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Review Articles

Minoxidil: a comprehensive review

ORCID Icon, , &
Pages 1896-1906 | Received 01 Jun 2021, Accepted 06 Jun 2021, Published online: 20 Jul 2021

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (5)

Aditya K. Gupta, Mesbah Talukder & Avner Shemer. (2024) Efficacy and safety of low-dose oral minoxidil in the management of androgenetic alopecia. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 25:2, pages 139-147.
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Yuqing Shen, Yuqi Zhu, Li Zhang, Jiayi Sun, Bo Xie, Hongyan Zhang & Xiuzu Song. (2023) New Target for Minoxidil in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 17, pages 2537-2547.
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Michael Kaiser, Rama Abdin, Simonetta I Gaumond, Naiem T Issa & Joaquin J Jimenez. (2023) Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia: Current Guidance and Unmet Needs. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 16, pages 1387-1406.
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S. Vañó-Galván, C. N. Bisanga, P. Bouhanna, B. Farjo, V. Gambino, T. Meyer-González & T. Silyuk. (2023) An international expert consensus statement focusing on pre and post hair transplantation care. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 34:1.
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Nur Afika, Afifah Fadhilah Saniy, Athaullah Akmal Fawwaz Dharma, Christopher Kosasi Ko, Rayu Kamran & Andi Dian Permana. Trilayer dissolving microneedle for transdermal delivery of minoxidil: a proof-of-concept study. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 0:0, pages 1-21.
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Articles from other publishers (54)

Jiayu Mi, Kang Zheng, Liu Jiang, Xuan Pang, Jianping Wang, Qi Wang, Zhixia Sun, Bingji Li, Yuting Cui, Shuang Jiao & Qiuxiang Pang. (2024) Minoxidil/salicylic acid hydrogel formulated for alopecia treatment: Supramolecular interactions modulate physicochemical properties and biological activities revealed by experimental and theoretical studies. Journal of Molecular Structure 1306, pages 137847.
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Emadodin Darchini-Maragheh, Huw Rees, Anthony Moussa, Laita Bokhari, Leslie Jones & Rodney Sinclair. (2024) Role of systemic minoxidil in the treatment of alopecia areata: A scoping review to direct future research. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 90:6, pages 1304-1306.
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Joon Yong Choi, Min Young Boo & Yong Chool Boo. (2024) Can Plant Extracts Help Prevent Hair Loss or Promote Hair Growth? A Review Comparing Their Therapeutic Efficacies, Phytochemical Components, and Modulatory Targets. Molecules 29:10, pages 2288.
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Nur Afika, Afifah Fadhilah Saniy, Athaullah Akmal Fawwaz D.Christopher Kosasi Ko, Rayu Kamran & Andi Dian Permana. (2024) Application of validated UV spectrophotometric and colorimetric method to quantify minoxidil in the development of trilayer dissolving microneedle: Proof of concept in ex vivo and in vivo studies in rats. Annales Pharmaceutiques Françaises 82:3, pages 531-544.
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Tong Xiao, Gaiying He, Hongya Geng, Yi Wang & Shuqing Sun. (2024) Microneedle assisted delivery of epidermal and dermal stem cells to promote hair growth. Journal of Materials Science 59:19, pages 8427-8440.
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Michela Valeria Rita Starace, Aditya K. Gupta, Mary A. Bamimore, Mesbah Talukder, Federico Quadrelli & Bianca Maria Piraccini. (2024) The Comparative Effects of Monotherapy with Topical Minoxidil, Oral Finasteride, and Topical Finasteride in Postmenopausal Women with Pattern Hair Loss: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Skin Appendage Disorders, pages 1-8.
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Michelle Kobus, Timo Friedrich, Eilika Zorn, Nils Burmeister & Wolfgang Maison. (2024) Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs with N -Oxide Functionalities . Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 67:7, pages 5168-5184.
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Rania Hamed & Hebah F. I. Alhadidi. (2024) Minoxidil Nanosuspension-Loaded Dissolved Microneedles for Hair Regrowth. AAPS PharmSciTech 25:4.
