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Original Articles

Boundary Film Formation by Viscosity Index Improvers

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Pages 726-734 | Published online: 25 Mar 2008

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (7)

Balasubramaniam Vengudusamy, Marius Kuhn, Michael Rankl & Reiner Spallek. (2016) Film Forming Behavior of Greases Under Starved and Fully Flooded EHL Conditions. Tribology Transactions 59:1, pages 62-71.
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L. Margielewski & S. Płaza. (2010) Surfactant dithiophosphates lubricating oil additives. Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces 4:2, pages 43-53.
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I. Křupka & M. Hartl. (2007) Thin-Film Lubrication of Dented Surfaces. Tribology Transactions 50:4, pages 488-496.
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M. Müller, K. Topolovec-Miklozic, A. Dardin & H.A. Spikes. (2006) The Design of Boundary Film-Forming PMA Viscosity Modifiers. Tribology Transactions 49:2, pages 225-232.
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R.P. GLOVNEA, A.V. OLVER & H.A. SPIKES. (2005) Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Speed and Load on Film Thickness in Elastohydrodynamic Contact. Tribology Transactions 48:3, pages 328-335.
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Maria Bercea, Ioan Bercea, Dumitru Olaru & Daniel Nelias. (1999) Polyethylene as an Additive for Mineral Oils—Part I: Influence of the Polymer Concentration on the Film—Forming Properties in Rolling Bearing. Tribology Transactions 42:4, pages 851-859.
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Articles from other publishers (91)

Nicholas M. Taylor, Georgia A. Pilkington, Tim Snow, Peter J. Dowding, Beatrice N. Cattoz, Andrew D. Schwarz, Oier Bikondoa, Brian Vincent & Wuge H. Briscoe. (2024) Surface forces and friction between Langmuir-Blodgett polymer layers in a nonpolar solvent. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 653, pages 1432-1443.
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Yuxi Song, Kenji Fukuzawa, Tomoko Hirayama, Naoki Yamashita, Norifumi L. Yamada, Shintaro Itoh, Naoki Azuma & Hedong Zhang. (2023) Effects of Polarity of Polymers on Conformation and Lubricating Film Formation of Adsorbed Films. Macromolecules 56:5, pages 1954-1964.
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Mao Ueda, Amir Kadiric & Hugh Spikes. (2022) Influence of PMA on the anti-scuffing properties of AW/EP additives. Tribology International 174, pages 107756.
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Panagiotis Arkoudeas. 2022. Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches. Crude Oil - New Technologies and Recent Approaches.
Chenhao Wei, Guohao Zhang, Liang Zhao, Jinsen Gao & Chunming Xu. (2022) Effect of metal–acid balance and textual modifications on hydroisomerization catalysts for n-alkanes with different chain length: A mini-review. Fuel 315, pages 122809.
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Yuxi Song, Kenji Fukuzawa, Shintaro Itoh, Hedong Zhang & Naoki Azuma. (2022) In-situ measurement of temporal changes in thickness of polymer adsorbed films from lubricant oil by vertical-objective-based ellipsometric microscopy. Tribology International 165, pages 107341.
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Febin Cyriac, Tee Xin Yi, Sendhil K. Poornachary & Pui Shan Chow. (2022) Boundary lubrication performance of polymeric and organic friction modifiers in the presence of an anti-wear additive. Tribology International 165, pages 107256.
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Glenn Kwabena Gyimah, Shuzhen Jiang, Amevi Acakpovi, Emmanuel Kabu Oman, Peter Nyanor & Gary C. Barber. (2021) Oil Film Characterization of PTFE During EHL Point Contact and Pure Rolling Tribology Tests. Oil Film Characterization of PTFE During EHL Point Contact and Pure Rolling Tribology Tests.
Nasrya F. Kossoko, Frédéric Dubreuil, Benoît Thiébaut, Michel Belin & Clotilde Minfray. (2021) Diblock polymeric friction modifier (PFM) in the boundary regime: Tribological conditions leading to low friction. Tribology International 163, pages 107186.
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Asghar Shirani, Yuzhe Li, Osman Levent Eryilmaz & Diana Berman. (2021) Tribocatalytically-activated formation of protective friction and wear reducing carbon coatings from alkane environment. Scientific Reports 11:1.
