Publication Cover
Eating Disorders
The Journal of Treatment & Prevention
Volume 17, 2009 - Issue 3
1,927
Views
63
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Relationship Between Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Muscle Dysmorphia: A Review

Pages 187-199 | Published online: 23 Apr 2009

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (8)

Matt W. Boulter & Sebastian S. Sandgren. (2022) Me, myself, and my muscles: associations between narcissism and muscle dysmorphia. Eating Disorders 30:1, pages 110-116.
Read now
Elio Martino, James P. Fisher, Brian Wink, Dave Smith & James Steele. (2021) “Lift Big–Get Big”: The Impact of Images of Hyper-Muscular Bodies and Training Information. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 92:3, pages 500-513.
Read now
Timothy M. Piatkowski, Katherine M. White, Leanne M. Hides & Patricia L. Obst. (2020) Australia's Adonis: Understanding what motivates young men's lifestyle choices for enhancing their appearance. Australian Psychologist 55:2, pages 156-168.
Read now
Jocelyn Novella, Jennifer T. Gosselin & Debbie Danowski. (2015) One Size Doesn't Fit All: New Continua of Figure Drawings and Their Relation to Ideal Body Image. Journal of American College Health 63:6, pages 353-360.
Read now
David Tod & David Lavallee. (2010) Towards a conceptual understanding of muscle dysmorphia development and sustainment. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 3:2, pages 111-131.
Read now
Kirk J. Brower. (2009) Anabolic Steroid Abuse and Dependence in Clinical Practice. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 37:4, pages 131-140.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (55)

Mair Underwood & Roberto Olivardia. (2022) ‘The day you start lifting is the day you become forever small’: Bodybuilders explain muscle dysmorphia. Health: An Interdisciplinary Journal for the Social Study of Health, Illness and Medicine 27:6, pages 998-1018.
Crossref
Octavian Vasiliu. (2023) At the Crossroads between Eating Disorders and Body Dysmorphic Disorders—The Case of Bigorexia Nervosa. Brain Sciences 13:9, pages 1234.
Crossref
Asli Devrim-Lanpir, Reza Zare, Ali Ali Redha & Sebastian S. Sandgren. (2023) Muscle dysmorphia and associated psychological features of males in the Middle East: A systematic review. Performance Enhancement & Health 11:3, pages 100256.
Crossref
Rachel E. Menzies, Louise Sharpe, Bethany Richmond & Mitchell L. Cunningham. (2023) “Life’s too short to be small”: An experimental exploration of the relationship between death anxiety and muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Body Image 44, pages 43-52.
Crossref
Amy Malcolm. 2023. Eating Disorders. Eating Disorders 1305 1326 .
Angelique F. Ralph, Leah Brennan, Sue Byrne, Belinda Caldwell, Jo Farmer, Laura M. Hart, Gabriella A. Heruc, Sarah Maguire, Milan K. Piya, Julia Quin, Sarah K. Trobe, Andrew Wallis, AJ Williams-Tchen & Phillipa Hay. (2022) Management of eating disorders for people with higher weight: clinical practice guideline. Journal of Eating Disorders 10:1.
Crossref
Harrison G. PopeJr.Jr. & Gen Kanayama. (2022) Body Image Disorders and Anabolic Steroid Withdrawal Hypogonadism in Men. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 51:1, pages 205-216.
Crossref
Donald C.G. MacPhail & Crystal D. Oberle. (2022) Seeing Shred: Differences in muscle dysmorphia, orthorexia nervosa, depression, and obsessive-compulsive tendencies among groups of weightlifting athletes. Performance Enhancement & Health 10:1, pages 100213.
Crossref
Amy Malcolm. 2021. Eating Disorders. Eating Disorders 1 22 .
L. Skoufa, V. Barkoukis, L. Lazuras & H. Tsorbatzoudis. (2021) Effect of muscle dysmorphia on image-and-performance-enhancement drugs use intentions in a non-clinical sample: The role of social cognition. Performance Enhancement & Health 9:3-4, pages 100204.
Crossref
Taghred M. Saber, Bothina H.F. Omran, Maha M. El Deib, Nabela I. El-Sharkawy, Mohamed M.M. Metwally & Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim. (2021) Early postmortem biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical alterations in skeletal muscles of rats exposed to boldenone undecylenate: Forensic implication. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 83, pages 102248.
Crossref
Kathleen T. Brady, Frances R. Levin, Marc Galanter & Herbert D. KleberHarrison Pope & Gen Kanayama. 2021. The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment. The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Substance Use Disorder Treatment.
