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Journal of Asian Natural Products Research Volume 9, 2007 - Issue 7
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Original Articles

Theacrine, a special purine alkaloid with sedative and hypnotic properties from Cammelia assamica var. kucha in mice

JIE-KUN Xu School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
,
HIROSHI Kurihara Institute of Traditional Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, ChinaView further author information
,
LIANG Zhao Institute of Traditional Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
,
XIN-SHENG Yao School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
&
Institute of Traditional Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, ChinaCorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 665-672 | Received 25 Apr 2006, Accepted 01 Sep 2006, Published online: 04 Mar 2011

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Lem Taylor, Petey Mumford, Mike Roberts, Sara Hayward, Jacy Mullins, Stacie Urbina & Colin Wilborn. (2016) Safety of TeaCrine®, a non-habituating, naturally-occurring purine alkaloid over eight weeks of continuous use. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 13:1.
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Articles from other publishers (35)

Yong He, Xinkai Zheng, Yunfeng Hu, Liehua Deng, Jin Xu & Shi Wu. (2023) Proteomics analysis to investigate the potential mechanism of theacrine against UV ‐induced skin photodamage . Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 39:6, pages 620-632.
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Cassandra Evans, Jose Antonio, Amani Khan, Alexandra Vanderkley, Maria Berrocales, Jose Rojas, Samir Sakaria, Joseph Petruzzelli, Juan Carlos Santana, Jason Curtis, Tony Ricci & Jaime L Tartar. (2023) A Combination of Caffeine, TeaCrine, and Dynamine Improves the Neurophysiological and Performance Measures of Electronic (E)-Gamers. Cureus.
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Qiufang Zhu, Lijia Liu, Xiaofeng Lu, Xinxin Du, Ping Xiang, Bosi Cheng, Meng Tan, Jiaxin Huang, Lijiao Wu, Weilong Kong, Yutao Shi, Liangyu Wu & Jinke Lin. (2023) The biosynthesis of EGCG, theanine and caffeine in response to temperature is mediated by hormone signal transduction factors in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Frontiers in Plant Science 14.
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Erh-Chuang Tu, Wei-Li Hsu & Jason T. C. Tzen. (2023) Strictinin, a Major Ingredient in Yunnan Kucha Tea Possessing Inhibitory Activity on the Infection of Mouse Hepatitis Virus to Mouse L Cells. Molecules 28:3, pages 1080.
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Ji-Qiang Jin, Wei-Dong Dai, Chen-Yu Zhang, Zhi Lin & Liang Chen. (2022) Genetic, morphological, and chemical discrepancies between Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze and its close relatives. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 108, pages 104417.
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Shao-Rong Zhang, Yu Shi, Jie-Lin Jiang, Li-Yong Luo & Liang Zeng. (2022) Discriminant Analysis of Pu-Erh Tea of Different Raw Materials Based on Phytochemicals Using Chemometrics. Foods 11:5, pages 680.
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Wen Zeng, Zhen Zeng, Jie Teng, Dylan O’Neill Rothenberg, Mengzhen Zhou, Ronghui Lai, Xingfei Lai, Wenfang Zhao, Dan Li, Changyu Yan & Yahui Huang. (2022) Comparative Analysis of Purine Alkaloids and Main Quality Components of the Three Camellia Species in China. Foods 11:5, pages 627.
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Jaime L Tartar, Jonathan B Banks, Mykola Marang, Frankie Pizzo & Jose Antonio. (2021) A Combination of Caffeine, TeaCrine® (Theacrine), and Dynamine® (Methylliberine) Increases Cognitive Performance and Reaction Time Without Interfering With Mood in Adult Male Egamers. Cureus.
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Cian-Fen Jhuo, Yu-Yu Hsu, Wen-Ying Chen & Jason T. C. Tzen. (2021) Attenuation of Tumor Development in Mammary Carcinoma Rats by Theacrine, an Antagonist of Adenosine 2A Receptor. Molecules 26:24, pages 7455.
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Y. Cui, H. Lu, Z. Tian, D. Deng & X. Ma. (2021) Current trends of Chinese herbal medicines on meat quality of pigs. A review. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 30:3, pages 187-205.