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Frank T. Hong, Viko Ladelta, Ribhu Gautam, S. Mani Sarathy & Nikos Hadjichristidis. (2021) Polyether-Based Block Co(ter)polymers as Multifunctional Lubricant Additives. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 3:8, pages 3811-3820.
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Pravin P. Patil, Yatika Gori, Ashwani Kumar & M.R. Tyagi. (2021) Experimental analysis of tribological properties of polyisobutylene thickened oil in lubricated contacts. Tribology International 159, pages 106983.
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Mao Ueda, Amir Kadiric & Hugh Spikes. (2021) Wear of hydrogenated DLC in MoDTC-containing oils. Wear 474-475, pages 203869.
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Naoki Yamashita, Tomoko Hirayama, Norifumi L. Yamada, Honami Watanabe, Ko Onodera & Takehisa Sato. (2021) Highly Swollen Adsorption Layer Formed by Polymeric Friction Modifier Providing Low Friction at Higher Temperature. Tribology Letters 69:2.
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Liangwei Qiu, Xiaoyang Chen & Fakai Dong. (2021) Effects of polymers concentration on EHL film-forming in point contacts. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 73:3, pages 436-442.
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Jianyi Du, Hiroko Ohtani, Crystal E. Owens, Lenan Zhang, Kevin Ellwood & Gareth H. McKinley. (2021) An improved Capillary Breakup Extensional Rheometer to characterize weakly rate-thickening fluids: Applications in synthetic automotive oils. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 291, pages 104496.
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Liran Ma & Jianbin Luo. 2021. Superlubricity. Superlubricity 475 498 .
Gerda Vaitkunaite, Cayetano Espejo, Chun Wang, Benoît Thiébaut, Catherine Charrin, Anne Neville & Ardian Morina. (2020) MoS2 tribofilm distribution from low viscosity lubricants and its effect on friction. Tribology International 151, pages 106531.
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Timothy J. Murdoch, Eugene Pashkovski, Reid Patterson, Robert W. Carpick & Daeyeon Lee. (2020) Sticky but Slick: Reducing Friction Using Associative and Nonassociative Polymer Lubricant Additives. ACS Applied Polymer Materials 2:9, pages 4062-4070.
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Johan Guegan, Mark Southby & Hugh Spikes. (2019) Friction Modifier Additives, Synergies and Antagonisms. Tribology Letters 67:3.
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Kenji Yamamoto, Tsuyoshi Hiramatsu, Ryo Hanamura, Yukiya Moriizumi & Sascha Heiden. The Study of Friction Modifiers to Improve Fuel Economy for WLTP with Low and Ultra-Low Viscosity Engine Oil. The Study of Friction Modifiers to Improve Fuel Economy for WLTP with Low and Ultra-Low Viscosity Engine Oil.
Carranza A.Jiang S.Devlin M. T.Sheldon B.Hux K.Walker C.Wyatt W.. Functional Olefin Copolymers for Low Viscosity Energy Efficiency HDEO and PCMO. Functional Olefin Copolymers for Low Viscosity Energy Efficiency HDEO and PCMO.
Pauline Cusseau, Philippe Vergne, Laetitia Martinie, David Philippon, Nicolas Devaux & Fanny Briand. (2019) Film Forming Capability of Polymer-Base Oil Lubricants in Elastohydrodynamic and Very Thin Film Regimes. Tribology Letters 67:2.
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Shinji Yamada, Ami Fujihara, Shin-ichi Yusa, Tadao Tanabe & Kazue Kurihara. (2018) Confined film structure and friction properties of triblock copolymer additives in oil-based lubrication. Polymer Journal 51:1, pages 41-49.
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Noah H. Cho, Alex D. Nikolov & Darsh T. Wasan. (2018) Estimation of structural film viscosity based on the bubble rise method in a nanofluid. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 516, pages 312-316.
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A. Fernández-González, M.T. Mallada, J.L. Viesca, R. González, R. Badía & A. Hernández-Battez. (2017) Corrosion activity and solubility in polar oils of three bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide/bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl) amide ([NTF 2 ]) anion-based ionic liquids. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 56, pages 292-298.
