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Original Articles

Breaking Bad News 1: Current Best Advice for Clinicians

Pages 53-59 | Published online: 25 Mar 2010

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (12)

Yasmina Kebir & Valérie Saint-Dizier de Almeida. (2023) Identifying the Structural and Functional Dimensions of Chronic Disease Follow-Up Interviews. Health Communication 38:14, pages 3163-3177.
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Dafna Meitar & Orit Karnieli-Miller. (2022) Twelve tips to manage a breaking bad news process: Using S-P-w-ICE-S – A revised version of the SPIKES protocol. Medical Teacher 44:10, pages 1087-1091.
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Reza D. Mirza, Melody Ren, Arnav Agarwal & Gordon H. Guyatt. (2019) Assessing Patient Perspectives on Receiving Bad News: A Survey of 1337 Patients With Life-Changing Diagnoses. AJOB Empirical Bioethics 10:1, pages 36-43.
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Ottilia Brown, Veonna Goliath, Dalena R. M. van Rooyen, Colleen Aldous & Leonard Charles Marais. (2017) Strategies and challenges for communicating the diagnosis of cancer in cross-cultural clinical settings—Perspectives from South African healthcare professionals. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 35:6, pages 758-775.
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Hélène Lefebvre & Marie Josée Levert. (2006) Breaking the news of traumatic brain injury and incapacities. Brain Injury 20:7, pages 711-718.
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Ann Wakefield, Simon Cocksedge & Caroline Boggis. (2006) Breaking bad news: qualitative evaluation of an interprofessional learning opportunity. Medical Teacher 28:1, pages 53-58.
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Milica Markovic , Lenore Manderson, Natalie Wray & Michael Quinn. (2004) ‘He’s telling us something’. Anthropology & Medicine 11:3, pages 327-341.
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Paul S. Mueller. (2002) Breaking bad news to patients. Postgraduate Medicine 112:3, pages 15-18.
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Stan A. Kaplowitz, Shelly Campo & Wai Tat Chiu. (2002) Cancer Patients' Desires for Communication of Prognosis Information. Health Communication 14:2, pages 221-241.
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K. Sullivan & F. O'Conor. (2001) Should a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease be disclosed?. Aging & Mental Health 5:4, pages 340-348.
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Maria J. Friedrichsen, Peter M. Strang, Maria E. Carlsson. (2000) Cancer Patients' Perceptions of Their Participation and Own Resources after Receiving Information about Discontinuation of Active Tumour Treatment. Acta Oncologica 39:8, pages 919-925.
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Peter M Ellis & Martin H N Tattersall. (1999) How should doctors communicate the diagnosis of cancer to patients?. Annals of Medicine 31:5, pages 336-341.
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Articles from other publishers (100)

Orit Karnieli-Miller, Michal Palombo & Nathaniel Laor. (2023) The hidden curriculum of breaking bad news: Identification of three dimensions and four communication patterns. Patient Education and Counseling 114, pages 107807.
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Orit Karnieli-Miller, Sharon Pelles & Dafna Meitar. (2022) Position paper: Teaching breaking bad news (BBN) to undergraduate medical students. Patient Education and Counseling 105:9, pages 2899-2904.
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Kátia Laureano dos Santos, Paola Gremigni, Giulia Casu, Victor Zaia & Erik Montagna. (2021) Development and validation of The Breaking Bad News Attitudes Scale. BMC Medical Education 21:1.
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Shemana Cassim, Jacquie Kidd, Rawiri Keenan, Karen Middleton, Anna Rolleston, Brendan Hokowhitu, Melissa Firth, Denise Aitken, Janice Wong & Ross Lawrenson. (2021) Indigenous perspectives on breaking bad news: ethical considerations for healthcare providers. Journal of Medical Ethics 47:12, pages e62-e62.
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Doron Amsalem, Andrés Martin, Mariela Mosheva, Omer Soul, Liran Korotkin, Amitai Ziv, Doron Gothelf & Raz Gross. (2021) Delivering Difficult News: Simulation-Enhanced Training Improves Psychiatry Residents' Clinical Communication Skills. Frontiers in Psychiatry 12.
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Elizabeth P. Howell, Jonathan Fischer, Fidel A. Valea & Brittany A. Davidson. (2020) Communication Matters: a Survey Study of Communication Didactics in Obstetrics/Gynecology Residency. Medical Science Educator 30:3, pages 1069-1076.
