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Autoimmunity Volume 36, 2003 - Issue 5
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Original Article

Review
Does the “Hygiene Hypothesis” Provide an Explanation for the High Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in Sardinia?

Sotgiu Stefano Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 10;, I-07100, Sassari, Italy
,
Pugliatti Maura Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 10;, I-07100, Sassari, Italy
,
Sotgiu Alessandra Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 10;, I-07100, Sassari, Italy
,
Sanna Alessandra Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 10;, I-07100, Sassari, Italy
&
Rosati Giulio Institute of Clinical Neurology, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro, 10;, I-07100, Sassari, ItalyCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 257-260 | Received 25 Mar 2003, Accepted 17 Apr 2003, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

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Giovanni Mario Pes, Stefano Bibbò & Maria Pina Dore. (2019) Coeliac disease: beyond genetic susceptibility and gluten. A narrative review. Annals of Medicine 51:1, pages 1-16.
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Ashton F. Embry. (2004) The Multiple Factors of Multiple Sclerosis: A Darwinian Perspective. Journal of Nutritional & Environmental Medicine 14:4, pages 307-317.
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James Joseph McDonald, Belinda Weller, Martin O'Neil, Chrissie Waters & Jonathan O'Riordan. (2019) Latitudinal variation in MS incidence in Scotland. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 32, pages 116-122.
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Magnus Spangsberg Boesen, Melinda Magyari, Nils Koch-Henriksen, Lau Caspar Thygesen, Alfred Peter Born, Peter Vilhelm Uldall & Morten Blinkenberg. (2017) Pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis and other acquired demyelinating syndromes of the central nervous system in Denmark during 1977–2015: A nationwide population-based incidence study. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 24:8, pages 1077-1086.
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Cemal Cingi & Nuray Bayar Muluk. (2017) Hygiene Hypothesis: What Is the Current Thinking?. Current Otorhinolaryngology Reports 5:3, pages 175-180.
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Maria Grazia Clemente, Fulvia Frau, Matilde Bernasconi, Maria Doloretta Macis, Lucia Cicotto, Giampaolo Pilleri, Stefano De Virgiliis, Paolo Castiglia & Patrizia Farci. (2017) Distinctive HLA‐II association with primary biliary cholangitis on the Island of Sardinia. United European Gastroenterology Journal 5:4, pages 527-531.
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Silvia Dell’Avvento, Maria Alessandra Sotgiu, Salvatorica Manca, Giovanni Sotgiu & Stefano Sotgiu. (2015) Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in the pediatric population of Sardinia, Italy. European Journal of Pediatrics 175:1, pages 19-29.
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Mathilde Versini, Pierre-Yves Jeandel, Tomer Bashi, Giorgia Bizzaro, Miri Blank & Yehuda Shoenfeld. (2015) Unraveling the Hygiene Hypothesis of helminthes and autoimmunity: origins, pathophysiology, and clinical applications. BMC Medicine 13:1.
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Neeta Garg & Thomas W. Smith. (2015) An update on immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of multiple sclerosis. Brain and Behavior 5:9.
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Jorge CorrealeMauricio F Farez. (2017) The impact of environmental infections (parasites) on MS activity. Multiple Sclerosis Journal 17:10, pages 1162-1169.
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Anne-Louise PonsonbyAnn Maree Hughes & Robyn Marjorie Lucas. (2011) The ‘hygiene hypothesis’ and the development of multiple sclerosis. Neurodegenerative Disease Management 1:4, pages 285-294.
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Peizhong Mao & P. Hemachandra Reddy. (2010) Is multiple sclerosis a mitochondrial disease?. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease 1802:1, pages 66-79.
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Stefano Sotgiu & Salvatore Musumeci. (2009) Chitotriosidase in Multiple Sclerosis. Clinical Immunology 133:2, pages 282-283.
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Alessandro Mathieu, Fabiana Paladini, Alessandra Vacca, Alberto Cauli, Maria Teresa Fiorillo & Rosa Sorrentino. (2009) The interplay between the geographic distribution of HLA-B27 alleles and their role in infectious and autoimmune diseases: A unifying hypothesis. Autoimmunity Reviews 8:5, pages 420-425.
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Jorge Correale. 2009. The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine. The Hygiene Hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine 135 148 .
Jorge R. Oksenberg, Sergio E. Baranzini, Stephen Sawcer & Stephen L. Hauser. (2008) The genetics of multiple sclerosis: SNPs to pathways to pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Genetics 9:7, pages 516-526.
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F Weber, B Fontaine, I Cournu-Rebeix, A Kroner, M Knop, S Lutz, F Müller-Sarnowski, M Uhr, T Bettecken, M Kohli, S Ripke, M Ising, P Rieckmann, D Brassat, G Semana, M-C Babron, S Mrejen, C Gout, O Lyon-Caen, J Yaouanq, G Edan, M Clanet, F Holsboer, F Clerget-Darpoux & B Müller-Myhsok. (2008) IL2RA and IL7RA genes confer susceptibility for multiple sclerosis in two independent European populations. Genes & Immunity 9:3, pages 259-263.
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Stefano Sotgiu, Andrea Angius, Ashton Embry, Giulio Rosati & Salvatore Musumeci. (2008) Hygiene hypothesis: Innate immunity, malaria and multiple sclerosis. Medical Hypotheses 70:4, pages 819-825.
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Joost J. Smit, Louis Boon & Nicholas W. Lukacs. (2007) Respiratory Virus-Induced Regulation of Asthma-Like Responses in Mice Depends upon CD8 T Cells and Interferon-γ Production. The American Journal of Pathology 171:6, pages 1944-1951.
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Bilal A. Choudry & Jane W. Chan. (2016) An Update on Monoclonal Antibody Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis. Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20:2, pages 167-180.
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. Fernndez Fernndez & V.E. Fernndez. (2007) Enfermedades desmielinizantes del sistema nervioso central. Concepto. Clasificaci?n. Epidemiolog?a. Valoraci?n socioecon?mica. Medicine - Programa de Formaci?n M?dica Continuada Acreditado 9:76, pages 4859-4866.
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Stephen L. Hauser & Jorge R. Oksenberg. (2006) The Neurobiology of Multiple Sclerosis: Genes, Inflammation, and Neurodegeneration. Neuron 52:1, pages 61-76.
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Stefano Sotgiu, M. Pugliatti, M. A. Sotgiu, M. L. Fois, G. Arru, A. Sanna & G. Rosati. (2005) Seasonal fluctuation of multiple sclerosis births in Sardinia. Journal of Neurology 253:1, pages 38-44.
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A Dessa Sadovnick, Irene ML Yee & George C Ebers. (2005) Multiple sclerosis and birth order: a longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet Neurology 4:10, pages 611-617.
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J R Oksenberg & L F Barcellos. (2005) Multiple sclerosis genetics: leaving no stone unturned. Genes & Immunity 6:5, pages 375-387.
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Stefano Sotgiu, Maura Pugliatti, Maria Laura Fois, Giannina Arru, Alessandra Sanna, Maria Alessandra Sotgiu & Giulio Rosati. (2004) Genes, environment, and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Neurobiology of Disease 17:2, pages 131-143.
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Sergio Romagnani. (2004) The increased prevalence of allergy and the hygiene hypothesis: missing immune deviation, reduced immune suppression, or both?. Immunology 112:3, pages 352-363.
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