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A Review on the Recovery of Titanium Dioxide from Ilmenite Ores by Direct Leaching Technologies

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Mohamed H. Ismael, Hesham S. Mohammed, Omneya M. El Hussaini & Mohamed F. El-Shahat. (2022) Electrosynthesis of titanium dioxide from sulfate leach liquors using solvent extraction/electrochemical deposition process. Separation Science and Technology 57:2, pages 238-255.
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Yulai Song, Zhihe Dou, Ting-an Zhang & Yan Liu. (2021) Research Progress on the Extractive Metallurgy of Titanium and Its Alloys. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 42:8, pages 535-551.
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Chao Chen, Tichang Sun, Chao Geng, Jue Kou & Jianguo Liu. (2021) Formation and Mechanism of Magnesium Titanate in the Process of Ilmenite Reduction. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 42:3, pages 162-171.
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Articles from other publishers (45)

G.N.T. Jayalath, U.G.T. Nishadini, H.M.B.N. Wickramasooriya, H.C.S. Subasinghe & Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake. (2024) Effect of mechanical activation and HNO3 pre-treatment of Pulmoddai ilmenite for the extraction of Ti and TiO2 using H2SO4, HCl, and KOH-assisted leaching. Hydrometallurgy 226, pages 106314.
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Belinga Belinga Cédric, Bisse Salomon Bertrant, Amaya Adama, Bokanda Ekoko Eric, Akono Daniel Florent, Ashukem Ethel Nkongho & Ekomane Emile. (2024) Origin and morphodynamic characterization of river sands, southwestern coast Cameroon: evidence from grain size, heavy minerals, and ilmenite chemistry. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 17:4.
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Rana R. El Sadda, Mai S. Eissa, Rokaya K. Elafndi, Elhossein A. Moawed, Mohamed M. El-Zahed & Hoda R. Saad. (2024) Synthesis and biological evaluation of titanium dioxide/thiopolyurethane composite: anticancer and antibacterial effects. BMC Chemistry 18:1.
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Jinshan Lu, Junxiong Zhan & Di Wang. (2024) Efficient Recycling of High-grade Concentrate Powders from Feldspar Slime Using Mechanochemically Assisted Acid Leaching. Waste and Biomass Valorization.
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Fakhri Akbar Maulana, Akhmad Herman Yuwono, Nofrijon Sofyan, Donanta Dhaneswara, Fairuz Septiningrum, Eka Nurhidayah, Alfian Noviyanto & Mudzakir Dioktyanto. (2024) Optimized Ilmenite Leachate by Wet Mechanical Activation for the Synthesis of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles through Sulfate Route. Nano Hybrids and Composites 42, pages 77-88.
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Carolina Nogueira da Silva, Liliani Pacheco Tavares Nazareth, Mônica Elizetti de Freitas & Ana Claudia Queiroz Ladeira. (2024) Sulphuric Acid Digestion of Anatase Concentrate. Mining 4:1, pages 79-90.
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Galymzhan Maldybayev, Argyn Korabayev, Rustam Sharipov, Khaldun M. Al Azzam, El-Sayed Negim, Omirserik Baigenzhenov, Aliya Alimzhanova, Mrutyunjay Panigrahi & Roza Shayakhmetova. (2024) Processing of titanium-containing ores for the production of titanium products: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 10:3, pages e24966.
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Yan Zhao, Liangying Wen, Yuefeng Zhang, Jianxin Wang & Zhongqing Yang. (2024) Study on the pyro-hydrolysis of CaCl2 with steam and CO2 by experiments and DFT calculation. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 683, pages 133075.
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Mohammad Hasan Sadeghi & Mohsen Nasr Esfahany. (2023) Variable Surface Reactivity Model for Leaching Kinetics of Activated Ilmenite Particles. JOM 76:1, pages 540-547.
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Md. Shohel Rana, Madhu Sudan Saha, Pradip Kumar Biswas, Md Shams Shahriar, Firoz Ahmed & Mohammad Nazim Zaman. (2023) Characterization and Upgrading of Low-grade Brahmaputra River Basin Ilmenite Concentrate: Exploring an Alternate Feedstock for Synthetic Rutile Preparation. JOM 75:12, pages 5773-5784.
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Yufeng Guo, Chao Wang, Shuai Wang, Feng Chen, Lingzhi Yang & Yu Zheng. (2023) Effect of Magnesium on the Mineral Phase Composition of Ilmenite in CO-CO2 Atmosphere Under Various Conditions. JOM.
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A. V. Kozhevnikova, E. S. Uvarova, N. A. Milevskii, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva & A. A. Voshkin. (2024) Isolation of Ti(IV) Concentrate from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering 57:5, pages 835-843.