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Valerie Carrard, Céline Bourquin, Friedrich Stiefel, Marianne Schmid Mast & Alexandre Berney. (2019) Undergraduate training in breaking bad news: A continuation study exploring the patient perspective. Psycho-Oncology 29:2, pages 398-405.
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Sophie Lewis, Alex Broom, Katherine Kenny & Emma Kirby. (2020) Cancer caregivers’ experiences of prognosis in Australia: a qualitative interview study. BMJ Open 10:1, pages e032361.
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David M. Vail, Douglas H. Thamm & Julias M. Liptak. 2020. Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology. Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology 286 329 .
Anne Herrmann, Rob Sanson-Fisher & Alix Hall. (2019) Not having adequate time to make a treatment decision can impact on cancer patients’ care experience: Results of a cross-sectional study. Patient Education and Counseling 102:11, pages 1957-1960.
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ÖNDER İLGİLİ, Arif Onan & Orhan Odabaşı. (2019) Kötü Haber Verme Becerisi Eğitiminin SPIKES Yaklaşımı Işığında Değerlendirilmesi. STED / Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, pages 410-417.
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Kenneth Nunn. (2019) Delivering bad news. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 55:6, pages 617-620.
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A. Liénard, A. Hertay, S. Konings & D. Razavi. 2019. Psycho-Oncologie de L'adulte. Psycho-Oncologie de L'adulte 431 445 .
Selda YARDIM & Yeşim ŞENOL. (2018) Kötü Haber Vermede İletişim BecerileriCommunication Skills In Breaking Bad News. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası 17:53, pages 60-68.
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David Schwan. (2018) Should physicians be empathetic? Rethinking clinical empathy. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 39:5, pages 347-360.
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Matthys H. Botha, Shalini Rajaram & Kanishka Karunaratne. (2018) Cancer in pregnancy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 143:S2, pages 137-142.
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Anne-Christine Rat, Laetitia Ricci, Francis Guillemin, Camille Ricatte, Manon Pongy, Rachel Vieux, Elisabeth Spitz & Laurent Muller. (2018) Development of a Web-Based Formative Self-Assessment Tool for Physicians to Practice Breaking Bad News (BRADNET). JMIR Medical Education 4:2, pages e17.
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Ottilia Brown, Veonna Goliath, Dalena R.M. van Rooyen, Colleen Aldous & Leonard C. Marais. (2018) Cultural factors that influence the treatment of osteosarcoma in Zulu patients: Healthcare professionals’ perspectives and strategies. Health SA Gesondheid 23.
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Orit Karnieli-Miller, Michal Palombo & Dafna Meitar. (2018) See, reflect, learn more: qualitative analysis of breaking bad news reflective narratives. Medical Education 52:5, pages 497-512.
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Amy Waller & Balakrishnan Kichu R. Nair. 2018. Geriatric Medicine. Geriatric Medicine 295 306 .
Alexandre Berney, Valérie Carrard, Marianne Schmid Mast, Raphael Bonvin, Friedrich Stiefel & Céline Bourquin. (2017) Individual training at the undergraduate level to promote competence in breaking bad news in oncology. Psycho-Oncology 26:12, pages 2232-2237.
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Frans Derksen, Tim C. Olde Hartman, Annelies van Dijk, Annette Plouvier, Jozien Bensing & Antoine Lagro-Janssen. (2017) Consequences of the presence and absence of empathy during consultations in primary care: A focus group study with patients. Patient Education and Counseling 100:5, pages 987-993.
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Jamal ZekriSyed Mustafa Karim. (2016) Breaking Cancer Bad News to Patients With Cancer: A Comprehensive Perspective of Patients, Their Relatives, and the Public—Example From a Middle Eastern Country. Journal of Global Oncology 2:5, pages 268-274.
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Kanishka Karunaratne, Samanthi Premaratne, Chintana Hapuachchige & Himali Ihalagama. (2016) Counselling pregnant women with cancer. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 33, pages 117-123.
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Nina Mishelmovich, Anne Arber & Anki Odelius. (2016) Breaking significant news: The experience of clinical nurse specialists in cancer and palliative care. European Journal of Oncology Nursing 21, pages 153-159.