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Yuan Gao, Boce Xue, Liran Ma & Jianbin Luo. (2017) Effect of liquid crystal molecular orientation controlled by an electric field on friction. Tribology International 115, pages 477-482.
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Sandra Jendrzej, Bilal Gökce & Stephan Barcikowski. (2017) Colloidal Stability of Metal Nanoparticles in Engine Oil under Thermal and Mechanical Load. Chemical Engineering & Technology 40:9, pages 1569-1576.
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Thomas J. Zolper, Yifeng He, Massimiliano Delferro, Paul Shiller, Gary Doll, Babak LotfizadehDehkordi, Ning Ren, Frances Lockwood, Tobin J. Marks, Yip-Wah Chung, Aaron Greco, Ali Erdemir & Qian Wang. (2017) Investigation of Shear-Thinning Behavior on Film Thickness and Friction Coefficient of Polyalphaolefin Base Fluids With Varying Olefin Copolymer Content. Journal of Tribology 139:2.
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Yuji Matsui, Saiko Aoki & Masabumi Masuko. (2016) Influence of coexisting functionalized polyalkylmethacrylates on the formation of ZnDTP-derived tribofilm. Tribology International 100, pages 152-161.
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Joshua W. Robinson, Yan Zhou, Jun Qu, Robert Erck & Lelia Cosimbescu. (2016) Effects of star-shaped poly(alkyl methacrylate) arm uniformity on lubricant properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133:26.
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Takashi Hoshino, Farrukh Qureshi, Nicholas Virostko, Elizabeth Schiferl, Ananda Gajanayake, Motoji Hiroki, Tomoya Higuchi & Keita Ishizaki. A Study of Axle Fluid Viscosity and Friction Impact on Axle Efficiency. A Study of Axle Fluid Viscosity and Friction Impact on Axle Efficiency.
Yuan Gao, Liran Ma & Jianbin Luo. (2016) Friction Anisotropy Induced by Oriented Liquid Crystal Molecules. Tribology Letters 61:3.
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Weiwei Wang, Shan Jiang, Yan Shen, Shunba Xia & Jiujun Xu. (2016) Synthesis of high viscosity index base stock and study on the lubricating properties. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 68:1, pages 52-56.
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Masaki Tsuchiko, Saiko Aoki & Masabumi Masuko. (2016) The Role of Asperity Geometry and Roughness Orientation for the Friction-Reducing Effect of Adsorbed Molecular Films. Tribology Online 11:2, pages 140-151.
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C.D. Neveu, R. Sondjaja, T. Stöhr, K. Schimossek & N.J. Iroff. 2016. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering.
Shinji Yamada, Ami Fujihara, Shin-ichi Yusa, Tadao Tanabe & Kazue Kurihara. (2015) Low-Friction Adsorbed Layers of a Triblock Copolymer Additive in Oil-Based Lubrication. Langmuir 31:44, pages 12140-12147.
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Hugh Spikes. (2015) Friction Modifier Additives. Tribology Letters 60:1.
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S. P. Srivastava. 2014. Developments in Lubricant Technology. Developments in Lubricant Technology 197 218 .
G.E. Morales-Espejel, P.M. Lugt, H.R. Pasaribu & H. Cen. (2014) Film thickness in grease lubricated slow rotating rolling bearings. Tribology International 74, pages 7-19.
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Rungrot Kitsomboonloha & Vivek Subramanian. (2014) Lubrication-Related Residue as a Fundamental Process Scaling Limit to Gravure Printed Electronics. Langmuir 30:12, pages 3612-3624.
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Thomas J. Zolper, Afif Seyam, Zhi Li, Changle Chen, Manfred Jungk, Andreas Stammer, Tobin J. Marks, Yip-Wah Chung & Qian Wang. (2013) Friction and Wear Protection Performance of Synthetic Siloxane Lubricants. Tribology Letters 51:3, pages 365-376.
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Thomas Zolper, Zhi Li, Manfred Jungk, Andreas Stammer, Herbert Stoegbauer, Tobin Marks, Yip-Wah Chung & Qian Wang. (2012) Traction Characteristics of Siloxanes with Aryl and Cyclohexyl Branches. Tribology Letters 49:2, pages 301-311.
