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Communication Studies Volume 42, 1991 - Issue 2
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The impact of relational messages on candidate influence in televised political debates

Michael Pfau Professor and Head of the Department of Communication, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD, 57102
&
Jong Geun Rang Assistant Professor of the Department of Communication, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, SD, 57102
Pages 114-128 | Published online: 22 May 2009

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Robert S. Hinck, Edward A. Hinck, Shelly S. Hinck, William O. Dailey & Breanna Melton. (2021) The 2020 democratic presidential primary debates: exploring politeness strategies for facing an aggressive incumbent. Argumentation and Advocacy 57:3-4, pages 181-199.
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Jennifer Stromer-Galley & Lauren Bryant. (2011) Agenda Control in the 2008 CNN/YouTube Debates. Communication Quarterly 59:5, pages 529-546.
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John S. Seiter, Harry Weger$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Andrea Jensen & Harold J. Kinzer. (2010) The Role of Background Behavior in Televised Debates: Does Displaying Nonverbal Agreement and/or Disagreement Benefit Either Debater?. The Journal of Social Psychology 150:3, pages 278-300.
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JohnS. Seiter, Harry Weger$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), HaroldJ. Kinzer & Andrea Sandry Jensen. (2009) Impression Management in Televised Debates: The Effect of Background Nonverbal Behavior on Audience Perceptions of Debaters' Likeability. Communication Research Reports 26:1, pages 1-11.
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John S. Seiter, HaroldJ. Kinzer & Harry Weger$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (2006) Background Behavior in Live Debates: The Effects of the Implicit Ad Hominem Fallacy. Communication Reports 19:1, pages 57-69.
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Michael Pfau, Elaine M. Wittenberg, Carolyn Jackson, Phil Mehringer, Rob Lanier, Michael Hatfield & Kristina Brockman. (2005) Embedding Journalists in Military Combat Units: How Embedding Alters Television News Stories. Mass Communication and Society 8:3, pages 179-195.
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JohnS. Seiter & Harry Weger, jr.. (2005) Audience Perceptions of Candidates' Appropriateness as a Function of Nonverbal Behaviors Displayed During Televised Political Debates. The Journal of Social Psychology 145:2, pages 225-236.
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William O. Dailey, Edward A. Hinck & Shelly S. Hinck. (2005) Audience Perceptions of Politeness and Advocacy Skills in the 2000 and 2004 Presidential Debates. Argumentation and Advocacy 41:4, pages 196-210.
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Michael Pfau. (2002) The Subtle Nature of Presidential Debate Influence. Argumentation and Advocacy 38:4, pages 251-261.
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William L. Benoit & LeAnn M. Brazeal. (2002) A Functional Analysis of the 1988 Bush-Dukakis Presidential Debates. Argumentation and Advocacy 38:4, pages 219-233.
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Spiro Kiousis. (2001) Public Trust or Mistrust? Perceptions of Media Credibility in the Information Age. Mass Communication and Society 4:4, pages 381-403.
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JohnS. Seiter. (2001) Silent derogation and perceptions of deceptiveness: Does communicating nonverbal disbelief during an opponent's speech affect perceptions of debaters’ veracity?. Communication Research Reports 18:4, pages 334-344.
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Michael Pfau, R. Lance Holbert, Stephen J. Zubric, Nilofer H. Pasha & Wei-Kuo Lin. (2000) Role and Influence of Communication Modality in the Process of Resistance to Persuasion. Media Psychology 2:1, pages 1-33.
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Michael Pfau & WilliamP. Eveland$suffix/text()$suffix/text(). (1996) Influence of traditional and non‐traditional news media in the 1992 election campaign. Western Journal of Communication 60:3, pages 214-232.
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Astrid Schütz. (1995) Entertainers, experts, or public servants? Politicians' self‐presentation on television talk shows. Political Communication 12:2, pages 211-221.
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WilliamP. Eveland$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), DouglasM. McLeod & AmyI. Nathanson. (1994) Reporters vs. undecided voters: An analysis of the questions asked during the 1992 presidential debates. Communication Quarterly 42:4, pages 390-406.
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Mary-Ann Leon. (1993) Revealing Character and Addressing Voters' Needs in the 1992 Presidential Debates: A Content Analysis. Argumentation and Advocacy 30:2, pages 88-105.
