Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association Volume 51, 2001 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
3,043
Views
84
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Technical Paper

Air Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds with Solid Phase Microextraction

Jacek A. Koziel University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, USA
&
Janusz Pawliszyn University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, USACorrespondence[email protected]
Pages 173-184 | Published online: 27 Dec 2011

Citations (84)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (5)

Ma Taotao, Wang Dingzhong, Zhang Yihan, Zhang Shuo, Sun Shihao, Li Xiang & Zhang Jianxun. (2021) Rapid Determination of Formaldehyde, Acetaldehyde and Acrolein in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols by Direct Mass Spectrometry with Evaluation of the Toxicity. Analytical Letters 54:3, pages 331-346.
Read now
Li-Ting Lin, Alicia Lishin Tsai, Yves Max Tseng & Shih-Wei Tsai. (2015) Passive sampling of airborne furan indoors by solid-phase microextraction. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 95:1, pages 45-56.
Read now
H.C. Shih, S.W. Tsai & C.H. Kuo. (2012) Time-Weighted Average Sampling of Airborne Propylene Glycol Ethers by a Solid-Phase Microextraction Device. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 9:7, pages 427-436.
Read now
Shih-Wei Tsai & Kuo-Yuan Kao. (2012) Determination of furfural in beers, vinegars and infant formulas by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 92:1, pages 76-84.
Read now
Edna Razote, Ike Jeon, Ronaldo Maghirang & Wannee Chobpattana. (2002) DYNAMIC AIR SAMPLING OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USING SOLID PHASE MICROEXTRACTION. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 37:4, pages 365-378.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (79)

Jianfeng Zhang, Ying Zhang, Chunhua Xu, Zhengxu Huang & Bin Hu. (2023) Detection of abused drugs in human exhaled breath using mass spectrometry: A review. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry.
Crossref
Yongjie Li, Ka In Hoi, Kai Meng Mok & Ka Veng Yuen. 2023. Air Quality Monitoring and Advanced Bayesian Modeling. Air Quality Monitoring and Advanced Bayesian Modeling 13 103 .
Francisco A. Casado-Carmona, Guillermo Lasarte-Aragonés, Rafael Lucena & Soledad Cárdenas. 2023. Green Approaches for Chemical Analysis. Green Approaches for Chemical Analysis 241 276 .
Da Chen, Yanhong Xu, Jingcheng Xu, Meiling Lian, Wei Zhang, Wenhao Wu, Mengying Wu & Jingbo Zhao. (2022) The Vertical Distribution of VOCs and Their Impact on the Environment: A Review. Atmosphere 13:12, pages 1940.
Crossref
Gemma L. Kerry, Kirstin E. Ross, Jackie L. Wright & G. Stewart Walker. (2022) A Review of Methods Used to Detect Methamphetamine from Indoor Air and Textiles in Confined Spaces. Toxics 10:11, pages 710.
Crossref
Aurore Lecharlier, Hervé Carrier & Isabelle Le Hécho. (2022) Characterization of biogas and biomethane trace compounds: A critical review of advances in in situ sampling and preconcentration techniques. Analytica Chimica Acta 1229, pages 340174.
Crossref
Sujoy Halder, Zhenzhen Xie, Michael H. Nantz & Xiao-An Fu. (2022) Integration of a micropreconcentrator with solid-phase microextraction for analysis of trace volatile organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1673, pages 463083.
Crossref
Megan E. Harries & Kavita M. Jeerage. (2021) Preservation of vapor samples on adsorbent alumina capillaries and implications for field sampling. Journal of Chromatography A 1660, pages 462670.
Crossref
Farhad Raofie & Zohreh Falsafi. (2021) Development of a bimetal–organic framework–polypyrrole composite as a novel fiber coating for direct immersion solid phase microextraction in situ supercritical fluid extraction coupled with gas chromatography for simultaneous determination of furfurals in dates . Analytical Methods 13:41, pages 4941-4948.
Crossref
Chumki Banik, Jacek A. Koziel & Elizabeth Flickinger. (2020) Volatile Compounds Emitted from the Cat Urine Contaminated Carpet before and after Treatment with Marketed Cleaning Products: A Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Analysis. Data 5:4, pages 88.
Crossref
Elizabeth Z. Lin, Sarah Esenther, Massimiliano Mascelloni, Fareeha Irfan & Krystal J. Godri Pollitt. (2020) The Fresh Air Wristband: A Wearable Air Pollutant Sampler. Environmental Science & Technology Letters 7:5, pages 308-314.
