages 1933-1947.
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Roni Factor, Gal Kaplan-Harel, Rivka Turgeman & Simon Perry. (2020) Overcoming the benchmark problem in estimating bias in traffic enforcement: the use of automatic traffic enforcement cameras. Journal of Experimental Criminology 17:2, pages 217-237.
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Megan Welsh, Joshua Chanin & Stuart Henry. (2021) Complex Colorblindness in Police Processes and Practices. Social Problems 68:2, pages 374-392.
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Jason Carmichael, Jean-Denis David, Ann-Marie Helou & Colby Pereira. (2020) Determinants of Citizens’ Perceptions of Police Behavior During Traffic and Pedestrian Stops. Criminal Justice Review 46:1, pages 99-118.
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Ted B. Cunliffe, Carl B. Gacono & Jason M. Smith. 2021. Understanding Female Offenders. Understanding Female Offenders 33 112 .
Angelo G. ConstantinouAngelo G. Constantinou. 2021. Applied Research on Policing for Police. Applied Research on Policing for Police 51 67 .
Brooke M. Wagner. 2019. The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime. The Encyclopedia of Women and Crime 1 2 .
Anthony G. Vito, Elizabeth L. Grossi, Vanessa Woodward Griffin & George E. Higgins. (2019) Consent searches: understanding the role of race and what occurs during the traffic stop. Policing: An International Journal 42:4, pages 611-623.
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Rob Tillyer, Michael Smith & Caleb D. Lloyd. (2019) Another Piece of the Puzzle: The Importance of Officer Characteristics and Group Processes in Understanding Post-stop Outcomes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56:5, pages 736-779.
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Timothy Kang. (2019) The Transition to Adulthood of Contemporary Delinquent Adolescents. Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 5:2, pages 176-202.
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Steven F. Lehrer & Louis-Pierre Lepage. 2019. The Econometrics of Complex Survey Data. The Econometrics of Complex Survey Data 259 286 .
Madeleine Novich, Anne Li Kringen & Geoffrey Hunt. (2018) “They Can’t Search Her”: How Gender Imbalances in the Police Force Contribute to Perceptions of Procedural Unfairness. Feminist Criminology 13:3, pages 260-286.
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Travis A. Taniguchi, Joshua A. Hendrix, Alison Levin-Rector, Brian P. Aagaard, Kevin J. Strom & Stephanie A. Zimmer. (2017) Extending the Veil of Darkness Approach: An Examination of Racial Disproportionality in Traffic Stops in Durham, NC. Police Quarterly 20:4, pages 420-448.
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Anthony G. Vito, Elizabeth L. Grossi & George E. Higgins. (2017) The Issue of Racial Profiling in Traffic Stop Citations. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 33:4, pages 431-450.
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Étienne Blais1, Marie-Andrée Couture, Rémi Boivin & Brigitte Poirier. (2017) Pouvoir discrétionnaire, infractions routières et interventions policières. Criminologie 50:2, pages 257-279.
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Charles F. Klahm & Rob Tillyer. (2015) Rethinking the Measurement of Officer Experience and Its Role in Traffic Stop Searches. Police Quarterly 18:4, pages 343-367.
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Rob Tillyer & Charles F. KlahmIVIV. (2015) Discretionary Searches, the Impact of Passengers, and the Implications for Police–Minority Encounters. Criminal Justice Review 40:3, pages 378-396.
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Heidi S. Bonner. (2014) Police Officer Decision-making in Dispute Encounters: Digging Deeper into the ‘Black Box’. American Journal of Criminal Justice 40:3, pages 493-522.
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Decio Coviello & Nicola Persico. (2015) An Economic Analysis of Black-White Disparities in the New York Police Department’s Stop-and-Frisk Program. The Journal of Legal Studies 44:2, pages 315-360.
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Amy Farrell. (2011) Explaining Leniency. Crime & Delinquency 61:4, pages 509-537.
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Daniel J. Lytle. (2014) The Effects of Suspect Characteristics on Arrest: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice 42:6, pages 589-597.
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Andrea Allen. (2014) Campus Officers’ Explanations of Traffic Stop Sanctions. Police Quarterly 17:3, pages 276-301.
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Rob Tillyer & Robin S. Engel. (2010) The Impact of Drivers’ Race, Gender, and Age During Traffic Stops. Crime & Delinquency 59:3, pages 369-395.
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Rob Tillyer, Charles F. KlahmIVIV & Robin S. Engel. (2011) The Discretion to Search. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 28:2, pages 184-205.
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Kenneth J. Novak & Mitchell B. Chamlin. (2008) Racial Threat, Suspicion, and Police Behavior. Crime & Delinquency 58:2, pages 275-300.
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William Lally & Alfred DeMaris. (2011) Gender and Relational-Distance Effects in Arrests for Domestic Violence. Crime & Delinquency 58:1, pages 103-123.
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Rob TillyerCharles KlahmIVIV. (2011) Searching for Contraband: Assessing the Use of Discretion by Police Officers. Police Quarterly 14:2, pages 166-185.
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TAMMY RINEHART KOCHEL, DAVID B. WILSON & STEPHEN D. MASTROFSKI. (2011) EFFECT OF SUSPECT RACE ON OFFICERS’ ARREST DECISIONS*. Criminology 49:2, pages 473-512.
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Tsuen-Ho Hsu & Chu-Yin Chiang. (2011) Script Comparisons during Service Encounters in Fast-Food Chains. Tourism and Hospitality Research 11:1, pages 19-29.
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Christopher Barnum & Robert L. Perfetti. (2010) Race-Sensitive Choices by Police Officers in Traffic Stop Encounters. Police Quarterly 13:2, pages 180-208.
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Kameshwari Pothukuchi, Rayman Mohamed & David A. Gebben. (2008) Explaining disparities in food safety compliance by food stores: does community matter?. Agriculture and Human Values 25:3, pages 319-332.
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Terri L. Bowling, Jim Ruiz & Megan Staub. (2008) Drug Profiling in Louisiana: Ten Years Later. International Journal of Police Science & Management 10:2, pages 222-237.
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Gennaro F. Vito & William F. Walsh. (2008) Suspicion and Traffic Stops: Crime Control or Racial Profiling. International Journal of Police Science & Management 10:1, pages 89-100.
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Michael R. SmithGeoffrey P. Alpert. (2016) Explaining Police Bias. Criminal Justice and Behavior 34:10, pages 1262-1283.
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GEOFFREY P. ALPERT, ROGER G. DUNHAM & MICHAEL R. SMITH. (2007) INVESTIGATING RACIAL PROFILING BY THE MIAMI-DADE POLICE DEPARTMENT: A MULTIMETHOD APPROACH. Criminology & Public Policy 6:1, pages 25-55.
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Andrew Gelman, Alex Kiss & Jeffrey Fagan. (2006) An Analysis of the NYPD's Stop-And-Frisk Policy in the Context of Claims of Racial Bias. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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