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Research Article

Levulan ® : the first approved topical photosensitizer for the treatment of actinic keratosis

Pages s19-s23 | Published online: 12 Jul 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

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Mafalda Penetra, Luís G. Arnaut & Lígia C. Gomes-da-Silva. (2023) Trial watch: an update of clinical advances in photodynamic therapy and its immunoadjuvant properties for cancer treatment. OncoImmunology 12:1.
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Nina Dragicevic-Curic & Alfred Fahr. (2012) Liposomes in topical photodynamic therapy. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 9:8, pages 1015-1032.
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Michael H Gold. (2007) Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for actinic keratoses and photorejuvenation. Expert Review of Dermatology 2:4, pages 391-402.
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Jorge Garcia-Zuazaga, Kevin D Cooper & Elma D Baron. (2005) Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: current concepts in the treatment of skin cancer. Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy 5:5, pages 791-800.
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SB Brown. (2003) The role of light in the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer using methyl aminolevulinate. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 14:sup3, pages 11-14.
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Articles from other publishers (49)

Liang Lou, Shizhe Zhou, Sijia Tan, Menghua Xiang, Wei Wang, Chuang Yuan, Liqian Gao & Qicai Xiao. (2023) Amplifying the efficacy of ALA-based prodrugs for photodynamic therapy using nanotechnology. Frontiers in Pharmacology 14.
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Luca Di Bartolomeo, Federica Li Pomi & Francesco Borgia. 2023.
Lauren E. Heusinkveld, Taylor A. Bullock, Jeffrey Negrey, Christine B. Warren & Edward V. Maytin. (2022) Sandpaper curettage: A simple method to improve PDT outcomes for actinic keratosis. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 40, pages 103050.
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Chunpeng Zhang, Xuewen Zhao, Danlu Li, Fengqi Ji, Andi Dong, Xi Chen, JiaHui Zhang, Xiaoxiong Wang, Yilei Zhao & Xin Chen. (2022) Advances in 5-aminoketovaleric acid(5-ALA) nanoparticle delivery system based on cancer photodynamic therapy. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 78, pages 103933.
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Anuradha Dey, Gautam Singhvi, Anu Puri, Prashant Kesharwani & Sunil Kumar Dubey. (2022) An insight into photodynamic therapy towards treating major dermatological conditions. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 76, pages 103751.
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Mahshid Hashemkhani, Gozde Demirci, Ali Bayir, Abdullah Muti, Alphan Sennaroglu, Layla Mohammad Hadi, Elnaz Yaghini, Marilena Loizidou, Alexander J. MacRobert & Havva Yagci Acar. (2021) Cetuximab-Ag 2 S quantum dots for fluorescence imaging and highly effective combination of ALA-based photodynamic/chemo-therapy of colorectal cancer cells . Nanoscale 13:35, pages 14879-14899.
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Kristen Kay, Paige Hoyer, Vlad Codrea & Aaron K. Joseph. (2021) Anaphylaxis Associated With Topical Application of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid. Dermatologic Surgery 47:8, pages 1150-1151.
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Dinglingge Cao, Xi Chen, Feng Cao, Wen Guo, Jingyu Tang, Caiyun Cai, Shuquan Cui, Xiaowei Yang, Lin Yu, Yong Su & Jiandong Ding. (2021) An Intelligent Transdermal Formulation of ALA‐Loaded Copolymer Thermogel with Spontaneous Asymmetry by Using Temperature‐Induced Sol–Gel Transition and Gel–Sol (Suspension) Transition on Different Sides. Advanced Functional Materials 31:22, pages 2100349.
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Mathilde Champeau, Séverine Vignoud, Laurent Mortier & Serge Mordon. (2019) Photodynamic therapy for skin cancer: How to enhance drug penetration?. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 197, pages 111544.
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Nathan Jetter, Neha Chandan, Stephanie Wang & Maria Tsoukas. (2018) Field Cancerization Therapies for Management of Actinic Keratosis: A Narrative Review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology 19:4, pages 543-557.
