438
Views
74
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

A General and Convenient Route to Dithiophosphonate Salt Derivatives

&
Pages 117-132 | Received 12 May 2000, Accepted 13 Jul 2000, Published online: 03 Jan 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (6)

Gwaza Eric Ayom, Sizwe J. Zamisa, Thishana Singh & Werner E. van Zyl. (2023) Polymorphism in pentaerythritol-derived ferrocenyl dithiophosphonates with intramolecular S-S coupling: a structural and computational study. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 198:9, pages 723-732.
Read now
Tomilola J. Ajayi, Michael N. Pillay & Werner E. van Zyl. (2017) Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis of dithiophosphonic acids and corresponding nickel(II) complexes. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 192:11, pages 1205-1211.
Read now
Ertuğrul Gazi Sağlam, Sevcan Erden, Özgür Tutsak, Dilek Eskiköy Bayraktepe, Zehra Yazan Durmuş, Hakan Dal & Ahmet Ebinç. (2017) Syntheses, characterization of and studies on the electrochemical behaviour of ferrocenyl dithiophosphonates and 4-methoxyphenyl dithiophosphonates. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 192:3, pages 322-329.
Read now
Esengül Kır, Şirin Yalımlı, Seda Kurtulmuş, Ahmet Aydın & Hamza Yılmaz. (2015) Facilitated Transport of Ni(II) through Supported Liquid Membranes Containing Dithiophosphonates as Ion Carrier. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 190:2, pages 178-190.
Read now
WernerE. Van Zyl. (2010) DITHIOPHOSPHONATES AND RELATED P/S-TYPE LIGANDS OF GROUP 11 METALS. Comments on Inorganic Chemistry 31:1-2, pages 13-45.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (68)

Tunde L. Yusuf, Segun A. Ogundare, Monsurat M. Lawal, Sizwe J. Zamisa & Werner E. van Zyl. (2023) A series of isomorphic cobalt(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) complexes of mixed dithiophosphonate, 2,2-bipyridine and 1,10-phenanthroline ligands: Synthesis, structure, and theoretical calculations. Inorganica Chimica Acta 557, pages 121699.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi SAĞLAM, Elif BULAT, Mustafa SAÇMACI & Servet YILDIZ. (2023) Çift Metal Merkezli Fosfor 1,1-Ditiyolat Cd(II) Komplekslerinin Sentez ve Yapılarının AydınlatılmasıSynthesis and Structural Characterization of Homo Dinuclear Phosphorus 1,1-Dithiolate Cd(II) Complexes. Düzce Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, pages 759-774.
Crossref
Kurt Bodenstedt, Jacob L. Fripp, Shan Li, Zhou Lu, Mohammad A. Omary & Molly B. Atkinson. (2022) Luminescence Screening of Copper and Gold Mixed Ligand Complexes with S-/P-Donor Atoms: An Advanced Multiweek Research Discovery Experiment for the Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory. Journal of Chemical Education 100:1, pages 289-297.
Crossref
López-Cardoso Marcela, Jaime-Adán Everardo, Román-Bravo Perla, Vargas-Pineda Gabriela, Jancik Vojtech, Bernal-Uruchurtu Margarita I, Cea-Olivares Raymundo & Tlahuext Hugo. (2022) Is the phosphorous atom a stereogenic center? Crystallographic findings in five new dithiophosphonate compounds supported with non covalent interaction index (NCI), theoretical approach and spectroscopic analysis. Journal of Molecular Structure 1270, pages 133987.
Crossref
Dilip Kumar Jangid, Saptarshi G. Dastider, Rathindranath Biswas, Samreet Khirid, Sangeeta Meena, Pankaj Kumar, Subash C. Sahoo, Ved Prakash Verma, Ravindra D. Makde, Ashwani Kumar, Ravindra Jangir, Krishnakanta Mondal, Krishna Kanta Haldar & Rajendra S. Dhayal. (2022) Dithiophosphonate Anchored Heterometallic (Ag(I)/Fe(II)) Molecular Catalysts for Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Inorganic Chemistry 61:34, pages 13342-13354.