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Shu-Hua Ouyang, Yu-Jia Zhai, Yan-Ping Wu, Guo Xie, Guo-En Wang, Zhong-Fu Mao, Hui-Hua Hu, Xue-Hua Luo, Wan-Yang Sun, Lei Liang, Wen-Jun Duan, Hiroshi Kurihara, Yi-Fang Li & Rong-Rong He. (2021) Theacrine, a Potent Antidepressant Purine Alkaloid from a Special Chinese Tea, Promotes Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Stressed Mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 69:25, pages 7016-7027.
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Yue-Yue Sheng, Jing Xiang, Ze-Shi Wang, Jing Jin, Ying-Qi Wang, Qing-Sheng Li, Da Li, Zhou-Tao Fang, Jian-Liang Lu, Jian-Hui Ye, Yue-Rong Liang & Xin-Qiang Zheng. (2020) Theacrine From Camellia kucha and Its Health Beneficial Effects. Frontiers in Nutrition 7.
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Shahira M. Ezzat, Ahmed Zayed & Mohamed A. Salem. 2020. Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery. Poisonous Plants and Phytochemicals in Drug Discovery 123 161 .
Pei-Rong Lin, Ping-Chung Kuo, Yue-Chiun Li, Cian-Fen Jhuo, Wei-Li Hsu & Jason T.C. Tzen. (2020) Theacrine and strictinin, two major ingredients for the anti-influenza activity of Yunnan Kucha tea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 262, pages 113190.
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Yue-Hong Zhang, Yi-Fang Li, Yongjin Wang, Li Tan, Zhi-Qin Cao, Chao Xie, Guo Xie, Hai-Biao Gong, Wan-Yang Sun, Shu-Hua Ouyang, Wen-Jun Duan, Xiaoyun Lu, Ke Ding, Hiroshi Kurihara, Dan Hu, Zhi-Min Zhang, Ikuro Abe & Rong-Rong He. (2020) Identification and characterization of N9-methyltransferase involved in converting caffeine into non-stimulatory theacrine in tea. Nature Communications 11:1.
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Trisha A. VanDusseldorp, Matthew T. Stratton, Alyssa R. Bailly, Alyssa J. Holmes, Michaela G. Alesi, Yuri Feito, Gerald T. Mangine, Garrett M. Hester, Tiffany A. Esmat, Megan Barcala, Karleena R. Tuggle, Michael Snyder & Andrew S. Modjeski. (2020) Safety of Short-Term Supplementation with Methylliberine (Dynamine®) Alone and in Combination with TeaCrine® in Young Adults. Nutrients 12:3, pages 654.
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Jeong‐Hyeon Ko, Min Hee Yang, Seung Ho Baek, Dongwoo Nam, Sang Hoon Jung & Kwang Seok Ahn. (2019) Theacrine attenuates epithelial mesenchymal transition in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Phytotherapy Research 33:7, pages 1934-1942.
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Haoyi Qiao, Xiansheng Ye, Xiaoyu Bai, Jun He, Tingli Li, Jia Zhang, Weiku Zhang & Jiekun Xu. (2017) Theacrine: A purine alkaloid from Camellia assamica var. kucha with a hypnotic property via the adenosine system. Neuroscience Letters 659, pages 48-53.
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Hui HeDejian MaLaura Brooks CroneMatthew ButawanBernd MeibohmRichard J. BloomerCharles R. Yates. (2017) Assessment of the Drug–Drug Interaction Potential Between Theacrine and Caffeine in Humans. Journal of Caffeine Research 7:3, pages 95-102.
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Yi-Fang Li, Shu-Hua Ouyang, Yi-Qun Chang, Ting-Mei Wang, Wei-Xi Li, Hai-Yan Tian, Hong Cao, Hiroshi Kurihara & Rong-Rong He. (2017) A comparative analysis of chemical compositions in Camellia sinensis var. puanensis Kurihara, a novel Chinese tea, by HPLC and UFLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. Food Chemistry 216, pages 282-288.
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Kai Kai Li, Hing Lok Wong, Tianyong Hu, Cheng Zhang, Xiao Qiang Han, Chuang Xing Ye, Ping Chung Leung, Bao Hui Cheng & Chun Hay Ko. (2016) Impacts of Camellia kucha and its main chemical components on the lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes . International Journal of Food Science & Technology 51:12, pages 2546-2555.
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Zhuang Li, Jun He, Yue Zhang, Qing-Guo Wang, Yan Zhao, Hui-Hua Qu, Xue-Qian Wang, Hui Kong, Wei-Ku Zhang & Jie-Kun Xu. (2016) Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using specific monoclonal antibodies against theacrine and its application. Chinese Chemical Letters 27:12, pages 1771-1775.