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Kathleen Cullion, Alina Y Rwei & Daniel S Kohane. (2018) Ultrasound-triggered liposomes for on-demand local anesthesia. Therapeutic Delivery 9:1, pages 5-8.
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Alina Y. Rwei, Juan L. Paris, Bruce Wang, Weiping Wang, Christopher D. Axon, María Vallet-Regí, Robert Langer & Daniel S. Kohane. (2017) Ultrasound-triggered local anaesthesia. Nature Biomedical Engineering 1:8, pages 644-653.
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Michele M Kim, Ashwini A Ghogare, Alexander Greer & Timothy C Zhu. (2017) On the in vivo photochemical rate parameters for PDT reactive oxygen species modeling . Physics in Medicine and Biology 62:5, pages R1-R48.
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SC Kanick, SC Davis, Y Zhao, KL Sheehan, T Hasan, EV Maytin, BW Pogue & MS Chapman. (2015) Pre-treatment protoporphyrin IX concentration in actinic keratosis lesions may be a predictive biomarker of response to aminolevulinic-acid based photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 12:4, pages 561-566.
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Stephen Chad Kanick, Scott C. Davis, Yan Zhao, Tayyaba Hasan, Edward V. Maytin, Brian W. PogueM. Shane Chapman. (2014) Dual-channel red/blue fluorescence dosimetry with broadband reflectance spectroscopic correction measures protoporphyrin IX production during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis. Journal of Biomedical Optics 19:7, pages 075002.
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Ekaterina G. Borisova, Liliya P. Angelova & Elmira P. Pavlova. (2014) Endogenous and Exogenous Fluorescence Skin Cancer Diagnostics for Clinical Applications. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 20:2, pages 211-222.
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Mitchel P. Goldman & Ane B. M. Niwa Massaki. 2013. Lasers and Energy Devices for the Skin. Lasers and Energy Devices for the Skin 222 271 .
Michael H. Gold. 2013. Laser Dermatology. Laser Dermatology 107 138 .
Luke G.F. Smith & Ichiro Nakano. (2012) Fluorescence-Guided Brain Tumor Surgery. World Neurosurgery 78:6, pages 559-564.
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Yoojin Lee & Elma D. Baron. (2011) Photodynamic Therapy: Current Evidence and Applications in Dermatology. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 30:4, pages 199-209.
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Magdalena Klyta, Paweł Ostasiewicz, Kamil Jurczyszyn, Kamila Duś, Lechosław Latos-Grażyński, Ewa Pacholska-Dudziak & Piotr Ziółkowski. (2011) Vacata- and divacataporphyrin: New photosensitizers for application in photodynamic therapy-an in vitro study. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 43:7, pages 607-613.
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Tim Maisch, Anne C.E. Moor, Johannes Regensburger, Christoph Ortland, Rolf-Markus Szeimies & Wolfgang Bäumler. (2011) Intense pulse light and 5-ALA PDT: Phototoxic effects in vitro depend on the spectral overlap with protoporphyrine IX but do not match cut-off filter notations. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 43:2, pages 176-182.
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Thomas Ruzicka, Hans Wolff, Peter Thomas & Jörg Prinz. 2011. Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie. Fortschritte der praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie 269 546 .
Melanie Palm & Mitchel P. Goldman. 2011. Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology. Photodynamic Therapy in Dermatology 5 29 .
A. Sidoroff & P. Thaler. (2010) Taking treatment decisions in non-melanoma skin cancer—The place for topical photodynamic therapy (PDT). Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 7:1, pages 24-32.
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Tim Smits & Anne C.E. Moor. (2009) New aspects in photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 96:3, pages 159-169.
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E. Cicarma, M. Tuorkey, A. Juzeniene, L-W. Ma & J. Moan. (2009) Calcitriol treatment improves methyl aminolaevulinate-based photodynamic therapy in human squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells. British Journal of Dermatology 161:2, pages 413-418.
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Emily Tierney, Allison Barker, Jennifer Ahdout, William C. Hanke, Ronald L. Moy & David J. Kouba. (2009) Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of Cutaneous Neoplasia, Inflammatory Disorders, and Photoaging. Dermatologic Surgery 35:5, pages 725-746.