Crossref
Serena Scortichini, Maria Chiara Boarelli, Mauro Castello, Francesco Chiavarini, Serena Gabrielli, Enrico Marcantoni & Dennis Fiorini. (2020) Development and application of a solid-phase microextraction gas cromatography mass spectrometry method for analysing volatile organic compounds produced during cooking. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, pages e4534.
Crossref
Stefano Dugheri, Nicola Mucci, Alessandro Bonari, Giorgio Marrubini, Giovanni Cappelli, Daniela Ubiali, Marcello Campagna, Manfredi Montalti & Giulio Arcangeli. (2020) Solid phase microextraction techniques used for gas chromatography: a review. Acta Chromatographica 32:1, pages 1-9.
Crossref
Ali Poormohammadi, Abdulrahman Bahrami, Alireza Ghiasvand, Farshid Ghorbani Shahna & Maryam Farhadian. (2019) Preparation of Carbotrap/silica composite for needle trap field sampling of halogenated volatile organic compounds followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry determination. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering 17:2, pages 1045-1053.
Crossref
Olga P. Ibragimova, Nassiba Baimatova & Bulat Kenessov. (2019) Low-Cost Quantitation of Multiple Volatile Organic Compounds in Air Using Solid-Phase Microextraction. Separations 6:4, pages 51.
Crossref
Abinaya Sekar, George K. Varghese & M.K. Ravi Varma. (2019) Analysis of benzene air quality standards, monitoring methods and concentrations in indoor and outdoor environment. Heliyon 5:11, pages e02918.
Crossref
Alexander G. Fung, Mei S. Yamaguchi, Mitchell M. McCartney, Alexander A. Aksenov, Alberto Pasamontes & Cristina E. Davis. (2019) SPME-based mobile field device for active sampling of volatiles. Microchemical Journal 146, pages 407-413.
Crossref
Lucas Leinen, Vaille Swenson, Hope Juntunen, Scott McKay, Samantha O’Hanlon, Patrick Videau & Michael Gaylor. (2019) Profiling Volatile Constituents of Homemade Preserved Foods Prepared in Early 1950s South Dakota (USA) Using Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Determination. Molecules 24:4, pages 660.
Crossref
Madina Tursumbayeva, Jacek Koziel, Devin Maurer, Bulat Kenessov & Somchai Rice. (2019) Development of Time-Weighted Average Sampling of Odorous Volatile Organic Compounds in Air with Solid-Phase Microextraction Fiber Housed inside a GC Glass Liner: Proof of Concept. Molecules 24:3, pages 406.
Crossref
Bulat Kenessov, Jacek Koziel, Nassiba Baimatova, Olga Demyanenko & Miras Derbissalin. (2018) Optimization of Time-Weighted Average Air Sampling by Solid-Phase Microextraction Fibers Using Finite Element Analysis Software. Molecules 23:11, pages 2736.
Crossref
Dragos Astanei, François Faubert, Stéphane Pellerin, Bogdan Hnatiuc & Maxime Wartel. (2018) A New Spark Plug to Improve the Performances of Combustion Engines: Study and Analysis of Unburned Exhaust Gases. Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing 38:5, pages 1115-1132.
Crossref
Masoud Ghader, Nader Shokoufi, Ali Es-haghi & Kazem Kargosha. (2018) Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with GC–MS as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool for monitoring the cultivation of C. tetani. Journal of Chromatography B 1083, pages 222-232.
Crossref
Paola Lova & Davide Comoretto. Label-free vapor selectivity by polymer-inorganic composite photonic crystals sensors. Label-free vapor selectivity by polymer-inorganic composite photonic crystals sensors.
Nassiba Baimatova, Jacek Koziel & Bulat Kenessov. (2017) Passive Sampling and Analysis of Naphthalene in Internal Combustion Engine Exhaust with Retracted SPME Device and GC-MS. Atmosphere 8:7, pages 130.
Crossref
Paola Lova, Chiara Bastianini, Paolo Giusto, Maddalena Patrini, Paola Rizzo, Gaetano Guerra, Mario Iodice, Cesare Soci & Davide Comoretto. (2016) Label-Free Vapor Selectivity in Poly( p -Phenylene Oxide) Photonic Crystal Sensors . ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8:46, pages 31941-31950.
Crossref
Nassiba Baimatova, Bulat Kenessov, Jacek A. Koziel, Lars Carlsen, Marat Bektassov & Olga P. Demyanenko. (2016) Simple and accurate quantification of BTEX in ambient air by SPME and GC–MS. Talanta 154, pages 46-52.