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Amy Clewell, Gábor Hirka, Róbert Glávits, Philip A. Palmer, John R. Endres, Timothy S. Murbach, Tennille Marx & Ilona Pasics Szakonyiné. (2016) A 90-Day Oral Toxicological Evaluation of the Methylurate Purine Alkaloid Theacrine. Journal of Toxicology 2016, pages 1-17.
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Daniel Kuhman, Keanan Joyner & Richard Bloomer. (2015) Cognitive Performance and Mood Following Ingestion of a Theacrine-Containing Dietary Supplement, Caffeine, or Placebo by Young Men and Women. Nutrients 7:11, pages 9618-9632.
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Yi-Fang Li, Min Chen, Chen Wang, Xiao-Xiao Li, Shu-Hua Ouyang, Chi-Chi He, Zhong-Fu Mao, Bun Tsoi, Hiroshi Kurihara & Rong-Rong He. (2015) Theacrine, a purine alkaloid derived from Camellia assamica var. kucha , ameliorates impairments in learning and memory caused by restraint-induced central fatigue. Journal of Functional Foods 16, pages 472-483.
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Bun Tsoi, Ruo-Nan Yi, Ling-Fang Cao, Shan-Bing Li, Rui-Rong Tan, Min Chen, Xiao-Xiao Li, Chen Wang, Yi-Fang Li, Hiroshi Kurihara & Rong-Rong He. (2015) Comparing antioxidant capacity of purine alkaloids: A new, efficient trio for screening and discovering potential antioxidants in vitro and in vivo. Food Chemistry 176, pages 411-419.
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Shan-Bing Li, Yi-Fang Li, Zhong-Fu Mao, Hui-Hua Hu, Shu-Hua Ouyang, Yan-Ping Wu, Bun Tsoi, Pin Gong, Hiroshi Kurihara & Rong-Rong He. (2015) Differing chemical compositions of three teas may explain their different effects on acute blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 95:6, pages 1236-1242.
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Wei-Xi Li, Yi-Fang Li, Yu-Jia Zhai, Wei-Min Chen, Hiroshi Kurihara & Rong-Rong He. (2013) Theacrine, a Purine Alkaloid Obtained from Camellia assamica var. kucha , Attenuates Restraint Stress-Provoked Liver Damage in Mice . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61:26, pages 6328-6335.
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Allison A. Feduccia, Yuanyuan Wang, Jeffrey A. Simms, Henry Y. Yi, Rui Li, Leonard Bjeldanes, Chuangxing Ye & Selena E. Bartlett. (2012) Locomotor activation by theacrine, a purine alkaloid structurally similar to caffeine: Involvement of adenosine and dopamine receptors. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 102:2, pages 241-248.
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Kaikai Li, Xianggang Shi, Xiaorong Yang, Yuanyuan Wang, Chuangxing Ye & Zhongyi Yang. (2012) Antioxidative activities and the chemical constituents of two Chinese teas, Camellia kucha and C. ptilophylla . International Journal of Food Science & Technology 47:5, pages 1063-1071.
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T. K. LimT. K. Lim. 2012. Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants. Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants 252 258 .
Yuanyuan Wang, Xiaorong Yang, Xinqiang Zheng, Jing Li, Chuangxing Ye & Xiaohong Song. (2010) Theacrine, a purine alkaloid with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Fitoterapia 81:6, pages 627-631.
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Yuanyuan Wang, Xiaorong Yang, Kaikai Li, Chengren Li, Linlin Li, Jiaxian Li, Hualin Huang, Yumei He, Chuangxing Ye & Xiaohong Song. (2010) Simultaneous determination of theanine, gallic acid, purine alkaloids, catechins, and theaflavins in black tea using HPLC. International Journal of Food Science & Technology 45:6, pages 1263-1269.
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Guo XIE, Rong-Rong HE & KURIHARA Hiroshi. (2010) Research Progress on Biosynthesis and Catabolism of Tea Alkaloids. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines 8:2, pages 153-160.
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Jia-Li Lu, Dong-Mei Wang, Xiang-Gang Shi, De-Po Yang, Xin-Qiang Zheng & Chuang-Xing Ye. (2009) Determination of purine alkaloids and catechins in different parts of Camellia assamica var. kucha by HPLC-DAD/ESI-MS/MS . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89:12, pages 2024-2029.
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