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Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review
An International Journal
Volume 14, 1995 - Issue 3-4
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Original Articles

Cyanide and Other Lixiviant Leaching Systems for Gold with Some Practical Applications

GRAHAM J. SPARROW Project Manager, CSIRO Division of Minerals, P.O. Box 124, Port Melbourne, Vic, 3207, Australia
&
JAMES T. WOODCOCK Honorary Fellow, CSIRO Division of Minerals, P.O. Box 124, Port Melbourne, Vic, 3207, Australia
Pages 193-247 | Received 26 Jun 1995, Accepted 01 Sep 1995, Published online: 10 Jun 2010

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Elahe Karami, Laura Kuhar, Andrej Bona & Aleksandar N. Nikoloski. (2023) Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Ultrasound on Lixiviant Ion Migration in In-Situ Recovery Processing. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 0:0, pages 1-8.
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Esra Tanısalı, Mustafa Özer & Fırat Burat. (2021) Precious Metals Recovery from Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Gravity Separation and Leaching. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 42:1, pages 24-37.
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C J Liang & J Y Li. (2019) Recovery of gold in iodine-iodide system – a review. Separation Science and Technology 54:6, pages 1055-1066.
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X. M. Zhang & G. Senanayake. (2016) A Review of Ammoniacal Thiosulfate Leaching of Gold: An Update Useful for Further Research in Non-cyanide Gold Lixiviants. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 37:6, pages 385-411.
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Saltanat Sabitovna Konyratbekova, Aliya Baikonurova & Ata Akcil. (2015) Non-cyanide Leaching Processes in Gold Hydrometallurgy and Iodine-Iodide Applications: A Review. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 36:3, pages 198-212.
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WilliamK. Buah & PaulT. Williams. (2010) Activated carbons prepared from refuse derived fuel and their gold adsorption characteristics. Environmental Technology 31:2, pages 125-137.
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Jinshan Li & JanD. Miller. (2006) A REVIEW OF GOLD LEACHING IN ACID THIOUREA SOLUTIONS. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review 27:3, pages 177-214.
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D. M. Muir & M. G. Aylmore. (2004) Thiosulphate as an alternative to cyanide for gold processing – issues and impediments. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy 113:1, pages 2-12.
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Articles from other publishers (47)

Junnan Chen, Feng Xie, Wei Wang, Yan Fu & Jian Wang. (2023) Leaching of Gold with Copper–Tartrate–Thiosulfate Solutions. Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals 76:12, pages 3403-3410.
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Michaela Sudova, Maria Kanuchova, Martin Sisol, Lubica Kozakova, Michal Marcin & Tomas Holub. (2023) Possibilities for the Environmental Processing of Gold-Bearing Ores. Separations 10:7, pages 384.
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Mojtaba Sarvar, Ziaedin Shafaei Tonkaboni, Mohammad Noaparast, Ali Reza Badiei & Ahmad Amiri. (2023) Application of amino acids for gold leaching: Effective parameters and the role of amino acid structure. Journal of Cleaner Production 391, pages 136123.
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Wen-wen HAN, Hong-ying YANG & Lin-lin TONG. (2022) Cyanide removal for ultrafine gold cyanide residues by chemical oxidation methods. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 32:12, pages 4129-4138.
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Junnan Chen, Feng Xie, Wei Wang, Yan Fu & Jian Wang. (2022) Leaching of Gold and Silver from a Complex Sulfide Concentrate in Copper-Tartrate-Thiosulfate Solutions. Metals 12:7, pages 1152.
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Jun-nan Chen, Feng Xie, Wei Wang, Yan Fu & Jian Wang. (2022) Leaching of a carbonaceous gold concentrate in copper-tartrate-thiosulfate solutions. Minerals Engineering 183, pages 107605.
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Ramón Arellano-Piña, Elvia Angélica Sanchez-Ramirez, Roberto Pérez-Garibay & Mario Corona-Arroyo. (2021) Effect of NaCN:ZnSO4 Mixture Molar Ratio and Particle-Size Distribution on Pb-Zn and Fe Selective Separation by Froth Flotation. JOM 74:1, pages 36-46.
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Sean McCarthy, Alvin Lee Wei Jie, D. Christopher Braddock, Angela Serpe & James D. E. T. Wilton-Ely. (2021) From Waste to Green Applications: The Use of Recovered Gold and Palladium in Catalysis. Molecules 26:17, pages 5217.