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Hao Chen, Xianzhe Tang, Yueye Huang, Chen Chen, Yuheng Yang, Chaojie Hao, Wenqi Xie, Tingjing Huang, Xiaofeng Cheng, Qingnan Xu, Shicong Huang, Zhi Ye, Xucong Lin, Zhaowei Chen & Zhitong Chen. (2024) Remodel the perifollicular microenvironment via Minoxidil-loaded microneedle patch and cold atmospheric plasma for treating androgenetic alopecia. Nano Research.
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Shuting Zhang, Hong Zhou, Xuan Chen, Shasha Zhu, Dan Chen, Dan Luo, Siyuan Chen & Wei Liu. (2024) Microneedle Delivery Platform Integrated with Codelivery Nanoliposomes for Effective and Safe Androgenetic Alopecia Treatment. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 16:13, pages 15701-15717.
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Xiaxia Liu, Xia Kong, Li Xu, Yonghui Su, Shanshan Xu, Xiaoya Pang, Ruifen Wang, Yihan Ma, Qingping Tian & Liwen Han. (2024) Synergistic therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg3 modified minoxidil transfersomes (MXD-Rg3@TFs) on androgenic alopecia in C57BL/6 mice. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 654, pages 123963.
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Adrian Frydrych & Kamil Jurowski. (2024) Toxicity of minoxidil – Comprehensive in silico prediction of main toxicity endpoints: Acute toxicity, irritation of skin and eye, genetic toxicity, health effect, cardiotoxicity and endocrine system disruption. Chemico-Biological Interactions 393, pages 110951.
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Sana Aslam, Aqsa Z Awan, Madiha M Iqbal, Saira Saeed, Mariyam Saeed, Zartaj Liaqat, Saad Abdullah Dar, Salamat Ali, Muhammad Ahsan Asif & Haseeb Mehmood Qadri. (2024) Comparison of Efficacy of Topical Betamethasone Dipropionate and Topical Minoxidil in Patients With Alopecia Areata. Cureus.
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Mira Choi, Allison Han & Lawrence F. Eichenfield. (2024) Successful topical minoxidil treatment for hair density and length in trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 1. Pediatric Dermatology 41:2, pages 366-368.
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Ali Asilian, Aida Farmani & Mina Saber. (2023) Clinical efficacy and safety of low‐dose oral minoxidil versus topical solution in the improvement of androgenetic alopecia: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 23:3, pages 949-957.
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Chunyan Xu, Xingwu Duan, Qiang Yin & Keshuai Liu. (2024) Effect of Microneedle on Hair Regrowth in Patients with Androgenetic Alopecia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chinese medicine and natural products 04:01, pages e8-e17.
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Juan Diego Bonilla Hernandez, Sergio Vaño Galvan, David Saceda Corralo & Adrián Imbernon. (2024) Minoxidil oral en alopecias no androgénicas. Piel 39:3, pages 161-168.
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Nadeen Bader & Aiman Abu Ammar. (2024) Incorporating surfactants into PCL microneedles for sustained release of a hydrophilic model drug. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 652, pages 123826.
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Kaitao Li, Fang Liu, Ye He, Qian Qu, Pingping Sun, Lijuan Du, Jin Wang, Ruosi Chen, Yuyang Gan, Danlan Fu, Zhexiang Fan, Bingcheng Liu, Zhiqi Hu & Yong Miao. (2023) The homing of exogenous hair follicle mesenchymal stem cells into hair follicle niches. JCI Insight 8:24.
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Kanchalit Thanomkitti, Chutipon Pruksaeakanan, Chanika Subchookul, Norramon Charoenpipatsin, Daranporn Triwongwaranat, Supenya Varothai, Rattapon Thuangtong & Tanyalak Chumnumrat. (2023) Efficacy and Safety of Topical 5% Azelaic Acid Solution Versus 2% Minoxidil Solution in the Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss. Siriraj Medical Journal 75:12, pages 887-893.