Crossref
Laura E. English, Aleksandra Pajak, Claire L. McMullin, John P. Lowe, Mary F. Mahon & David J. Liptrot. (2022) A Terphenyl Supported Dioxophosphorane Dimer: the Light Congener of Lawesson's and Woollins’ Reagents. Chemistry – A European Journal 28:28.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi Sağlam, Senem Akkoç, Nurcan Acar, Hakan Dal, Özgür Tutsak, Leyla Açık & Süheyla Pınar Çelik. (2021) New Heterobimetallic Ferrocenyl Dithiophosphonato Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes: DNA Interactions, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity Studies of the Cd(II) Complexes. ChemistrySelect 6:44, pages 12496-12505.
Crossref
Gwaza Eric Ayom, Malik Dilshad Khan, Jonghyun Choi, Ram Krishna Gupta, Werner E. van Zyl & Neerish Revaprasadu. (2021) Synergistically enhanced performance of transition-metal doped Ni 2 P for supercapacitance and overall water splitting . Dalton Transactions 50:34, pages 11821-11833.
Crossref
Gwaza E. Ayom, Malik D. Khan, Ginena B. Shombe, Jonghyun Choi, Ram K. Gupta, Werner E. van Zyl & Neerish Revaprasadu. (2021) Triphenylphosphine-Assisted Transformation of NiS to Ni 2 P through a Solvent-Less Pyrolysis Route: Synthesis and Electrocatalytic Performance . Inorganic Chemistry 60:15, pages 11374-11384.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi Sağlam, Senem Akkoç, Yunus Zorlu, Elif Bulat & Aziz Akgün. (2021) New phenanthroline nickel(II) organodithio-phosphorus complexes: Syntheses, structural characterizations and in vitro cytotoxic activity studies. Polyhedron 199, pages 115097.
Crossref
Emmanuel Mkumbuzi & Werner E. van Zyl. (2021) Synthesis and structures of zinc and cadmium bis(dithiophosphonate) complexes. Journal of Molecular Structure 1226, pages 129338.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi Sağlam, Senem Akkoç, Celal Tuğrul Zeyrek, Hakan Dal & Özgür Tutsak. (2021) New heterobimetallic nickel(II) ferrocenyldithiophosphonato complexes: Syntheses, characterization, antiproliferative activity and X-ray, DFT, molecular docking studies on trans-bis-[O-3-methyl-1-butyl-(ferrocenyl)dithiophosphonato]nickel(II). Inorganica Chimica Acta 514, pages 119991.
Crossref
Ahmet Aydin & Seda Özarslan. (2020) Synthesis, spectroscopic properties and catecholase-like activities of novel ferrocenyl dithiophosphonate Nd(III) complexes. Journal of Molecular Structure 1222, pages 128861.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi SAĞLAM, Elif BULAT & Hamza YILMAZ. (2020) The Syntheses and Characterization of New Dithiophosphonates derived from Novel 2,4-Bis(methoxytolyl)-1,3-dithia-2,4-diphosphetane 2,4- disulfides and Their Ni(II) Complexes. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 7:3, pages 789-800.
Crossref
Stephanie A. Fraser, Michael N. Pillay & Werner E. van Zyl. (2020) Facile in situ formation of luminescent cellulose paper using Schweizer's reagent as an inorganic solvent in water . Materials Advances 1:5, pages 1055-1060.
Crossref
Ahmet Aydin & Seda Özarslan. (2020) WITHDRAWN: Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and catecholase-like activity of ferrocenyl dithiophosphonate nd(iii) complexes. Arabian Journal of Chemistry.
Crossref
Gwaza E. Ayom, Malik D. Khan, Tenzin Ingsel, Wang Lin, Ram K. Gupta, Sizwe J. Zamisa, Werner E. Zyl & Neerish Revaprasadu. (2020) Flexible Molecular Precursors for Selective Decomposition to Nickel Sulfide or Nickel Phosphide for Water Splitting and Supercapacitance. Chemistry – A European Journal 26:12, pages 2693-2704.
Crossref
Tomilola J. Ajayi & Micheal Shapi. (2020) Solvent-free mechanochemical synthesis, hirshfeld surface analysis, crystal structure, spectroscopic characterization and NBO analysis of Bis(ammonium) Bis((4-methoxyphenyl) phosphonodithioato)-nickel (II) dihydrate with DFT studies. Journal of Molecular Structure 1202, pages 127254.
