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Original Articles

Count out your intrusions: Effects of verbal encoding on intrusive memories

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Pages 809-815 | Received 16 Feb 2009, Published online: 30 Oct 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (3)

Tim Brennen, Ines Blix, Alexander Nissen, Emily A. Holmes, Martine Skumlien & Øivind Solberg. (2021) Investigating the frequency of intrusive memories after 24 hours using a visuospatial interference intervention: a follow-up and extension. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 12:1.
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Joost Asselbergs, Marit Sijbrandij, Evert Hoogendoorn, Pim Cuijpers, Lara Olie, Kfir Oved, Job Merkies, Tessa Plooijer, Simone Eltink & Heleen Riper. (2018) Development and testing of TraumaGameplay: an iterative experimental approach using the trauma film paradigm. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 9:1.
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Muriel A. Hagenaars, Emily A. Holmes, Fayette Klaassen & Bernet Elzinga. (2017) Tetris and Word games lead to fewer intrusive memories when applied several days after analogue trauma. European Journal of Psychotraumatology 8:sup1.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

Fabiana Battista, Tiziana Lanciano, Patrizia Borrelli & Antonietta Curci. (2023) The Cognitive Cost of Repetitive Thinking: A Study on the Effects of Shifting and Updating on Rumination of Emotional Experiences. Brain Sciences 13:11, pages 1569.
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Joost Asselbergs, Jaёl van Bentum, Heleen Riper, Pim Cuijpers, Emily Holmes & Marit Sijbrandij. (2023) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive interventions to prevent intrusive memories using the trauma film paradigm. Journal of Psychiatric Research 159, pages 116-129.
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Henrik Kessler, Anna-Christine Schmidt, Ella L. James, Simon E. Blackwell, Marcel von Rauchhaupt, Katharina Harren, Aram Kehyayan, Ian A. Clark, Magdalena Sauvage, Stephan Herpertz, Nikolai Axmacher & Emily A. Holmes. (2020) Visuospatial computer game play after memory reminder delivered three days after a traumatic film reduces the number of intrusive memories of the experimental trauma. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 67, pages 101454.
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Thomas Meyer, Chris R. Brewin, John A. King, Desiree Nijmeijer, Marcella L. Woud & Eni S. Becker. (2020) Arresting visuospatial stimulation is insufficient to disrupt analogue traumatic intrusions. PLOS ONE 15:2, pages e0228416.
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Kevin van Schie, Suzanne C. van Veen & Muriel A. Hagenaars. (2019) The effects of dual-tasks on intrusive memories following analogue trauma. Behaviour Research and Therapy 120, pages 103448.
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Lalitha Iyadurai, Renée M. Visser, Alex Lau-Zhu, Kate Porcheret, Antje Horsch, Emily A. Holmes & Ella L. James. (2019) Intrusive memories of trauma: A target for research bridging cognitive science and its clinical application. Clinical Psychology Review 69, pages 67-82.
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Jacinta M. Oulton, Deryn Strange, Reginald D.V. Nixon & Melanie K.T. Takarangi. (2018) Imagining trauma: Memory amplification and the role of elaborative cognitions. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 60, pages 78-86.
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Renée M. Visser, Alex Lau-Zhu, Richard N. Henson & Emily A. Holmes. (2018) Multiple memory systems, multiple time points: how science can inform treatment to control the expression of unwanted emotional memories. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373:1742, pages 20170209.
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Anna McKinnon, Neil Brewer, Kate Cameron & Reginald D.V. Nixon. (2017) The relationship between processing style, trauma memory processes, and the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children and adolescents. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 57, pages 135-142.
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Inna Arnaudova & Muriel A. Hagenaars. (2017) Lights … action: Comparison of trauma films for use in the trauma film paradigm. Behaviour Research and Therapy 93, pages 67-77.
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Ella L. James, Alex Lau-Zhu, Ian A. Clark, Renée M. Visser, Muriel A. Hagenaars & Emily A. Holmes. (2016) The trauma film paradigm as an experimental psychopathology model of psychological trauma: intrusive memories and beyond. Clinical Psychology Review 47, pages 106-142.
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Daisy A. Segovia, Deryn Strange & Melanie K.T. Takarangi. (2016) Encoding disorganized memories for an analogue trauma does not increase memory distortion or analogue symptoms of PTSD. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 50, pages 127-134.
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Antonietta Curci, Emanuela Soleti, Tiziana Lanciano, Valentina Doria & Bernard Rimé. (2015) Balancing emotional processing with ongoing cognitive activity: the effects of task modality on intrusions and rumination. Frontiers in Psychology 6.