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Michael Pfau, Tracy Diedrich, KarlaM. Larson & KimM. Van Winkle. (1993) Relational and competence perceptions of presidential candidates during primary election campaigns. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 37:3, pages 275-292.
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José Santana-Pereira & Susana Rogeiro Nina. (2023) Does Exposure to Televised Debates Change the Weight of Different Criteria for Candidate Assessment? A Quasi-Experiment in the Context of the 2014 Spitzenkandidaten Debate. Social Sciences 12:8, pages 428.
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Deborah S Chung & Hyun Ju Jeong. (2021) Role conceptions, performance, and the impact of credibility: Professionals’ and citizens’ views on citizen visual contributors. Journalism 23:10, pages 2249-2266.
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Marshall A. Taylor. (2021) The Role of Personal Availability and Gender in Negative Online Congressional Campaigning. Political Behavior.
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Susana Rogeiro Nina & José Santana-Pereira. (2020) Feasting Our Eyes on the Candidates: Visual Cues in Televised Debates Prime Personality Traits of Lesser Known Candidates and Promote Learning. The International Journal of Press/Politics 26:1, pages 236-255.
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Jiseon Rhi & Hyeon-Woo Lee. (2018) Analysis of Discrepancy of popularity and Votes of Presidential candidate Ahn Cheol-soo : TV Debate Effect or Regression of Political Orientation?. Korean Political Science Review 52:1, pages 101-123.
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Susana Rogeiro Nina. (2017) Debates televisivos e campanhas eleitorais Eleições legislativas de 2015: O debate António Costa versus Pedro Passos CoelhoTelevision political debates and electoral campaignThe 2015 legislative elections: António Costa versus Pedro Passos Coelho. Comunicação pública:Vol.12 nº 22.
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Marta Rzepecka. (2016) Analyzing Televised Presidential General Election Debates. Ad Americam 17, pages 197-209.
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Patrick A. Stewart. (2015) Polls and Elections: Do the Presidential Primary Debates Matter? Measuring Candidate Speaking Time and Audience Response during the 2012 Primaries. Presidential Studies Quarterly 45:2, pages 361-381.
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Oluwateniola Oluwabukola Ajilore. (2014) Acclaims, attacks and defences in Nigerian gubernatorial debate. Discourse & Communication 9:1, pages 3-18.
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Eun-Ju Lee. (2013) Effectiveness of Politicians' Soft Campaign on Twitter Versus TV: Cognitive and Experiential Routes. Journal of Communication, pages n/a-n/a.
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William L. Benoit & Jayne R. Henson. 2012. The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies. The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies.
Patrick A. Stewart. (2016) Presidential laugh lines: Candidate display behavior and audience laughter in the 2008 primary debates. Politics and the Life Sciences 29:2, pages 55-72.
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Bertram Scheufele, Julia Schünemann & Hans-Bernd Brosius. (2005) Duell oder Berichterstattung?Duel or reporting?. Publizistik 50:4, pages 399-421.
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Jeffrey W. Jarman. (2016) Political Affiliation and Presidential Debates. American Behavioral Scientist 49:2, pages 229-242.
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Yariv Tsfati. (2016) Debating the Debate. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 8:3, pages 70-86.
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James N. Druckman. (2003) The Power of Television Images: The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate Revisited. The Journal of Politics 65:2, pages 559-571.
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John S. Seiter. (2016) Does Communicating Nonverbal Disagreement during an Opponent's Speech Affect the Credibility of the Debater in the Background?. Psychological Reports 84:3, pages 855-861.
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JOHN S. SEITER. (1999) DOES COMMUNICATING NONVERBAL DISAGREEMENT DURING AN OPPONENT'S SPEECH AFFECT THE CREDIBILITY OF THE DEBATER IN THE BACKGROUND?. Psychological Reports 84:3, pages 855.
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. 1999. Television. Television 311 369 .
John S. Seiter, Jeffrey A. Abraham & Brent T. Nakagama. (2016) Split-Screen versus Single-Screen Formats in Televised Debates: Does Access to an Opponent's Nonverbal Behaviors Affect Viewers' Perceptions of a Speaker's Credibility?. Perceptual and Motor Skills 86:2, pages 491-497.
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RODERICK P. HART & SHARON E. JARVIS. (2016) Political Debate. American Behavioral Scientist 40:8, pages 1095-1122.
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