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Kazuaki Hachiya & Takao Tanaka. (2013) Relationship between Friction Coefficient, Contact Angle and Infrared Absorbance of Polypropylene Glycol on Metal Surface. Tribology Online 8:3, pages 227-233.
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J. Y. Leong, T. Reddyhoff, S. K. Sinha, A. S. Holmes & H. A. Spikes. (2012) Hydrodynamic Friction Reduction in a MAC–Hexadecane Lubricated MEMS Contact. Tribology Letters 49:1, pages 217-225.
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Shuhai Liu, Dan Guo & Guoxin Xie. (2012) Nanoscale lubricating film formation by linear polymer in aqueous solution. Journal of Applied Physics 112:10.
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Q. Wang, Simon C. Tung, Y. Liu, Y. Zhang & D. Zhu. 2012. Automotive Lubricants and Testing. Automotive Lubricants and Testing 85 104 .
Leszek Margielewski, Renata Stanecka‐Badura, Stanislaw Plaza & Witold Kozlowski. (2012) Preparation and tribological properties of zinc dialkyl(aryl)ethoxy dithiophosphates. Industrial Lubrication and Tribology 64:4, pages 187-195.
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Andrew Greenall, Anne Neville, Ardian Morina & Mike Sutton. (2012) Investigation of the interactions between a novel, organic anti-wear additive, ZDDP and overbased calcium sulphonate. Tribology International 46:1, pages 52-61.
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Ken Nakano & Hugh A. Spikes. (2012) Process of Boundary Film Formation from Fatty Acid Solution. Tribology Online 7:1, pages 1-7.
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C.D. Neveu, R. Sondjaja, T. Stöhr & N.J. Iroff. 2012. Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference. Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference 453 478 .
M Muraki & T Yamashina. (2011) Shear behaviour of polyalkylmethacrylate solutions under thin film lubrication. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 225:6, pages 479-485.
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Jian Ping Liu, Xin Yi Zhang & Qing Xuan Jia. (2010) The Influence of Surface Tension on Lubrication Film Thickness and Pressure. Advanced Materials Research 136, pages 307-311.
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Jian Ping Liu & Xin Yi Zhang. (2010) The Influence of Surface Tension on Lubrication Characteristics. Applied Mechanics and Materials 33, pages 627-630.
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M Muraki & K Nakamura. (2009) Film-forming properties and traction of non- functionalized polyalkylmethacrylate solutions under transition from elastohydrodynamic lubrication to thin-film lubrication. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 224:1, pages 55-63.
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Wim van Dam, Peter Kleijwegt, Marnix Torreman & Gary Parsons. The Lubricant Contribution to Improved Fuel Economy in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines. The Lubricant Contribution to Improved Fuel Economy in Heavy Duty Diesel Engines.
Riaz A. Mufti & Martin Priest. (2009) Effect of Engine Operating Conditions and Lubricant Rheology on the Distribution of Losses in an Internal Combustion Engine. Journal of Tribology 131:4.
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Juliette Cayer-Barrioz, Denis Mazuyer, André Tonck & Elaine Yamaguchi. (2009) Frictional Rheology of a Confined Adsorbed Polymer Layer. Langmuir 25:18, pages 10802-10810.
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Kapila Wadumesthrige, Mahbuba Ara, Steven O. Salley & K. Y. Simon Ng. (2009) Investigation of Lubricity Characteristics of Biodiesel in Petroleum and Synthetic Fuel. Energy & Fuels 23:4, pages 2229-2234.
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I. Křupka, R. Poliščuk & M. Hartl. (2009) Behavior of thin viscous boundary films in lubricated contacts between micro-textured surfaces. Tribology International 42:4, pages 535-541.
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J. Fan, M. Müller, T. Stöhr & H. A. Spikes. (2007) Reduction of Friction by Functionalised Viscosity Index Improvers. Tribology Letters 28:3, pages 287-298.
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I. Křupka & M. Hartl. (2007) The influence of thin boundary films on real surface roughness in thin film, mixed EHD contact. Tribology International 40:10-12, pages 1553-1560.