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Şeyda Dülgerler & Olcay Çam. (2016) The Process Of Truth Telling And Nursing Approach In Cancer PatientsKanser Tanısı Konan Hastalarda Tanıyı Söyleme Süreci Ve Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. Kocaeli Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi 2:1, pages 15-19.
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Jérôme Gauvin-Lepage, Hélène Lefebvre & Denise Malo. (2017) LA RÉSILIENCE FAMILIALE : ESSAI DE DÉFINITION À PARTIR D’UNE PERSPECTIVE HUMANISTE. Revue québécoise de psychologie 37:2, pages 197-213.
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Mariko Carey, Natasha Noble, Elise Mansfield, Amy Waller, Frans Henskens & Rob Sanson-Fisher. (2015) The Role of eHealth in Optimizing Preventive Care in the Primary Care Setting. Journal of Medical Internet Research 17:5, pages e126.
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Leslie L. Harris, Frank X. Placencia, Jennifer L. Arnold, Charles G. Minard, Toi B. Harris & Paul M. Haidet. (2014) A Structured End-of-Life Curriculum for Neonatal–Perinatal Postdoctoral Fellows. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 32:3, pages 253-261.
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Ali Labaf, Amirhosein Jahanshir, Hamid Baradaran & Amir Shahvaraninasab. (2015) Is it appropriate to use Western guidelines for breaking bad news in non-Western emergency departments? A patients’ perspective. Clinical Ethics 10:1-2, pages 13-21.
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Kamile Silay, Sema Akinci, Arife Ulas, Yavuz Selim Silay, Muhammed Bulent Akinci, Esin Ozturk, Merve Canbaz, Imdat Dilek & Bulent Yalcin. (2015) The Myth of Not Disclosing the Diagnosis of Cancer: Does it Really Protect Elderly Patients from Depression?. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 16:2, pages 837-840.
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G. Schilling & A. Mehnert. (2013) Überbringen schlechter Nachrichten – eine Herausforderung für jeden ArztBreaking bad news—a challenge for every physician. Medizinische Klinik - Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin 109:8, pages 609-613.
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Jodi Halpern. (2013) From idealized clinical empathy to empathic communication in medical care. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 17:2, pages 301-311.
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Alison M. BaysRuth A. EngelbergAnthony L. BackDee W. FordLois DowneySarah E. ShannonArdith Z. DoorenbosBarbara EdlundPhyllis ChristiansonRichard W. ArnoldKim O'ConnorErin K. KrossLynn F. ReinkeLaura Cecere FeemsterKelly Fryer-EdwardsStewart C. AlexanderJames A. TulskyJ. Randall Curtis. (2014) Interprofessional Communication Skills Training for Serious Illness: Evaluation of a Small-Group, Simulated Patient Intervention. Journal of Palliative Medicine 17:2, pages 159-166.
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Sherry R. Schachter & Jimmie C. Holland. 2014. The Challenges of Mental Health Caregiving. The Challenges of Mental Health Caregiving 145 160 .
Woung‐Ru Tang, Ji‐Tseng Fang, Chun‐Kai Fang & Maiko Fujimori. (2012) Truth telling in medical practice: students' opinions versus their observations of attending physicians' clinical practice. Psycho-Oncology 22:7, pages 1605-1610.
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Robert J. Bies. (2012) The Delivery of Bad News in Organizations. Journal of Management 39:1, pages 136-162.
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Lynn B. O'Neill & Anthony L. Back. 2013. Evidence-Based Practice in Palliative Medicine. Evidence-Based Practice in Palliative Medicine 251 257 .
. 2013. Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology. Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology 245 279 .
Walter F. Baile. 2013. New Challenges in Communication with Cancer Patients. New Challenges in Communication with Cancer Patients 275 290 .
Camilla SutterThomas Reid. (2012) How Do We Talk to the Children? Child Life Consultation To Support the Children of Seriously Ill Adult Inpatients. Journal of Palliative Medicine 15:12, pages 1362-1368.
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Joanne Shaw, Stewart Dunn & Paul Heinrich. (2012) Managing the delivery of bad news: An in-depth analysis of doctors’ delivery style. Patient Education and Counseling 87:2, pages 186-192.