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P. Torkaman, M.M. Veiga, L.R.P. de Andrade Lima, L.A. Oliveira, J.S. Motta, J.L. Jesus & L.M. Lavkulich. (2021) Leaching gold with cassava: An option to eliminate mercury use in artisanal gold mining. Journal of Cleaner Production 311, pages 127531.
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Z. Gamiño-Arroyo, D. Pareau, A. Buch, F.I. Gomez-Castro, L.E. Sánchez-Cadena, M. Stambouli, J. El Bekri & M. Avila-Rodriguez. (2021) Design of Multistage Extraction System for Simultaneous Separation of Silver and Gold from Thiourea Solutions. Chemical Engineering and Processing - Process Intensification 164, pages 108391.
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Mohammed R. Ahmed, Hesham S. Mohammed, Mohamed G. El-Feky & Yasser K. Abdel-Monem. (2020) Gold Leaching Using Thiourea from Uranium Tailing Material, Gabal El-Missikat, Central Eastern Desert, Egypt. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 6:4, pages 599-611.
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Yunlong Chen, Futing Zi, Xianzhi Hu, Yue Lin, Huanhuan Du, Jue Hu, Peng Yang, Yan Zhang & Baoming Yang. (2020) The first effective utilization of activated carbon in gold thiosulfate system: A more eco-friendly, easier method for gold recovery and material regeneration. Minerals Engineering 155, pages 106441.
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N.D. Ilankoon, C. Aldrich, E.A. Oraby & J.J. Eksteen. (2020) Use of polyethylenimine functionalised magnetic nanoparticles for gold thiosulfate recovery. Hydrometallurgy 195, pages 105375.
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He-fei Zhao, Hong-ying Yang, Lin-lin Tong, Qin Zhang & Ye Kong. (2020) Biooxidation-thiosulfate leaching of refractory gold concentrate. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 27:8, pages 1075-1082.
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Xiaoliang Liu, Tao Jiang, Bin Xu, Yan Zhang, Qian Li, Yongbin Yang & Yinghe He. (2020) Thiosulphate leaching of gold in the Cu–NH3–S2O32−–H2O system: An updated thermodynamic analysis using predominance area and species distribution diagrams. Minerals Engineering 151, pages 106336.
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Chun-bao Sun, Xiao-liang Zhang, Jue Kou & Yi Xing. (2020) A review of gold extraction using noncyanide lixiviants: Fundamentals, advancements, and challenges toward alkaline sulfur-containing leaching agents. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 27:4, pages 417-431.
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Juan C. Betancur, Paula M. Montoya & Jorge A. Calderón. (2019) Gold recovery from ammonia-thiosulfate leaching solution assisted by PEI-functionalized magnetite nanoparticles. Hydrometallurgy 189, pages 105128.
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Luis Andrés Betancourt-Buitrago, Aracely Hernandez-Ramirez, Jose Angel Colina-Marquez, Ciro Fernando Bustillo-Lecompte, Lars Rehmann & Fiderman Machuca-Martinez. (2019) Recent Developments in the Photocatalytic Treatment of Cyanide Wastewater: An Approach to Remediation and Recovery of Metals. Processes 7:4, pages 225.
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Fatimah A. M. Al-Zahrani. (2019) Selective “Turn-On” Fluorescent Sensor for Cyanide in Aqueous Environment and Test Strips. Journal of Fluorescence 29:1, pages 1-8.
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A. Mohebbi, A. Abolghasemi Mahani & A. Izadi. 2019. Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in Chemical and Food Industries. Applications of Ion Exchange Materials in Chemical and Food Industries 193 258 .
Laura L. Kuhar, Paul L. Breuer, Nawshad Haque & David J. Robinson. (2018) Considerations and potential economic advantages for the in-situ recovery of gold from deep, hard-rock deposits. Minerals Engineering 121, pages 14-22.
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Junmo Ahn, Jiajia Wu & Jaeheon Lee. 2018. Extraction 2018. Extraction 2018 1257 1265 .
Mertol Gökelma, Alexander Birich, Srecko Stopic & Bernd Friedrich. (2016) A Review on Alternative Gold Recovery Re-agents to Cyanide. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 04:08, pages 8-17.
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M.G. Aylmore. 2016. Gold Ore Processing. Gold Ore Processing 447 484 .
C.N. Mpinga, J.J. Eksteen, C. Aldrich & L. Dyer. (2015) Direct leach approaches to Platinum Group Metal (PGM) ores and concentrates: A review. Minerals Engineering 78, pages 93-113.
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Hisham K. Fouad, Randa M. Elrakaiby & Mohamed D. Hashim. (2015) The Application of Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Gold Determination in Some of Its Bearing Rocks. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 06:05, pages 411-421.