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Michael Müller, Jingyan Fan & Hugh Spikes. Influence of polymethacrylate viscosity index improvers on friction and wear of lubricant formulations. Influence of polymethacrylate viscosity index improvers on friction and wear of lubricant formulations.
P. M. Cann. (2007) Grease lubrication of rolling element bearings — role of the grease thickener. Lubrication Science 19:3, pages 183-196.
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Michael Müller, Jingyan Fan, Hugh Spikes, Simon Tung, Bernard Kinker, Mathias Woydt & S. W. Dean. (2007) Design of Functionalized PAMA Viscosity Modifiers to Reduce Friction and Wear in Lubricating Oils. Journal of ASTM International 4:10, pages 100956.
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H. A. Spikes. (2006) Sixty years of EHL. Lubrication Science 18:4, pages 265-291.
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J.B. Luo & S. Liu. (2006) The investigation of contact ratio in mixed lubrication. Tribology International 39:5, pages 409-416.
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Seunghwan Lee & Nicholas D. Spencer. (2005) Aqueous lubrication of polymers: Influence of surface modification. Tribology International 38:11-12, pages 922-930.
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K. Topolovec Miklozˇicˇ & H. A. Spikes. (2005) Application of Atomic Force Microscopy to the Study of Lubricant Additive Films. Journal of Tribology 127:2, pages 405-415.
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Chaohui Zhang. (2005) Research on thin film lubrication: state of the art. Tribology International 38:4, pages 443-448.
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R. P. Glovnea, A. V. Olver & H. A. Spikes. (2005) Lubrication of Rough Surfaces by a Boundary Film-Forming Viscosity Modifier Additive. Journal of Tribology 127:1, pages 223-229.
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R.P. Glovnea, A.V. Olver & H.A. Spikes. 2005. Life Cycle Tribology. Life Cycle Tribology 135 143 .
H. A. Spikes & A. V. Olver. (2006) Basics of mixed lubrication. Lubrication Science 16:1, pages 1-28.
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Alexander Dardin, Klaus Hedrich, Michael Müller, Ksenija Topolovec-Miklozic & Hugh Spikes. Influence of Polyalkylmethacrylate Viscosity Index Improvers on the Efficiency of Lubricants. Influence of Polyalkylmethacrylate Viscosity Index Improvers on the Efficiency of Lubricants.
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M. T. Devlin, T. Hammock & T. ‐C. Jao. (2006) Effect of mechanical shear on the thin‐film properties of base oil‐polymer mixtures. Lubrication Science 14:2, pages 169-184.
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H. A. Spikes. (2006) Film‐forming additives ‐ direct and indirect ways to reduce friction. Lubrication Science 14:2, pages 147-167.
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H.A. Spikes & A.V. Olver. 2002. Boundary and Mixed Lubrication - Science and Applications, Proceedings of the 28th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology. Boundary and Mixed Lubrication - Science and Applications, Proceedings of the 28th Leeds-Lyon Symposium on Tribology 95 113 .
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C Bovington. (2005) Elastohydrodynamic lubrication: A lubricant industry perspective. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 213:5, pages 417-426.
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H. A. Spikes. (2005) Thin films in elastohydrodynamic lubrication: The contribution of experiment. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 213:5, pages 335-352.
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Maria Bercea, Ioan Bercea, Daniel Nelias & Dumitru Olaru. (2006) The tribological behaviour of mineral oils additivated with polyethylene. Lubrication Science 11:3, pages 247-270.
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Selda Gunsel, Matthew Smeeth & Hugh Spikes. Behavior of Viscosity Index Improver-Containing Oils in Non-Steady State Contacts. Behavior of Viscosity Index Improver-Containing Oils in Non-Steady State Contacts.
J. Sugimura, W. R. JonesJr.Jr. & H. A. Spikes. (1998) EHD Film Thickness in Non-Steady State Contacts. Journal of Tribology 120:3, pages 442-452.
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James A. Supp, Melody A. Wilk & Brent R. Dohner. An Investigation Into the Effect of Viscosity Modifiers and Base Oils on ASTM Sequence Via Fuel Economy. An Investigation Into the Effect of Viscosity Modifiers and Base Oils on ASTM Sequence Via Fuel Economy.
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