Crossref
Shinnosuke Onuki, Jacek A. Koziel, William S. Jenks, Lingshuang Cai, Somchai Rice & J. Hans van Leeuwen. (2016) Optimization of extraction parameters for quantification of fermentation volatile by-products in industrial ethanol with solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 122:1, pages 102-109.
Crossref
Ireneusz Grubecki. (2015) Airflow versus pressure drop for a mixture of bulk wood chips and bark at different moisture contents. Biosystems Engineering 139, pages 100-110.
Crossref
Rizan Rahmani, Erik Hedenström & Martin Schroeder. (2015) SPME collection and GC-MS analysis of volatiles emitted during the attack of male Polygraphus poligraphus (Coleoptera, Curcolionidae) on Norway spruce . Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 70:9-10, pages 265-273.
Crossref
Patrick J. Woolcock, Jacek A. Koziel, Patrick A. Johnston, Robert C. Brown & Karl M. Broer. (2015) Analysis of trace contaminants in hot gas streams using time-weighted average solid-phase microextraction: Pilot-scale validation. Fuel 153, pages 552-558.
Crossref
Nassiba Baimatova, Jacek A. Koziel & Bulat Kenessov. (2015) Quantification of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and o-xylene in internal combustion engine exhaust with time-weighted average solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 873, pages 38-50.
Crossref
Jan E. Szulejko & Ki-Hyun Kim. (2015) Derivatization techniques for determination of carbonyls in air. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 64, pages 29-41.
Crossref
Patrick J. Woolcock, Jacek A. Koziel, Lingshuang Cai, Patrick A. Johnston & Robert C. Brown. (2013) Analysis of trace contaminants in hot gas streams using time-weighted average solid-phase microextraction: Proof of concept. Journal of Chromatography A 1281, pages 1-8.
Crossref
Xue-bin XIONG, Yan-bin XIA, Hou-qin DENG & Can WU. (2013) Influence of different drying technologies on the volatile components of chilli (<I>Capsicum annuum</I> L.) powder. JOURNAL OF HUNAN AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY 38:1, pages 106-111.
Crossref
Gary S. Groenewold, Jill R. Scott, Edgar D. Lee & Stephen A. Lammert. (2013) Rapid analysis of organophosphonate compounds recovered from vinyl floor tile using vacuum extraction coupled with a fast-duty cycle GC/MS. Analytical Methods 5:9, pages 2227.
Crossref
Giancarlo Bianchi, Marinella Palmiotto, Michele Giavini & Enrico Davoli. 2013. Advanced Techniques in Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS–MS and GC–TOF–MS) for Environmental Chemistry. Advanced Techniques in Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS–MS and GC–TOF–MS) for Environmental Chemistry 97 114 .
Nermin A. Eltouny & Parisa A. Ariya. (2012) Fe 3 O 4 Nanoparticles and Carboxymethyl Cellulose: A Green Option for the Removal of Atmospheric Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, and o -Xylene (BTEX) . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51:39, pages 12787-12795.
Crossref
Ruifen Jiang, Eduardo Carasek, Sanja Risticevic, Erasmus Cudjoe, Jamie Warren & Janusz Pawliszyn. (2012) Evaluation of a completely automated cold fiber device using compounds with varying volatility and polarity. Analytica Chimica Acta 742, pages 22-29.
Crossref
Xian Yin Ping & Hui Sheng Zhuang. (2012) Determination of Nonylphenol and Octylphenol in Seawater Samples Using Solid-Phase Microextraction Procedures Coupled to Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Advanced Materials Research 518-523, pages 1496-1500.
Crossref
Gary S. Groenewold, Jill R. Scott & Catherine Rae. (2011) Recovery of phosphonate surface contaminants from glass using a simple vacuum extractor with a solid-phase microextraction fiber. Analytica Chimica Acta 697:1-2, pages 38-47.
Crossref
P. Toscano, B. Gioli, S. Dugheri, A. Salvini, A. Matese, A. Bonacchi, A. Zaldei, V. Cupelli & F. Miglietta. (2011) Locating industrial VOC sources with aircraft observations. Environmental Pollution 159:5, pages 1174-1182.
Crossref
Hui Xu, Lili Lv, Sheng Hu & Dandan Song. (2010) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of hexanal and heptanal in human blood by ultrasound-assisted headspace liquid-phase microextraction with in-drop derivatization. Journal of Chromatography A 1217:16, pages 2371-2375.