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I. Koch & E. Schleußner. (2012) Schwangerschaft und KrebsPregnancy and cancer. Der Onkologe 18:4, pages 301-307.
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Sharon Curtin & Mary McConnell. (2012) Teaching Dental Students How to Deliver Bad News: S-P-I-K-E-S Model. Journal of Dental Education 76:3, pages 360-365.
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Jan Schildmann, Stefanie Kupfer, Nicole Burchardi & Jochen Vollmann. (2012) Teaching and evaluating breaking bad news: A pre–post evaluation study of a teaching intervention for medical students and a comparative analysis of different measurement instruments and raters. Patient Education and Counseling 86:2, pages 210-219.
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Donna M. WilliamsTamara Fisicaro, J. Jon Veloski & Dale Berg. (2010) Development and Evaluation of a Program to Strengthen First Year Residents’ Proficiency in Leading End-of-Life Discussions. American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 28:5, pages 328-334.
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Jérôme Gauvin-Lepage & Hélène Lefebvre. (2011) Interventions en soutien à la résilience de familles confrontées au traumatisme craniocérébral : une recension critique des écrits. Développement Humain, Handicap et Changement Social 19:1, pages 153.
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Mark Eldon HarrisonAnne Walling. (2010) What Do We Know About Giving Bad News? A Review. Clinical Pediatrics 49:7, pages 619-626.
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Carma L. Bylund, Richard Brown, Jennifer A. Gueguen, Catherine Diamond, Jennifer Bianculli & David W. Kissane. (2009) The implementation and assessment of a comprehensive communication skills training curriculum for oncologists. Psycho-Oncology 19:6, pages 583-593.
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Marisa Cordella & Simon Musgrave. (2010) Oral communication skills of international medical graduates: Assessing empathy in discourse. Communication & Medicine 6:2.
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Alison Harnett, Edel Tierney & Suzanne Guerin. (2009) Convention of hope-communicating positive, realistic messages to families at the time of a child’s diagnosis with disabilities. British Journal of Learning Disabilities 37:4, pages 257-264.
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Beth A. Lown, Elizabeth Roy, Phyllis Gorman & J. Pierre Sasson. (2009) Women's and residents’ experiences of communication in the diagnostic mammography suite. Patient Education and Counseling 77:3, pages 328-337.
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Agustín Del Vento, Janet Bavelas, Sara Healing, Grant MacLean & Peter Kirk. (2009) An experimental investigation of the dilemma of delivering bad news. Patient Education and Counseling 77:3, pages 443-449.
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Dafna Meitar, Orit Karnieli-Miller & Shmuel Eidelman. (2009) The Impact of Senior Medical Studentsʼ Personal Difficulties on Their Communication Patterns in Breaking Bad News. Academic Medicine 84:11, pages 1582-1594.
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Rhonda Brown, Stewart Dunn, Karen Byrnes, Richard Morris, Paul Heinrich & Joanne Shaw. (2009) Doctorsʼ Stress Responses and Poor Communication Performance in Simulated Bad-News Consultations. Academic Medicine 84:11, pages 1595-1602.
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C.L. Paul, T. Clinton-McHarg, R.W. Sanson-Fisher, H. Douglas & G. Webb. (2009) Are we there yet? The state of the evidence base for guidelines on breaking bad news to cancer patients. European Journal of Cancer 45:17, pages 2960-2966.
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Jenny K Gough, Alexis R Frydenberg, Susan K Donath & Michael M Marks. (2009) Simulated parents: Developing paediatric trainees’ skills in giving bad news. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 45:3, pages 133-138.
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Frank L. Overly, Stephanie N. Sudikoff, Susan Duffy, Angela Anderson & Leo Kobayashi. (2009) Three Scenarios to Teach Difficult Discussions in Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Sudden Infant Death, Child Abuse With Domestic Violence, and Medication Error. Simulation in Healthcare: The Journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare 4:2, pages 114-130.
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Amy Nisselle, Robin Forbes, Agnes Bankier, Eilís Hughes & MaryAnne Aitken. (2008) Consumer contribution to the delivery of genetic health services. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 146A:17, pages 2266-2274.
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Peter A. Zakrzewski, Adelyn L. Ho & Rosa Braga-Mele. (2008) Should ophthalmologists receive communication skills training in breaking bad news?. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 43:4, pages 419-424.