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J.J. Eksteen & E.A. Oraby. (2015) The leaching and adsorption of gold using low concentration amino acids and hydrogen peroxide: Effect of catalytic ions, sulphide minerals and amino acid type. Minerals Engineering 70, pages 36-42.
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Bao Guo, Yongjun Peng & Rodolfo Espinosa-Gomez. (2014) Cyanide chemistry and its effect on mineral flotation. Minerals Engineering 66-68, pages 25-32.
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G. Ofori-Sarpong & K. Osseo-Asare. (2013) Preg-robbing of gold from cyanide and non-cyanide complexes: Effect of fungi pretreatment of carbonaceous matter. International Journal of Mineral Processing 119, pages 27-33.
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Dingwu Feng, John L. Provis & Jannie S.J. van Deventer. (2013) Adsorption of gold on albite in acidic chloride media. Hydrometallurgy 134-135, pages 32-39.
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William K. Buah & Paul T. Williams. (2012) Agricultural waste biomass converted to activated carbon as a material for gold processing. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 14:4, pages 396-402.
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Morteza Baghalha. (2012) The leaching kinetics of an oxide gold ore with iodide/iodine solutions. Hydrometallurgy 113-114, pages 42-50.
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Mojtaba Saba, Ali MohammadYousefi, Fereshteh Rashchi & Javad Moghaddam. (2011) Diagnostic pre-treatment procedure for simultaneous cyanide leaching of gold and silver from a refractory gold/silver ore. Minerals Engineering 24:15, pages 1703-1709.
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Barbara E. Etschmann, Jay R. Black, Pascal V. Grundler, Stacey Borg, Dale Brewe, D. C. McPhail, Leone Spiccia & Joël Brugger. (2011) Copper(i) speciation in mixed thiosulfate-chloride and ammonia-chloride solutions: XAS and UV-Visible spectroscopic studies. RSC Advances 1:8, pages 1554.
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F. Rodríguez, M. M. Castillo‐Ortega, J. C. Encinas, V. M. Sánchez‐Corrales, M. Pérez‐Tello & G. T. Munive. (2009) Adsorption of a gold‐iodide complex (AuI 2 − ) onto cellulose acetate‐polyaniline membranes: Equilibrium experiments . Journal of Applied Polymer Science 113:4, pages 2670-2674.
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José R. Parga, Jesús L. Valenzuela & Cepeda T. Francisco. (2007) Pressure cyanide leaching for precious metals recovery. JOM 59:10, pages 43-47.
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Morteza Baghalha. (2007) Leaching of an oxide gold ore with chloride/hypochlorite solutions. International Journal of Mineral Processing 82:4, pages 178-186.
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Zhike Wang, Donghui Chen & Liang Chen. (2007) Gold cementation from thiocyanate solutions by iron powder. Minerals Engineering 20:6, pages 581-590.
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M.G. Aylmore. 2005. Advances in Gold Ore Processing. Advances in Gold Ore Processing 501 539 .
Adam J. Fischmann, Andrew C. Warden, Jay Black & Leone Spiccia. (2004) Synthesis, Characterization, and Structures of Copper(II)−Thiosulfate Complexes Incorporating Tripodal Tetraamine Ligands. Inorganic Chemistry 43:21, pages 6568-6578.
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G. Senanayake. (2004) Gold leaching in non-cyanide lixiviant systems: critical issues on fundamentals and applications. Minerals Engineering 17:6, pages 785-801.
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W. Nimal Perera & Glenn Hefter. (2003) Mononuclear Cyano- and Hydroxo-Complexes of Iron(III). Inorganic Chemistry 42:19, pages 5917-5923.
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John W. O'Reilly, Greg W. Dicinoski, Yasuyuki Miura & Paul R. Haddad. (2003) Separation of thiosulfate and the polythionates in gold thiosulfate leach solutions by capillary electrophoresis. ELECTROPHORESIS 24:12-13, pages 2228-2234.
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Andrew C Grosse, Greg W Dicinoski, Matthew J Shaw & Paul R Haddad. (2003) Leaching and recovery of gold using ammoniacal thiosulfate leach liquors (a review). Hydrometallurgy 69:1-3, pages 1-21.
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M.G Aylmore & D.M Muir. (2001) Thiosulfate leaching of gold—A review. Minerals Engineering 14:2, pages 135-174.
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G. A. Munoz & J. D. Miller. (2000) Noncyanide leaching of an auriferous pyrite ore from Ecuador. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 17:3, pages 198-204.
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