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Wenbo Li, Qiyan Feng, Gordon Southam, Tao Jin & Ze Li. (2023) Changes in microbial community structure during the biooxidation of iron and inorganic/organic sulfur provide prediction of acid mine drainage from coal spoil. Science of The Total Environment 894, pages 164945.
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A. V. Kozhevnikova, E. S. Uvarova, N. A. Milevskii, Yu. A. Zakhodyaeva & A. A. Voshkin. (2023) Isolation of Ti(IV) Concentrate from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries. Теоретические основы химической технологии 57:5, pages 553-562.
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Shaik Saida, Banty Kumar, G. G. Roy, Sanchita Chakravarty & T. K. Kundu. (2023) Synthesis of TiO2 from the Low-Grade Ilmenite Using the Mechanical Activation and Reductive Pressure Leaching in Low-Concentration H2SO4. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 40:4, pages 1345-1355.
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UiJun Ko, Hamid Reza Javadinejad, Kyoung-Tae Park, Namhun Kwon & Jeoung Han Kim. (2023) Kinetic study of electrochemical deoxidation of commercially pure titanium in molten magnesium chloride. Journal of Materials Science 58:27, pages 11235-11251.
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Oishy Roy, Muhammad Shahriar Bashar, Syed A. M. Tofail, Ehtsham Ul Haq & Fahmida Gulshan. (2023) Tuning anatase to rutile ratio in nanocrystalline titania enriched from sustainable beach sand from Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. Surface and Interface Analysis 55:6-7, pages 526-535.
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Shaik Saida, Deepak Kumar Gorai & Tarun Kumar Kundu. (2023) A green process for the synthesis of porous TiO 2 from ilmenite ore using molten salt alkali decomposition for photocatalytic applications . RSC Sustainability 1:3, pages 592-598.
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Kyungsob Choi, Jong Gwan Ahn & Hyunsik Park. (2022) Reduction Behavior of Ilmenite Mud Waste in Roasting and High-Temperature Smelting Process. JOM 75:2, pages 549-556.
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M. Deniz Turan, Shoeleh Assemi, Rashid K. Nadirov, Galymzhan A. Karamyrzayev, Omirserik Baigenzhenov & Norman Toro. (2022) Selective Hydrochloric Acid Leaching of Zinc, Lead and Silver from Mechanically Activated Zinc Plant Residue. Russian Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals 63:5, pages 490-499.
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Cheng Liu, Jinxing Gu, Song Zhou, Binbin Qian, Barbara Etschmann, Jefferson Zhe Liu, Dunxi Yu & Lian Zhang. (2022) Silica-assisted pyro-hydrolysis of CaCl2 waste for the recovery of hydrochloric acid (HCl): Reaction pathways with the evolution of Ca(OH)Cl intermediate by experimental investigation and DFT modelling. Journal of Hazardous Materials 439, pages 129620.
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Chandima Sudantha Subasinghe, Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake, Barry Roser, Mithila Sudesh, Dilmi Upeksha Wijewardhana, Nishantha Attanayake & Jagath Pitawala. (2022) Global distribution, genesis, exploitation, applications, production, and demand of industrial heavy minerals. Arabian Journal of Geosciences 15:20.
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Piyumi Kodithuwakku, Dilushan R. Jayasundara, Imalka Munaweera, Randika Jayasinghe, Tharanga Thoradeniya, Manjula Weerasekera, Pulickel M. Ajayan & Nilwala Kottegoda. (2022) A review on recent developments in structural modification of TiO2 for food packaging applications. Progress in Solid State Chemistry 67, pages 100369.
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Yongjie Liu, Ran Xin, Fupeng He, Qingqing Hu, Xuyang Liu, Zhixiong You, Guibao Qiu & Xuewei Lv. (2022) Reduction and Nitridation Behaviors of Ilmenite with Clean Ammonia Energy. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 8:3, pages 1245-1256.
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Oleksandr Myslyvchenko, Roman Litvyn, Larisa Krushynska & Ostap Zgalat-Lozynskyy. (2022) Phase transformations of ilmenite ore during microwave treatment at a frequency of 2.45 GHz under the influence of sucrose. Materialia 22, pages 101417.
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Qin-qin Sui, Zhi-he Dou, Ting-an Zhang & Zhan-ning Yang. (2022) Study on the one-step acid conversion of the alkali conversion product of high titanium slag to prepare TiO2 of high purity. Hydrometallurgy 211, pages 105887.
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Qin-qin SUI, Zhi-he DOU & Ting-an ZHANG. (2022) Phase conversion and removal of impurities during oxygen-rich alkali conversion of high titanium slag. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 32:5, pages 1664-1676.