Crossref
David Sosa-García, Marcela López-Cardoso, Hugo Tlahuext, Gabriela Vargas-Pineda, Perla Román-Bravo, Raúl Villamil-Ramos, Macdiel Acevedo-Quiroz, Rodrigo Said Razo-Hernández, Zeferino Gómez-Sandoval, Patricia Alvarez-Fitz & Raymundo Cea-Olivares. (2019) Synthesis, structural investigation, antibacterial and DFT studies of complexes derived from a cholesteryl dithiophosphonate ligand with some thio-metallolane and thio-metallocane heterocycles of As(III) and Sb(III). Inorganica Chimica Acta 495, pages 118943.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi Sağlam, Elif Bulat, Celal Tuğrul Zeyrek, Hakan Dal & Tuncer Hökelek. (2019) Syntheses of and structural studies on some square planar dithiophosphonato Ni(II) complexes, octahedral pyridine derivatives thereof and X-ray crystallography, DFT and molecular docking studies of the latter. Journal of Molecular Structure 1178, pages 112-125.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi SAĞLAM & Ahmet EBİNÇ. (2018) Syntheses and Spectroscopic Characterization on New [O–3-phenyl-1-propyl-(4-methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato] Ni(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II) Complexes. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry 5:3, pages 1239-1248.
Crossref
Cameron M. E. Graham, Taylor E. Pritchard, Paul D. Boyle, Juuso Valjus, Heikki M. Tuononen & Paul J. Ragogna. (2017) Trapping Rare and Elusive Phosphinidene Chalcogenides. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 56:22, pages 6236-6240.
Crossref
Cameron M. E. Graham, Taylor E. Pritchard, Paul D. Boyle, Juuso Valjus, Heikki M. Tuononen & Paul J. Ragogna. (2017) Trapping Rare and Elusive Phosphinidene Chalcogenides. Angewandte Chemie 129:22, pages 6332-6336.
Crossref
Beata Jędrzejewska, Anna Zakrzewska, Grzegorz Mlostoń, Šimon Budzák, Karina Mroczyńska, Anna M. Grabarz, Małgorzata A. Kaczorowska, Denis Jacquemin & Borys Ośmiałowski. (2016) Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Novel Donor–Acceptor N -(Pyridin-2-yl)-Substituted Benzo(thio)amides and Their Difluoroboranyl Derivatives . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A 120:24, pages 4116-4123.
Crossref
Ertuğrul Gazi Sağlam, Ahmet Ebinç, Celal Tuğrul Zeyrek, Hüseyin Ünver & Tuncer Hökelek. (2015) Structural studies on some dithiophosphonato complexes of Ni(II), Cd(II), Hg(II) and theoretical studies on a dithiophosphonato Ni(II) complex using density functional theory. Journal of Molecular Structure 1099, pages 490-501.
Crossref
Vashen Moodley, Londiwe Mthethwa, Michael N. Pillay, Bernard Omondi & Werner E. van Zyl. (2015) The silver(I) coordination polymer [AgO2PPh2] and unsupported Ag⋯Ag interactions derived from aminophosphinate and phosphinic acid. Polyhedron 99, pages 87-95.
Crossref
Michael N. Pillay, Hendriette van der Walt, Richard J. Staples & Werner E. van Zyl. (2015) C/O/P/S cycles derived from oxidative intramolecular disulfide (–S–S–) coupling of ferrocenyl dithiophosphonates. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 794, pages 33-39.
Crossref
Mehmet Karakus, Yuksel Ikiz, Halil Ibrahim Kaya & Omer Simsek. (2014) Synthesis, characterization, electrospinning and antibacterial studies on triphenylphosphine-dithiphosphonates Copper(I) and Silver(I) complexes. Chemistry Central Journal 8:1.
Crossref
María del Carmen Hernández-Galindo, Mónica Moya-Cabrera, Vojtech Jancik, Rubén A. Toscano & Raymundo Cea-Olivares. (2014) Synthesis and structural characterization of organotellurium(IV) complexes bearing ferrocenyldithiophosphonate ligands. The first examples of tellurium dithiophosphonates. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 772-773, pages 280-286.
Crossref
M. Kumar. 2014. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 2394 2394 .
M. Kumar. 2014. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 2096 2096 .
Werner E. van Zyl & J. Derek Woollins. (2013) The coordination chemistry of dithiophosphonates: An emerging and versatile ligand class. Coordination Chemistry Reviews 257:3-4, pages 718-731.