Crossref
Neslihan Akdeniz, Jacek A. Koziel, Hee-Kwon Ahn, Thomas D. Glanville, Benjamin P. Crawford & D. Raj Raman. (2009) Air Sampling and Analysis Method for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Related to Field-Scale Mortality Composting Operations. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57:13, pages 5658-5664.
Crossref
Joel Burken, Kendra Waltermire & Emily Sheehan. (2009) Use of In-Planta Solid Phase Sampling Devices to Delineate VOC Plumes. Use of In-Planta Solid Phase Sampling Devices to Delineate VOC Plumes.
Lide Chen, Steven J. Hoff, Jacek A. Koziel, Lingshuang Cai, Brian Zelle & Gang Sun. (2008) Performance evaluation of a wood-chip based biofilter using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy–olfactometry. Bioresource Technology 99:16, pages 7767-7780.
Crossref
Yi-Ping Pan & Shih-Wei Tsai. (2008) Solid phase microextraction procedure for the determination of alkylphenols in water by on-fiber derivatization with N-tert-butyl-dimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide. Analytica Chimica Acta 624:2, pages 247-252.
Crossref
In-Yong Eom, Anca-Maria Tugulea & Janusz Pawliszyn. (2008) Development and application of needle trap devices. Journal of Chromatography A 1196-1197, pages 3-9.
Crossref
Bing Tang & Ulf Isacsson. (2008) Analysis of Mono- and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Using Solid-Phase Microextraction: State-of-the-Art. Energy & Fuels 22:3, pages 1425-1438.
Crossref
Yin-Cheung M. Lo, Jacek A. Koziel, Lingshuang Cai, Steven J. Hoff, William S. Jenks & Hongwei Xin. (2008) Simultaneous Chemical and Sensory Characterization of Volatile Organic Compounds and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Swine Manure using Solid Phase Microextraction and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry-Olfactometry. Journal of Environmental Quality 37:2, pages 521-534.
Crossref
I-Su Lee & Shih-Wei Tsai. (2008) Passive sampling of ambient ozone by solid phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization. Analytica Chimica Acta 610:2, pages 149-155.
Crossref
Lingshuang Cai, Jacek A. Koziel & Matthew E. O’Neal. (2007) Determination of characteristic odorants from Harmonia axyridis beetles using in vivo solid-phase microextraction and multidimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–olfactometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1147:1, pages 66-78.
Crossref
Lingshuang Cai, Jacek A. Koziel, Yi Liang, Anh Thu Nguyen & Hongwei Xin. (2007) Evaluation of Zeolite for Control of Odorants Emissions from Simulated Poultry Manure Storage. Journal of Environmental Quality 36:1, pages 184-193.
Crossref
Lingshuang Cai, Jacek A. Koziel, Jeremiah Davis, Yin-Cheung Lo & Hongwei Xin. (2006) Characterization of volatile organic compounds and odors by in-vivo sampling of beef cattle rumen gas, by solid-phase microextraction, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry–olfactometry. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 386:6, pages 1791-1802.
Crossref
Daniel N. Miller & Bryan L. Woodbury. (2006) A Solid-Phase Microextraction Chamber Method for Analysis of Manure Volatiles. Journal of Environmental Quality 35:6, pages 2383-2394.
Crossref
M. Austerweil, B. Steiner & A. Gamliel. (2006) Permeation of soil fumigants through agricultural plastic films. Phytoparasitica 34:5, pages 491-501.
Crossref
Shih-Wei Tsai & Kuo-Yuan Kao. (2006) Diffusive sampling of airborne furfural by solid-phase microextraction device with on-fiber derivatization. Journal of Chromatography A 1129:1, pages 29-33.
Crossref
Virginie Larroque, Valérie Desauziers & Pierre Mocho. (2006) Study of preservation of polydimethylsiloxane/Carboxen solid-phase microextraction fibres before and after sampling of volatile organic compounds in indoor air. Journal of Chromatography A 1124:1-2, pages 106-111.
Crossref
Stephane Cariou & Jean-Michel Guillot. (2005) Double-layer Tedlar bags: a means to limit humidity evolution of air samples and to dry humid air samples. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 384:2, pages 468-474.
Crossref
Qian-Jun Wu, Hong Lin, Wei Fan, Jian-Jun Dong & Hua-Lei Chen. (2006) Investigation into Benzene, Trihalomethanes and Formaldehyde in Chinese Lager Beers. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 112:4, pages 291-294.