Kristen M. Culbert, Megan M. Shope, Cheryl L. Sisk & Kelly L. Klump. (2020) Low testosterone is associated with dysregulated eating symptoms in young adult men. International Journal of Eating Disorders 53:9, pages 1469-1479.
Crossref
Kerim Selvi & Özlem Bozo. (2019) The dark side of bodybuilding: the role of bodybuilding activities in compensation of frustrated basic psychological needs. Motivation and Emotion 44:2, pages 190-208.
Crossref
Gen Kanayama, James I. Hudson & Harrison G. Pope, Jr.. (2020) Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use and Body Image in Men: A Growing Concern for Clinicians. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 89:2, pages 65-73.
Crossref
Manuel Waldorf, Martin Cordes, Christoph Taube, Janine Trunk & Silja Vocks. 2019. Handbuch Klinische Psychologie. Handbuch Klinische Psychologie 1 13 .
Geoff Bates, Marie-Claire Van Hout, Joseph Tay Wee Teck & Jim McVeigh. (2019) Treatments for people who use anabolic androgenic steroids: a scoping review. Harm Reduction Journal 16:1.
Crossref
Orlanda Harvey, Steve Keen, Margarete Parrish & Edwin van Teijlingen. (2019) Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access. BMC Public Health 19:1.
Crossref
Geoff Bates, Emma Begley, David Tod, Lisa Jones, Conan Leavey & Jim McVeigh. (2017) A systematic review investigating the behaviour change strategies in interventions to prevent misuse of anabolic steroids. Journal of Health Psychology 24:11, pages 1595-1612.
Crossref
Marc Harris, Michael Dunn & Tina Alwyn. (2017) Intrasexual competition as a potential influence on anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation. Journal of Health Psychology 24:9, pages 1210-1220.
Crossref
Kyle J.D Mulrooney, Katinka van de Ven, Jim McVeigh & Rick Collins. (2019) Steroid Madness- has the dark side of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) been over-stated?. Performance Enhancement & Health 6:3-4, pages 98-102.
Crossref
Julia A. Tanck, Silja Vocks, Bettina Riesselmann & Manuel Waldorf. (2019) Gender Differences in Affective and Evaluative Responses to Experimentally Induced Body Checking of Positively and Negatively Valenced Body Parts. Frontiers in Psychology 10.
Crossref
Marc Ashley Harris, Tina Alwyn & Michael Dunn. (2019) Symptoms of Muscle Dysmorphia Between Users of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids With Varying Usage and Bodybuilding Experience. European Journal of Health Psychology 26:1, pages 21-24.
Crossref
Kyle J. D. Mulrooney & Katinka van de Ven. 2019. Deviant Leisure. Deviant Leisure 187 211 .
Gen Kanayama, Harrison G. PopeJrJr & James I. Hudson. (2018) Associations of anabolic-androgenic steroid use with other behavioral disorders: an analysis using directed acyclic graphs. Psychological Medicine 48:15, pages 2601-2608.
Crossref
Scott Griffiths, Brendan Jacka, Louisa Degenhardt, Stuart B. Murray & Briony Larance. (2018) Physical appearance concerns are uniquely associated with the severity of steroid dependence and depression in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Drug and Alcohol Review 37:5, pages 664-670.
Crossref
Charlotte W. Greenway & Clare Price. (2018) A qualitative study of the motivations for anabolic-androgenic steroid use: The role of muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in long-term users. Performance Enhancement & Health 6:1, pages 12-20.
Crossref
Gen Kanayama & Harrison G. PopeJr.Jr.. (2018) History and epidemiology of anabolic androgens in athletes and non-athletes. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 464, pages 4-13.
Crossref
Kirsty S. Lee & Tracy Vaillancourt. (2018) Developmental pathways between peer victimization, psychological functioning, disordered eating behavior, and body mass index: A review and theoretical model. Aggression and Violent Behavior 39, pages 15-24.
Crossref
Kathleen E. Miller. 2018. Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Encyclopedia of Adolescence 3802 3812 .
Jaime García-Rodríguez, Georgina Alvarez-Rayón, Jaime Camacho-Ruíz, Adriana Amaya-Hernández & Juan Manuel Mancilla-Díaz. (2017) Muscle dysmorphia and use of ergogenics substances. A systematic review. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed.) 46:3, pages 168-177.
Crossref
Jaime García-Rodríguez, Georgina Alvarez-Rayón, Jaime Camacho-Ruíz, Adriana Amaya-Hernández & Juan Manuel Mancilla-Díaz. (2017) Dismorfia muscular y uso de sustancias ergogénicas. Una revisión sistemática. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría 46:3, pages 168-177.