Crossref
Ray J. Butcher, Raju Ratnani, Sema Öztürk Yildirim & Oluwaseun Falola. (2012) catena -Poly[[[ O , O ′-bis(2-methylphenyl) dithiophosphato-κ 2 S , S ]lead(II)]-μ- O , O ′-bis(2-methylphenyl) dithiophosphato-κ 3 S , S ′: S ] . Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 69:1, pages m29-m30.
Crossref
Michael N. Pillay, Bernard Omondi, Richard J. Staples & Werner E. van Zyl. (2013) A hexanuclear gold(i) metallatriangle derived from a chiral dithiophosphate: synthesis, structure, luminescence and oxidative bromination reactivity. CrystEngComm 15:22, pages 4417.
Crossref
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 3620 3620 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 2273 2273 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 2266 2266 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 2263 2263 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 1855 1855 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 1832 1832 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 1825 1825 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 1824 1824 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 1079 1079 .
M. Kumar. 2013. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31. Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants for Phosphorus-31 1052 1052 .
Shirveen Sewpersad, Bernard Omondi & Werner E. Van Zyl. (2012) Bis[ O -propyl (4-ethoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato-κ 2 S , S ′]nickel(II) . Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68:12, pages m1534-m1534.
Crossref
Shirveen Sewpersad & Werner E. Van Zyl. (2012) Bis[ O -isopropyl (4-ethoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato-κ 2 S , S ′]lead(II) . Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68:12, pages m1502-m1502.
Crossref
Shirveen Sewpersad & Werner E. Van Zyl. (2012) Bis[μ- O -isopropyl (4-ethoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato-κ 2 S : S ′]bis{[ O -isopropyl (4-ethoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato-κ 2 S , S ′]mercury(II)} . Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68:12, pages m1488-m1489.
Crossref
Shirveen Sewpersad, Bernard Omondi & Werner E. Van Zyl. (2012) Bis[ O -methyl (4-ethoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato-κ 2 S , S ′]nickel(II) . Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68:12, pages m1483-m1483.
Crossref
Shirveen Sewpersad & Werner E. Van Zyl. (2012) Bis[ O -propan-2-yl (4-ethoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato-κ 2 S , S ′]nickel(II) . Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68:12, pages m1457-m1457.
Crossref
Mehmet Karakus, Hamza Korkmaz Alpoguz, Ahmet Kaya, Nurcan Acar, Ahmet Orhan Görgülü & Mustafa Arslan. (2011) A kinetic study of mercury(II) transport through a membrane assisted by new transport reagent. Chemistry Central Journal 5:1.
Crossref
Qing Ma, Xi-Ying Wang, Qun Chen, Wa-Hung Leung & Qian-Feng Zhang. (2011) Dinuclear ruthenium complexes containing tripodal dithiophosphonate ligands. Inorganica Chimica Acta 378:1, pages 148-153.
Crossref
Hendriette Van Der Walt, Alfred Muller & Werner E. van Zyl. (2010) Triethylammonium O -3β-cholest-5-en-3-yl (4-methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonate . Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 66:8, pages o2146-o2147.
Crossref
Eva M. Barranco, Olga Crespo, M. Concepción Gimeno, Peter G. Jones & Antonio Laguna. (2008) Unprecedented Formation of Novel Phosphonodithioate Ligands from Diferrocenyldithiadiphosphetane Disulfide. Inorganic Chemistry 47:15, pages 6913-6918.
Crossref
María del C. Hernández-Galindo, Vojtech Jancik, Mónica M. Moya-Cabrera, Rubén A. Toscano & Raymundo Cea-Olivares. (2007) 2D hydrogen bond networks in the crystals of [(NH4·H2O)2][(RO)(Fc)P(S)2]2 (R=3-(BzO)-Bz, 4-(n-Bu)-Bz, Bz=benzyl). Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 692:23, pages 5295-5302.
Crossref
E. Alberti, G.A. Ardizzoia, S. Brenna, F. Castelli, S. Galli & A. Maspero. (2007) The synthesis of a new dithiophosphonic acid and its coordination properties toward Ni(II): A combined NMR and X-ray diffraction study. Polyhedron 26:5, pages 958-966.