Crossref
Ning Li, Chunhui Deng, Xinying Yin, Ning Yao, Xizhong Shen & Xiangmin Zhang. (2005) Gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis of hexanal and heptanal in human blood by headspace single-drop microextraction with droplet derivatization. Analytical Biochemistry 342:2, pages 318-326.
Crossref
Corey W. Radtke, Catherine L. Polydore, Stephen B. Cox & George P. Cobb. (2005) Vapor-phase analysis of isobutyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, n-propyl acetate and their respective alcohols using solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography with a mass selective detector. Journal of Chromatography A 1066:1-2, pages 225-230.
Crossref
Reiner Ranau & Hans Steinhart. (2004) Identification and evaluation of volatile odor-active pollutants from different odor emission sources in the food industry. European Food Research and Technology 220:2, pages 226-231.
Crossref
K.K. Kleeberg, Y. Liu, M. Jans, M. Schlegelmilch, J. Streese & R. Stegmann. (2005) Development of a simple and sensitive method for the characterization of odorous waste gas emissions by means of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and GC–MS/olfactometry. Waste Management 25:9, pages 872-879.
Crossref
C. Domeño, Fca. Martı́nez-Garcı́a, L. Campo & C. Nerı́n. (2004) Sampling and analysis of volatile organic pollutants emitted by an industrial stack. Analytica Chimica Acta 524:1-2, pages 51-62.
Crossref
Shih-Wei Tsai, Shih-Ting Tsai, Ven-Shing Wang & Jim-Shoung Lai. (2004) Laboratory and field validations of a solid-phase microextraction device for the determination of ethylene oxide. Journal of Chromatography A 1026:1-2, pages 25-30.
Crossref
Jacek A Koziel, Perry A Martos & Janusz Pawliszyn. (2004) System for the generation of standard gas mixtures of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds for calibrations of solid-phase microextraction and other sampling devices. Journal of Chromatography A 1025:1, pages 3-9.
Crossref
Jarett P. Spinhirne, Jacek A. Koziel & Norbert K. Chirase. (2004) Sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds in bovine breath by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A 1025:1, pages 63-69.
Crossref
Shih-Wei Tsai & Chun-Ming Chang. (2003) Analysis of aldehydes in water by solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber derivatization. Journal of Chromatography A 1015:1-2, pages 143-150.
Crossref
A.M Lisovac & D Shooter. (2003) Volatiles from sheep wool and the modification of wool odour. Small Ruminant Research 49:2, pages 115-124.
Crossref
Shih-Wei Tsai & Kai-Kuang Wu. (2003) Determination of ethylene oxide by solid-phase microextraction device with on-fiber derivatization. Journal of Chromatography A 991:1, pages 1-11.
Crossref
Jarett P. Spinhirne, Jacek A. Koziel & Norbert K. Chirase. (2003) A Device for Non-invasive On-site Sampling of Cattle Breath with Solid-Phase Microextraction. Biosystems Engineering 84:2, pages 239-246.
Crossref
Jacek A. Koziel & Inman Novak. (2002) Sampling and sample-preparation strategies based on solid-phase microextraction for analysis of indoor air. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 21:12, pages 840-850.
Crossref
Eddy Y. Zeng & James A. Noblet. (2002) Theoretical Considerations on the Use of Solid-Phase Microextraction with Complex Environmental Samples. Environmental Science & Technology 36:15, pages 3385-3392.
Crossref
Tadeusz Górecki & Jacek Namieśnik. (2002) Passive sampling. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 21:4, pages 276-291.
Crossref
S.-W Tsai & T.-A Chang. (2002) Time-weighted average sampling of airborne n-valeraldehyde by a solid-phase microextration device. Journal of Chromatography A 954:1-2, pages 191-198.
Crossref
Kathleen Gill & Wayne A. Brown. (2002) Extending the Solid-Phase Microextraction Technique To High Analyte Concentrations:  Measurements and Thermodynamic Analysis. Analytical Chemistry 74:5, pages 1031-1037.
Crossref
Jacek A. Koziel. 2002. Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory. Sampling and Sample Preparation for Field and Laboratory 1 32 .
Jacek A. Koziel, Japheth Noah & Janusz Pawliszyn. (2001) Field Sampling and Determination of Formaldehyde in Indoor Air with Solid-Phase Microextraction and On-Fiber Derivatization. Environmental Science & Technology 35:7, pages 1481-1486.
Crossref
Xiao-An Fu, Sujoy Halder, Zhenzhen Xie & Michael H. Nantz. (2021) Integration of a Micropreconcentrator with Spme for Analysis of Trace Volatile Organic Compounds by Gc-Ms. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.