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Axel Hauschild, Georg Popp, Eggert Stockfleth, Karl-Gustav Meyer, Dirk Imberger, Peter Mohr, Götz Itschert, Roland Kaufmann, Karsten Neuber, Yvonne Frambach, Harald Gollnick, Marcus Brunnert, Marcus Stocker, Christoph Ortland & Sigrid Karrer. (2009) Effective photodynamic therapy of actinic keratoses on the head and face with a novel, self-adhesive 5-aminolaevulinic acid patch. Experimental Dermatology 18:2, pages 116-121.
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Nora Dögnitz, Denis Salomon, Matthieu Zellweger, Jean-Pierre Ballini, Tanja Gabrecht, Norbert Lange, Hubert van den Bergh & Georges Wagnières. (2008) Comparison of ALA- and ALA hexyl-ester-induced PpIX depth distribution in human skin carcinoma. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 93:3, pages 140-148.
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Matteo LoPiccolo, Jose Crestanello, Simon S. Yoo, James Sciubba, Claudio Fernández & Francisco A. Tausk. (2008) Facial erythema ab igne of rapid onset. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontology 105:5, pages e38-e40.
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MICHAEL H. GOLD. (2008) ALA-PDT: State of the Art in the United States, 2008. Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery 2008, pages 1-30.
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Riccardo Rossi, Moira Mori & Torello Lotti. (2007) Actinic keratosis. International Journal of Dermatology 46:9, pages 895-904.
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Laura D. Houk & Tatyana Humphreys. (2007) Masers to magic bullets: an updated history of lasers in dermatology. Clinics in Dermatology 25:5, pages 434-442.
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A. Sidoroff. (2007) Photodynamische Therapie bei epithelialen HauttumorenPhotodynamic therapy of cutaneous epithelial malignancies. Der Hautarzt 58:7, pages 577-584.
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Lasse R. Braathen, Rolf-Markus Szeimies, Nicole Basset-Seguin, Robert Bissonnette, Peter Foley, David Pariser, Rik Roelandts, Ann-Marie Wennberg & Colin A. Morton. (2007) Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: An international consensus. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 56:1, pages 125-143.
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Alok Misra, Karen Maybury & Tigani A. Eltigani. (2006) Late Erythema after Photodynamic Therapy to the Face. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 117:7, pages 2522-2523.
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MICHAEL H GOLD, VIRGINIA L BRADSHAW, MOLLY M BORING, TANCY M BRIDGES & JULIE A BIRON. (2006) Split-Face Comparison of Photodynamic Therapy with 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Intense Pulsed Light Versus Intense Pulsed Light Alone for Photodamage. Dermatologic Surgery 32:6, pages 795-801.
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Pascal Uehlinger, Jean-Pierre Ballini, Hubert van den Bergh & Georges Wagnières. (2006) On the Role of Iron and one of its Chelating Agents in the Production of Protoporphyrin IX Generated by 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and its Hexyl Ester Derivative Tested on an Epidermal Equivalent of Human Skin. Photochemistry and Photobiology 82:4, pages 1069.
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T. Kormeili, P.S. Yamauchi & N.J. Lowe. (2004) Topical photodynamic therapy in clinical dermatology. British Journal of Dermatology 150:6, pages 1061-1069.
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Ralph W. Moss. (2016) Patient Responses to Cytoluminescent Therapy ® for Cancer: An Investigative Report of Early Experiences and Adverse Effects of an Unconventional Form of Photodynamic Therapy. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2:4, pages 371-389.
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Jacques Piette, Cédric Volanti, Annelies Vantieghem, Jean-Yves Matroule, Yvette Habraken & Patrizia Agostinis. (2003) Cell death and growth arrest in response to photodynamic therapy with membrane-bound photosensitizers. Biochemical Pharmacology 66:8, pages 1651-1659.
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Brian C. Wilson. (2003) Potential Applications of Photodynamic Therapy in Regenerative Medicine. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 14:3, pages 278-283.
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