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Efharis Panagopoulou, Gesthimani Mintziori, Anthony Montgomery, Dorothea Kapoukranidou & Alexis Benos. (2008) Concealment of Information in Clinical Practice: Is Lying Less Stressful Than Telling the Truth?. Journal of Clinical Oncology 26:7, pages 1175-1177.
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Judith Alder & Johannes Bitzer. 2008. Cancer and Pregnancy. Cancer and Pregnancy 225 236 .
Jennifer A. Harvey, Michael A. Cohen, David R. Brenin, Brandi T. Nicholson & Reid B. Adams. (2007) Breaking Bad News: A Primer for Radiologists in Breast Imaging. Journal of the American College of Radiology 4:11, pages 800-808.
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Judith Alder, Regula Christen, Elisabeth Zemp & Johannes Bitzer. (2007) Communication skills training in obstetrics and gynaecology: whom should we train? A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 276:6, pages 605-612.
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C. Rolland. (2007) Le processus de diagnostic de maladie d'Alzheimer : l'annonce et la relation médecin–malade. European Review of Applied Psychology 57:3, pages 137-144.
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Jodi Halpern. (2007) Empathy and Patient–Physician Conflicts. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22:5, pages 696-700.
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Jeffrey G. Chipman, Gregory J. Beilman, Constance C. Schmitz & Susan C. Seatter. (2007) Development and Pilot Testing of an OSCE for Difficult Conversations in Surgical Intensive Care. Journal of Surgical Education 64:2, pages 79-87.
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Isiah D. Harris. (2007) Delivering Bad News. Postgraduate Obstetrics & Gynecology 27:4, pages 1-4.
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Claude Cyr. (2007) Les soins palliatifs aux urgences. Médecine Palliative : Soins de Support - Accompagnement - Éthique 6:1, pages 5-10.
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Jane R. Shaw & Laurel Lagoni. (2007) End-of-Life Communication in Veterinary Medicine: Delivering Bad News and Euthanasia Decision Making. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice 37:1, pages 95-108.
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Richard Auger. (2006) Delivering Difficult News to Parents: Guidelines for School Counselors. Professional School Counseling 10:2, pages 139-145.
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Rosanna Zanetti-Dällenbach, Sibil Tschudin, Olav Lapaire, Wolfgang Holzgreve, Edward Wight & Johannes Bitzer. (2006) Psychological management of pregnancy-related breast cancer. The Breast 15, pages S53-S59.
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Susan Eggly, Louis Penner, Terrance L. Albrecht, Rebecca J.W. Cline, Tanina Foster, Michael Naughton, Amy Peterson & John C. Ruckdeschel. (2006) Discussing Bad News in the Outpatient Oncology Clinic: Rethinking Current Communication Guidelines. Journal of Clinical Oncology 24:4, pages 716-719.
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V. Kennedy & M. Lloyd-Williams. 2006. Communication in Cancer Care. Communication in Cancer Care 47 60 .
Sally E. Thorne, Barry D. Bultz & Walter F. Baile. (2005) Is there a cost to poor communication in cancer care?: a critical review of the literature. Psycho-Oncology 14:10, pages 875-884.
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R.G. Hagerty, P.N. Butow, P.M. Ellis, S. Dimitry & M.H.N. Tattersall. (2005) Communicating prognosis in cancer care: a systematic review of the literature. Annals of Oncology 16:7, pages 1005-1053.
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JOHN R. TONGUE, HOWARD R. EPPS & LAURA L. FORESE. (2005) COMMUNICATION SKILLS FOR PATIENT-CENTERED CARE. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 87:3, pages 652-658.
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Rebecca G. Hagerty, Phyllis N. Butow, Peter M. Ellis, Elizabeth A. Lobb, Susan C. Pendlebury, Natasha Leighl, Craig Mac Leod & Martin H.N. Tattersall. (2005) Communicating With Realism and Hope: Incurable Cancer Patients' Views on the Disclosure of Prognosis. Journal of Clinical Oncology 23:6, pages 1278-1288.
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Hélène LefebvrePh. D.Ph. D. & Marie-Josée Levert. (2020) Traumatisme craniocérébral. Frontières 17:2, pages 77-85.
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Kathleen S. Ruccione. (2004) Coming to Terms With Language. Oncology Nursing Forum 31:5, pages 913-925.