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Lismare da Silva Prado, Ivana Grivicich, Jessica Machado Miri, Mariele Feiffer Charão, Amanda Bonfada, Gabriela Endres da Rocha, Juliana Bondan da Silva, Fernanda Brião Menezes Boaretto, Ana Letícia Hilario Garcia, Juliana da Silva & Jaqueline Nascimento Picada. (2023) Toxicological assessment of minoxidil: A drug with therapeutic potential besides alopecia. Food and Chemical Toxicology 182, pages 114211.
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Ghadah Alhetheli. (2023) Oral Minoxidil Therapy in Hair Loss: Where Do We Stand?. Current Dermatology Reports 12:4, pages 321-327.
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Aishi Liang, Yingshan Fang, Lan Ye, Jianda Meng, Xusheng Wang, Jinsong Chen & Xuejuan Xu. (2023) Signaling pathways in hair aging. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 11.
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Gia T Tang & Adam Daunton. (2023) Athena: Specialty Certificate Examination case for formulation and systemic therapy. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 48:12, pages 1400-1401.
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Aqin Yan, Rui Ruan, Xiaolei Zhu, Wei Qiang, Yeneng Guan, Qi Yu, Hongmei Sun, Mingxing Liu & Hongda Zhu. (2023) Co-delivery of minoxidil and tocopherol acetate ethosomes to reshape the hair Follicular Microenvironment and promote hair regeneration in androgenetic alopecia. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 646, pages 123498.
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Marta Kus, Izabela Ibragimow & Hanna Piotrowska-Kempisty. (2023) Caco-2 Cell Line Standardization with Pharmaceutical Requirements and In Vitro Model Suitability for Permeability Assays. Pharmaceutics 15:11, pages 2523.
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A. Yu. Kochetkova, A. S. Fomina, D. N. Gots & T. N. Derezina. (2023) Modern Approaches to Treatment of Alopecia X in Dogs: Review of Research. Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology 22:3, pages 45-57.
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Yuriko Nakao, Mizuho Asada & Yoshihiro Uesawa. (2023) Comprehensive Study of Drug-Induced Pruritus Based on Adverse Drug Reaction Report Database. Pharmaceuticals 16:10, pages 1500.
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Maria Ruth Pineda-Cortel, Consuelo Suarez, Jan-Tyrone Cabrera, Minerva Daya, Mary Monica Bernardo-Bueno, Renz Cleve Vergara & Adrian Villavieja. (2023) Biotherapeutic Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 20:6, pages 811-828.
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Parsa Abdi, Christian Awad, Michelle R. Anthony, Christopher Farkouh, Bret Kenny, Howard I. Maibach & Boluwaji Ogunyemi. (2023) Efficacy and safety of combinational therapy using topical minoxidil and microneedling for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Dermatological Research 315:10, pages 2775-2785.
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Hong Xiang, Sai Xu, Weiwei Zhang, Xinyue Xue, Yixuan Li, Yanyu Lv, Jing Chen & Xiaoqing Miao. (2023) Dissolving microneedles for alopecia treatment. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 229, pages 113475.
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Tikai Zhang, Bin Sun, Wang Ding, Cheng Zhang, Xiaofan Yin, Bin Wang & Jie Ren. (2023) Combining rapid degrading microneedles with Slow-Released drug delivery system for the treatment of alopecia areata. Chemical Engineering Journal 471, pages 144351.
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Eva María Arias, Gerald Selda-Enríquez, Patricia Burgos-Blasco, Ana Melián-Olivera, Sara Manzanares, Eduard Sarró, Núria Floriach & David Saceda-Corralo. (2023) A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Assess the Efficacy of a Nutritional Supplement in Female Androgenic Alopecia. Dermatologic Therapy 2023, pages 1-8.
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Ghada Alhayaza, Alanoud Hakami, Lenah H. AlMarzouk, Abddullah A. Al Qurashi, Ghada Alghamdi & Ruaa Alharithy. (2023) Topical minoxidil reported hair discoloration: a cross-sectional study. Dermatology Reports.