Crossref
Mehmet Karakus & H. Yilmaz. (2006) Synthesis and characterization of Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) complexes with dithiophosphonate derivatives. Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry 32:6, pages 437-443.
Crossref
Ionel Haiduc, Gellert Mezei, Rodica Micu‐Semeniuc, Frank T. Edelmann & Axel Fischer. (2005) Differing Coordination Modes of (O‐Alkyl)‐p‐Ethoxyphenyldithiophosphonato Ligands in Copper(I), Silver(I) and Gold(I) Triphenylphosphine Complexes. Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 632:2, pages 295-300.
Crossref
M. Karakus, H. Yilmaz & E. Bulak. (2005) Synthesis and Characterization of Zn(II) and Cd(II) Complexes with Bisdithiophosphonates. Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry 31:5, pages 316-321.
Crossref
Mehmet Karakus, Hamza Yilmaz, Ece Bulak & Peter Lönnecke. (2005) Crystallographic report: Bis{µ‐[ O ‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl) dithiophosphonato]1κ:S,2κ:S‐[ O ‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato]1κ 2 S,S′} dizinc(II) . Applied Organometallic Chemistry 19:3, pages 396-397.
Crossref
Maria Carla Aragoni, Massimiliano Arca, Francesco Demartin, Francesco A. Devillanova, Francesco Isaia, Vito Lippolis & Gaetano Verani. (2005) An unusual cis-phosphonodithioato Pd(II) complex in an extensive hydrogen bonding 3D network. Inorganica Chimica Acta 358:1, pages 213-216.
Crossref
T. Minami & T. Okauchi. 2005. Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations II. Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations II 853 907 .
Mehmet Karakus, Peter Lönnecke & Evamarie Hey-Hawkins. (2004) Zwitterionic ferrocenyldithiophosphonates: the molecular structure of [FcP(S)S(OCH2CH2NH2Me)] [Fc=Fe(η5-C5H4)(η5-C5H5)]. Polyhedron 23:14, pages 2281-2284.
Crossref
Mehmet Karakus, Peter Lönnecke, Dmitry Yakhvarov & Evamarie Hey‐Hawkins. (2004) Heterobimetallic Nickel(II) Complexes of Ferrocenyldithiophosphonates. Molecular Structures of [{FcP(OR)S 2 } 2 Ni] [Fc = Fe(η 5 ‐C 5 H 4 )(η 5 ‐C 5 H 5 ), R = Et, Pr i , Bu s , Bu i ] . Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 630:10, pages 1444-1450.
Crossref
Mehmet Karakus, Hamza Yilmaz, Yusuf Ozcan & Semra Ide. (2004) Crystallographic report: Bis{µ‐[ O ‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato]1κ: S ,2κ: S ‐[ O ‐cyclopentyl(4‐methoxyphenyl)dithiophosphonato]‐1κ 2 S , S ′}dicadmium(II) . Applied Organometallic Chemistry 18:3, pages 141-142.
Crossref
Angelo Maspero, Ibrahim Kani, Ahmed A. Mohamed, Mohammad A. Omary, Richard J. Staples & John P. Fackler. (2003) Syntheses and Structures of Dinuclear Gold(I) Dithiophosphonate Complexes and the Reaction of the Dithiophosphonate Complexes with Phosphines:  Diverse Coordination Types. Inorganic Chemistry 42:17, pages 5311-5319.
Crossref
I. Haiduc. 2003. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II 349 376 .
John P. Fackler. (2002) Forty-Five Years of Chemical Discovery Including a Golden Quarter-Century. Inorganic Chemistry 41:26, pages 6959-6972.
Crossref
Werner E. van Zyl, José M. López-de-Luzuriaga, Ahmed A. Mohamed, Richard J. Staples & John P. Fackler. (2002) Dinuclear Gold(I) Dithiophosphonate Complexes:  Synthesis, Luminescent Properties, and X-ray Crystal Structures of [AuS 2 PR(OR‘)] 2 (R = Ph, R‘ = C 5 H 9 ; R = 4-C 6 H 4 OMe, R‘ = (1 S ,5 R ,2 S )-(−)-Menthyl; R = Fc, R‘ = (CH 2 ) 2 O(CH 2 ) 2 OMe) . Inorganic Chemistry 41:17, pages 4579-4589.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.