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James Kimo Takayesu & H.Range Hutson. (2004) Communicating life-threatening diagnoses to patients in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 43:6, pages 749-755.
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Marcy E. Rosenbaum, Kristi J. Ferguson & Jeffrey G. Lobas. (2004) Teaching Medical Students and Residents Skills for Delivering Bad News: A Review of Strategies. Academic Medicine 79:2, pages 107-117.
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Xin Shelley Wang, Li Jun Di, Cielito C Reyes-Gibby, Hong Guo, Shu Jun Liu & Charles S Cleeland. (2004) End-of-life care in urban areas of China: A survey of 60 oncology clinicians. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 27:2, pages 125-132.
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B.J. Davison, P.A. Parker & S.L. Goldenberg. (2004) Patients' preferences for communicating a prostate cancer diagnosis and participating in medical decision-making. BJU International 93:1, pages 47-51.
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F. Alkazaleh, M. Thomas, J. Grebenyuk, L. Glaude, D. Savage, J. Johannesen, M. Caetano & R. Windrim. (2004) What women want: women's preferences of caregiver behavior when prenatal sonography findings are abnormal. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 23:1, pages 56-62.
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Jodi Halpern. (2003) Practicing Medicine in the Real World: Challenges to Empathy and Respect for Patients. The Journal of Clinical Ethics 14:4, pages 298-307.
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Carlos Henrique Martins Da Silva, Renato Luiz Guerino Cunha, Ronaldo Borges Tonaco, Thulio Marquez Cunha, Carolina Boaventura Diniz, Gustavo Gontijo Domingos, Juliana Diniz Silva, Marcelo Vitral Vitorino Santos, Melissa Ganam Antoun & Rodrigo Lobato de Paula. (2003) Not Telling the Truth in the Patient-Physician Relationship. Bioethics 17:5-6, pages 417-424.
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Sue Davis, Linda J. Kristjanson & Joanne Blight. (2003) Communicating With Families of Patients in an Acute Hospital With Advanced Cancer. Cancer Nursing 26:5, pages 337-345.
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Victoria Hill, Margaret Sahhar, MaryAnne Aitken, Ravi Savarirayan & Sylvia Metcalfe. (2003) Experiences at the time of diagnosis of parents who have a child with a bone dysplasia resulting in short stature. American Journal of Medical Genetics 122A:2, pages 100-107.
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Walter F. Baile & Robert Buckman. 2010. Handbook of Advanced Cancer Care. Handbook of Advanced Cancer Care 70 87 .
Neil J. Farber, Susan Y. Urban, Virginia U. Collier, Joan Weiner, Ronald G. Polite, Elizabeth B. Davis & E. Gil Boyer. (2002) The good news about giving bad news to patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine 17:12, pages 914-922.
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Jay D. Orlander, B. Graeme Fincke, David Hermanns & Gregory A. Johnson. (2002) Medical residents’ first clearly remembered experiences of giving bad news. Journal of General Internal Medicine 17:11, pages 825-840.
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Maria J Friedrichsen, Peter M Strang & Maria E Carlsson. (2016) Cancer patients' interpretations of verbal expressions when given information about ending cancer treatment. Palliative Medicine 16:4, pages 323-330.
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Wendy M. Mager & Michael A. Andrykowski. (2002) Communication in the cancer ‘bad news’ consultation: patient perceptions and psychological adjustment. Psycho-Oncology 11:1, pages 35-46.
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Nessa Coyle, Sherry Schachter & Alan C. Carver. (2001) Terminal care and bereavement. Neurologic Clinics 19:4, pages 1005-1025.
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Victoria M. Allen, Jennifer Johannesen, Diane Savage, Mary Ellen Salenieks & Rory Windrim. (2001) Breaking Bad News in Prenatal Ultrasonography. Journal SOGC 23:6, pages 518-522.
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Bruce Ambuel & Michael F. Mazzone. (2001) Breaking bad news and discussing death. Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 28:2, pages 249-266.
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Walter F. Baile, Robert Buckman, Renato Lenzi, Gary Glober, Estela A. Beale & Andrzej P. Kudelka. (2000) SPIKES—A Six-Step Protocol for Delivering Bad News: Application to the Patient with Cancer. The Oncologist 5:4, pages 302-311.
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