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Wei Lv, Feng Liu, Mansheng Chu, Xuewei Lv & Mansoor Barati. (2022) Recovery of Titania Slag and Iron from Semi-molten State Reduced Ilmenite Concentrate: Liberation Characteristics and Magnetic Separation. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 8:1, pages 228-238.
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Mohammad Hasan Sadeghi & Mohsen Nasr Esfahany. (2022) Development of a Safe and Environmentally Friendly Sulfate Process for the Production of Titanium Oxide. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 61:4, pages 1786-1796.
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Siti Asmidar Ibrahim, Nurul'Ain Jabit, Suhaina Ismail & Kamar Shah Ariffin. (2022) Distinctive characteristics of Cheniah river sand from Dungun, Terengganu Malaysia. Materials Today: Proceedings 66, pages 3008-3013.
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Charitha Thambiliyagodage & Ramanee Wijesekera. (2022) Ball milling – A green and sustainable technique for the preparation of titanium based materials from ilmenite. Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 5, pages 100236.
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Yubi Wang, Shengpeng Su, Bingbing Liu, Guihong Han & Yanfang Huang. 2022. Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2022. Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2022 71 80 .
Charitha Thambiliyagodage, Ramanee Wijesekera & Martin G. Bakker. (2021) Leaching of ilmenite to produce titanium based materials: a review. Discover Materials 1:1.
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Nesrine Jaouabi, Wala Medfai, Marouan Khalifa, Rabia Benabderrahmane Zaghouani & Hatem Ezzaouia. (2021) Low-cost thermo-chemical process of TiO 2 powder purification: study of iterative gettering effect . The European Physical Journal Applied Physics 96:2, pages 20901.
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H. C. S. Subasinghe, Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake & K. A. G. Sameera. (2021) State-of-the-art and perspectives in the heavy mineral industry of Sri Lanka. Mineral Economics 34:3, pages 427-439.
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Zihao Chen, Xinying Huang, Huan He, Jielin Tang, Xiuxiang Tao, Huazhou Huang, Rizwan Haider, Muhammad Ishtiaq Ali, Asif Jamal & Zaixing Huang. (2021) Bioleaching Coal Gangue with a Mixed Culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans. Minerals 11:10, pages 1043.
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Deepak Nayak, Nigamananda Ray, Nilima Dash, Swagat S. Rath, Soobhankar Pati & Partha S. De. (2021) An Optimal Route for the Preparation of Metallized Composite Pellets from Ilmenite Concentrate. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 7:3, pages 1102-1115.
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Hancheng Mao, Chuanlin Fan, Guangchao Du & Qingshan Zhu. (2021) Chemical and morphological transformation of ilmenite during modification roasting with chlorine in fluidized bed. Journal of Materials Research and Technology 12, pages 2285-2297.
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Shibo Shao, Jialin Yu, Jason B. Love & Xianfeng Fan. (2021) An economic approach to produce iron doped TiO2 nanorods from ilmenite for photocatalytic applications. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 858, pages 158388.
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Avishek Kumar Gupta, Matti Aula, Jouni Pihlasalo, Pasi Mäkelä, Marko Huttula & Timo Fabritius. (2021) Preparation of Synthetic Titania Slag Relevant to the Industrial Smelting Process Using an Induction Furnace. Applied Sciences 11:3, pages 1153.
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M.P. Izaak, Y.E. Gunanto, H. Sitompul & W.A. Adi. (2021) The optimation of increasing TiO2 purity through a multi-level hydrometallurgical process. Materials Today: Proceedings 44, pages 3253-3257.
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Seunghyun Kim, Ha Bich Trinh & Jaeryeong Lee. (2020) Titanium Dioxide Recovery from Soda-roasted Spent SCR Catalysts through Sulphuric Acid Leaching and Hydrolysis Precipitation. Journal of the Korean Institute of Resources Recycling 29:5, pages 48-54.
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Dong Hyeon Kim, Jung Ho Heo, Hyun Sik Park, Jin Kyung Kim & Joo Hyun Park. (2020) Improving the production efficiency of high-titania slag in Ti extraction process: fluxing effect on formation of pseudobrookite. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Mario H. Rodriguez, Gustavo D. Rosales, Eliana G. Pinna, Fernando M. Tunez & Norman Toro. (2020) Extraction of Titanium from Low-Grade Ore with Different Leaching Agents in Autoclave. Metals 10:4, pages 497.
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Oleksandr Myslyvchenko, Roman Litvyn, Larisa Krushynska & Ostap Zgalat-Lozynskyy. (2022) Phase Transformations of Ilmenite Ore During Microwave Treatment at a Frequency of 2.45 Ghz Under the Influence of Sucrose. SSRN Electronic Journal.
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