Crossref
Lachlan Mitchell, Stuart B. Murray, Stephen Cobley, Daniel Hackett, Janelle Gifford, Louise Capling & Helen O’Connor. (2016) Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology and Associated Psychological Features in Bodybuilders and Non-Bodybuilder Resistance Trainers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine 47:2, pages 233-259.
Crossref
A. Devrim, B. Aslantaş & P. Bilgiç. (2017) Relationship between fat free mass index values and use of nutritional supplement as an ergogenic aid in bodybuilding. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76:OCE2.
Crossref
Scott Griffiths, Stuart B. Murray & Jonathan M. Mond. (2016) The Stigma of Anabolic Steroid Use. Journal of Drug Issues 46:4, pages 446-456.
Crossref
Jonathan D. Jampel, Stuart B. Murray, Scott Griffiths & Aaron J. Blashill. (2016) Self-Perceived Weight and Anabolic Steroid Misuse Among US Adolescent Boys. Journal of Adolescent Health 58:4, pages 397-402.
Crossref
Marie M. Onakomaiya & Leslie P. Henderson. (2016) Mad men, women and steroid cocktails: a review of the impact of sex and other factors on anabolic androgenic steroids effects on affective behaviors. Psychopharmacology 233:4, pages 549-569.
Crossref
S. A. Povzun. (2016) Artificial illness as a result of non-medical use of anabolic androgenic steroids: A case report and a review of literature. Arkhiv patologii 78:4, pages 48.
Crossref
Dave Smith, Mary Caitlyn Rutty & Tracy W. Olrich. 2016. Chemically Modified Bodies. Chemically Modified Bodies 31 50 .
Kathleen E. Miller. 2016. Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Encyclopedia of Adolescence 1 11 .
M. Kargarfard, A. Shariat, E. Lam, B. Shaw, I. Shaw, A. Shariat & Fereshteh Nayyeri. (2015) Prevalence and Perceptions Toward Anabolicandrogenic Steroid Use Amongst University Students. Acta Medica Bulgarica 42:2, pages 61-67.
Crossref
Harrison G. PopeJr.Jr. & Gen Kanayama. 2015. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives 621 636 .
Harrison G. PopeJr.Jr., Ruth I. WoodAlan RogolFred NybergLarry BowersShalender Bhasin. (2014) Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine Reviews 35:3, pages 341-375.
Crossref
S. E. Specter & David A. Wiss. 2014. Eating Disorders, Addictions and Substance Use Disorders. Eating Disorders, Addictions and Substance Use Disorders 439 457 .
Tabita Björk, Kurt Skårberg & Ingemar Engström. (2013) Eating disorders and anabolic androgenic steroids in males - similarities and differences in self-image and psychiatric symptoms. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 8:1.
Crossref
Karen M. Skemp, Richard P. Mikat, Kyle P. Schenck & Natalie A. Kramer. (2013) Muscle Dysmorphia. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 27:9, pages 2427-2432.
Crossref
Heid N⊘kleby. (2017) Use of doping agents and symptoms of eating disorders among male and female patients in drug addiction treatment. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 30:4, pages 331-346.
Crossref
Deana Danilova, George M. Diekhoff & Michael A. Vandehey. (2013) A Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of Male Body Perception in Men With Muscle Dysmorphia: "The Adonis Complex". International Journal of Men's Health 12:2, pages 83-105.
Crossref
Stuart B. Murray & Timothy Baghurst. (2013) Revisiting the Diagnostic Criteria for Muscle Dysmorphia. Strength & Conditioning Journal 35:1, pages 69-74.
Crossref
Gen Kanayama & Harrison G. Pope. (2012) Illicit use of androgens and other hormones. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity 19:3, pages 211-219.
Crossref
Joseph G. Oberlander & Leslie P. Henderson. (2012) The Sturm und Drang of anabolic steroid use: angst, anxiety, and aggression. Trends in Neurosciences 35:6, pages 382-392.
Crossref
Joseph C. Giardino & Mary E. Procidano. (2012) Muscle Dysmorphia Symptomatology: A Cross-Cultural Study in Mexico and the United States. International Journal of Men's Health 11:1, pages 83-103.
Crossref
B. Babusa & F. Túry. (2013) Muscle dysmorphia in Hungarian non-competitive male bodybuilders. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity 17:1, pages e49-e53.
Crossref
Liam S Thomas, David A Tod & David E Lavallee. (2011) Variability in Muscle Dysmorphia Symptoms: The Influence of Weight Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 25:3, pages 846-851.
Crossref
M.N.G. Dukes. 2010. Side Effects of Drugs Annual 32 - A worldwide yearly survey of new data and trends in adverse drug reactions and interactions. Side Effects of Drugs Annual 32 - A worldwide yearly survey of new data and trends in adverse drug reactions and interactions 735 762 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.