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Elizabeth J. Klein, Christina S. Oh, Maria Karim, Jerry Shapiro & Kristen Lo Sicco. (2023) A practical approach to the management of hair loss in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 37:8, pages 1480-1489.
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Rim Elseblani, Miguel Cobo-Golpe, Simon Godin, Javier Jimenez-Lamana, Milad Fakhri, Isaac Rodríguez & Joanna Szpunar. (2023) Study of metal and organic contaminants transported by microplastics in the Lebanese coastal environment using ICP MS, GC-MS, and LC-MS. Science of The Total Environment 887, pages 164111.
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Paulo Müller Ramos. (2023) Oral Minoxidil for Hair Loss: Update and Perspectives. International Society of Hair Restoration Surgery 33:3, pages 93-94.
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Cathryn Sibbald. (2023) Alopecia Areata: An Updated Review for 2023. Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 27:3, pages 241-259.
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Cheng Zhou, Weixin Fan, Jianfeng Zou, Jianglin Zhang, Hong Fang, Zhongfa Lv, Dingquan Yang, Wei Lai, Xinghua Gao, Qinping Yang, Aijun Chen, Jing Lou, Lili Zheng & Jianzhong Zhang. (2023) Comparison of a New 5% Minoxidil Foam and Rogaine® in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia in Chinese Men: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase III, Equivalence Trial. Dermatologic Therapy 2023, pages 1-10.
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Qiuying Mai, Yanhua Han, Guopan Cheng, Rui Ma, Zhao Yan, Xiaojia Chen, Guangtao Yu, Tongkai Chen & Shu Zhang. (2023) Innovative Strategies for Hair Regrowth and Skin Visualization. Pharmaceutics 15:4, pages 1201.
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Eduarda Ribeiro, Bárbara Costa, Francisco Vasques-Nóvoa & Nuno Vale. (2023) In Vitro Drug Repurposing: Focus on Vasodilators. Cells 12:4, pages 671.
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Jianfeng Zhang, Peng Lin, Haiyue Lin, Cong Ma, Yi Hu, Yingdong Wang & Yu Zhang. (2023) Laser and light therapy combined with topical minoxidil for alopecia areata: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lasers in Medical Science 38:1.
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Nicole Natarelli, Nimrit Gahoonia & Raja K. Sivamani. (2023) Integrative and Mechanistic Approach to the Hair Growth Cycle and Hair Loss. Journal of Clinical Medicine 12:3, pages 893.
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Satish Udare, Anita Baruah, Anurag Mathur, TR Dayananda, Kapil Jain, ManasRanjan Puhan, Pawan Bajaj, Richa Sharma, SanjayRamanbhai Gamit, V Ramesh, V Venugopal, Vignesh Karthik, MonilYogesh Neena Gala, Snehal Muchhala & Amey Mane. (2023) Positioning of low alcohol or alcohol-free minoxidil formulation for the management of androgenetic alopecia: Indian perspective. International Journal of Trichology 15:1, pages 13.
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Aditya K. Gupta, Mesbah Talukder, Avner Shemar, Bianca Maria Piraccini & Antonella Tosti. (2023) Low-Dose Oral Minoxidil for Alopecia: A Comprehensive Review. Skin Appendage Disorders 9:6, pages 423-437.
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Aditya K. Gupta & Mesbah Talukder. (2022) A cannabinoid Hairy‐Tale : Hair loss or hair gain? . Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 21:12, pages 6653-6660.
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Xuefei Zhang, Shuxuan Li, Yating Dong, Hehui Rong, Junke Zhao & Haiyan Hu. (2022) A multifunctional cholesterol-free liposomal platform based on protopanaxadiol for alopecia therapy. Nano Research 15:10, pages 9498-9510.
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Aditya K. Gupta, Mesbah Talukder & Mary A. Bamimore. (2022) Natural products for male androgenetic alopecia. Dermatologic Therapy 35:4.
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