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Ian A. Clark & Clare E. Mackay. (2015) Mental Imagery and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Neuroimaging and Experimental Psychopathology Approach to Intrusive Memories of Trauma. Frontiers in Psychiatry 6.
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Victoria Pile, Thorsten Barnhofer & Jennifer Wild. (2015) Updating versus Exposure to Prevent Consolidation of Conditioned Fear. PLOS ONE 10:4, pages e0122971.
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Jacinta Wassell, Sebastian Rogers, Kim L. Felmingam, Joel Pearson & Richard A. Bryant. (2015) Progesterone and mental imagery interactively predict emotional memories. Psychoneuroendocrinology 51, pages 1-10.
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Laura Jobson & Tim Dalgleish. (2014) Cultural Differences in the Relationship between Intrusions and Trauma Narratives Using the Trauma Film Paradigm. PLoS ONE 9:9, pages e106759.
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Julie Krans, Oliver Langner, Andrea Reinecke & David G. Pearson. (2013) Intrusive images and voluntary memory for affective pictures: Contextualization and dual-task interference. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 44:4, pages 418-425.
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Julie Krans. (2013) The self and involuntary memory: Identifying with the victim increases memory accessibility for stressful events. Consciousness and Cognition 22:4, pages 1298-1304.
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Ian A. Clark, Clare E. Mackay & Emily A. Holmes. (2013) Positive involuntary autobiographical memories: You first have to live them. Consciousness and Cognition 22:2, pages 402-406.
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David G. Pearson, Catherine Deeprose, Sophie M.A. Wallace-Hadrill, Stephanie Burnett Heyes & Emily A. Holmes. (2013) Assessing mental imagery in clinical psychology: A review of imagery measures and a guiding framework. Clinical Psychology Review 33:1, pages 1-23.
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Joseph Mpeera Ntayi, Pascal Ngoboka & Cornelia Sabiiti Kakooza. (2012) Moral Schemas and Corruption in Ugandan Public Procurement. Journal of Business Ethics 112:3, pages 417-436.
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Roger M. K. Ng, Julie Krans & Emily A. Holmes. 2013. Multisensory Imagery. Multisensory Imagery 365 384 .
David G. Pearson. (2012) Contextual representations increase analogue traumatic intrusions: Evidence against a dual-representation account of peri-traumatic processing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 43:4, pages 1026-1031.
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Shanna Logan & Richard O’Kearney. (2012) Individual differences in emotionality and peri-traumatic processing. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 43:2, pages 815-822.
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Catherine Deeprose, Shuqi Zhang, Hannah DeJong, Tim Dalgleish & Emily A. Holmes. (2012) Imagery in the aftermath of viewing a traumatic film: Using cognitive tasks to modulate the development of involuntary memory. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 43:2, pages 758-764.
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Muriel A. Hagenaars & Arnoud Arntz. (2012) Reduced intrusion development after post-trauma imagery rescripting; an experimental study. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 43:2, pages 808-814.
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David G. Pearson, Fiona D.C. Ross & Victoria L. Webster. (2012) The importance of context: Evidence that contextual representations increase intrusive memories. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 43:1, pages 573-580.
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Michelle L. Moulds & Emily A. Holmes. (2011) Intrusive Imagery in Psychopathology: A Commentary. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 4:2, pages 197-207.
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David G. Pearson & Tina Sawyer. (2011) Effects of Dual Task Interference on Memory Intrusions for Affective Images. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy 4:2, pages 122-133.
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Emily A. Holmes, Ella L. James, Emma J. Kilford & Catherine Deeprose. (2010) Key Steps in Developing a Cognitive Vaccine against Traumatic Flashbacks: Visuospatial Tetris versus Verbal Pub Quiz. PLoS ONE 5:11, pages e13706.
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Julie Krans, Marcella L. Woud, Gérard Näring, Eni S. Becker & Emily A. Holmes. 2010. The Act of Remembering. The Act of Remembering 309 336 .
Corin Bourne, Francisco Frasquilho, Anthony D. Roth & Emily A. Holmes. (2010) Is it mere distraction? Peri-traumatic verbal tasks can increase analogue flashbacks but reduce voluntary memory performance. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41:3, pages 316-324.
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Julie Krans, Gérard Näring, Emily A. Holmes & Eni S. Becker. (2010) “I see what you’re saying”: Intrusive images from listening to a traumatic verbal report. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 24:1, pages 134-140.
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Julie Krans, Gérard Näring, Eni S. Becker & Emily A. Holmes. (2009) Intrusive trauma memory: A review and functional analysis. Applied Cognitive Psychology 23:8, pages 1076-1088.
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