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Original Articles

Recent Trends in Leather Making: Processes, Problems, and Pathways

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Pages 37-79 | Published online: 12 Jan 2007

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Read on this site (8)

Abhilash Sasidharan, Megha Krishna Murthi, Sarasan Sabu & Kappat Valiyapeediyekkal Sunooj. (2020) Valorisation of Basa (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) Skin Waste into Quality Leather Using a Non Chrome Treatment Method. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 29:10, pages 1041-1053.
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Cindrella Das, Nagappa Ramaiah, Elroy Pereira & K. Naseera. (2018) Efficient bioremediation of tannery wastewater by monostrains and consortium of marine Chlorella sp. and Phormidium sp.. International Journal of Phytoremediation 20:3, pages 284-292.
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Ana Sofia Duarte, Antonio Correia & Ana Cristina Esteves. (2016) Bacterial collagenases – A review. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 42:1, pages 106-126.
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Guangmei Xia, V. Sadanand, B. Ashok, K. Obi Reddy, Jun Zhang & A. Varada Rajulu. (2015) Preparation and Properties of Cellulose/Waste Leather Buff Biocomposites. International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 20:8, pages 693-703.
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Rafiu Olasunkanmi Yusuf, Zainura Zainon Noor, Mohd Ariffin Abu Hassan, Samuel Enahoro Agarry & Bamidele Ogbe Solomon. (2013) A comparison of the efficacy of two strains of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fragii in the treatment of tannery wastewater. Desalination and Water Treatment 51:16-18, pages 3189-3195.
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Yeyuan Xiao & DeborahJ. Roberts. (2010) A review of anaerobic treatment of saline wastewater. Environmental Technology 31:8-9, pages 1025-1043.
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Senthilkumar SIVAPRAKASAM, Surianarayanan MAHADEVAN & Susheela RAJAKUMAR. (2008) Biocalorimetric Studies of the Metabolic Activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Aerobically Grown in a Glucose-Limited Complex Growth Medium. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 72:4, pages 936-942.
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G. Giachetti & L. Sebastiani. (2007) Effects of tannery waste on growth dynamics and metal uptake in Salix alba L. Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology 141:1, pages 22-30.
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Articles from other publishers (102)

Md. Tauhiduzzaman, Md. Abdul Mottalib, Mohammad Jellur Rahman & Md. Abul Kalam. (2023) Preparation and characterization of composite sheets from solid leather waste with plant fibers: a waste utilization effort. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy.
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Mireia Andonegi, Daniela M. Correia, Nelson Pereira, Margarida M. Fernandes, Carlos M. Costa, Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez, Koro de la Caba & Pedro Guerrero. (2023) Sustainable antibacterial collagen composites with silver nanowires for resistive pressure sensor applications. European Polymer Journal 200, pages 112494.
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Marika Gargano, Claudia Florio, Giovanni Sannia & Vincenzo Lettera. (2023) From leather wastes to leather: enhancement of low quality leather using collagen recovered from leather tanned wastes. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 25:9, pages 3065-3074.
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Sathya Ramalingam, Mohammed Abu Javid, Renganath Rao Ramesh & Aravindhan Rathinam. (2023) Amalgamated silica-glutaraldehyde based cost effective leather tanning agent and its sustainable benefits: A metal free collagen stabilisation. Materials Chemistry and Physics 308, pages 128256.
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Tomoyuki Tsuchiyama, Dijie Chen, M.M. Aeorangajeb Al Hossain, Akira Tazaki, Takumi Kagawa, Yishuo Gu, Yanjun Gao, Fitri Kurniasari, Nazmul Ahsan, Anwarul A. Akhand & Masashi Kato. (2023) Unexpected associations of long-term and excessive exposure to trivalent chromium with hypertension and glycosuria in male tannery workers. Chemosphere 337, pages 139190.
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Lisa Ghezzi, Enrico Mugnaioli, Natale Perchiazzi, Celia Duce, Chiara Pelosi, Erika Zamponi, Simone Pollastri, Beatrice Campanella, Massimo Onor, Mahmoud Abdellatief, Fabrizio Franceschini & Riccardo Petrini. (2023) Hexavalent chromium release over time from a pyrolyzed Cr-bearing tannery sludge. Scientific Reports 13:1.
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Omar Salmi, Simone Gelosa, Filippo Rossi & Maurizio Masi. (2023) A Circular Approach to Finished Tanned Leather: Regeneration by Cryogenic Technology. Materials 16:18, pages 6166.
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G.C. Saira & S. Shanthakumar. (2023) Zero waste discharge in tannery industries – An achievable reality? A recent review. Journal of Environmental Management 335, pages 117508.
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Marika Gargano, Anna Bacardit, Giovanni Sannia & Vincenzo Lettera. (2023) From Leather Wastes back to Leather Manufacturing: The Development of New Bio-Based Finishing Systems. Coatings 13:4, pages 775.
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Anatolii Danylkovych, Viktor Lishchuk, Olga Sanginova & Arcady Shakhnovsky. (2023) OPTIMIZATION OF RAWHIDE COLLAGEN DEFIBRILLIZATION PROCESS. Fibres and Textiles 30:3, pages 3-12.
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Adrià Pons, Josep Rius, Carla Vintró & Sergi Lopez. (2023) Study of the corporate social responsibility in the leather tanning sector. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 18, pages 155892502311703.
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Mohammad Mahbubul Hassan, Jane Harris, James J. C. Busfield & Emiliano Bilotti. (2023) A review of the green chemistry approaches to leather tanning in imparting sustainable leather manufacturing. Green Chemistry.
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Shan-shan Guo, Heng-bo Liu, Jia-li Li & Jin-yan Yang. (2023) Migration characteristics of chromium and organic compounds released from waste leather fragments in soil under rainfall. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 169, pages 757-765.
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N. P. G. Bhavani, B. Deepalakshmi, K. Sujatha & C. Tamilselvi. 2023. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive and Intelligent Computing. Proceedings of the International Conference on Cognitive and Intelligent Computing 631 638 .
Paola Critelli, Giovanna Pesante, Stefania Lupinelli, Michele Modesti, Silvia Zanatta, Federico Battista, David Bolzonella & Nicola Frison. (2022) Production and characterisation of PHAs by pure culture using protein hydrolysates as sole carbon source. Environmental Technology & Innovation 28, pages 102919.
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Yishuo Gu, Nobutaka Ohgami, M.M. Aeorangajeb Al Hossain, Akira Tazaki, Tomoyuki Tsuchiyama, Tingchao He, Masayo Aoki, Nazmul Ahsan, Anwarul Azim Akhand & Masashi Kato. (2022) Decreased hearing levels at frequencies for understanding speech in tannery workers exposed to a high level of trivalent chromium in Bangladesh. Chemosphere 306, pages 135571.
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Love Kumar, Farah Nadeem, Maggie Sloan, Jonas Restle-Steinert, Matthew J. Deitch, Sohail Ali Naqvi, Avinash Kumar & Claudio Sassanelli. (2022) Fostering Green Finance for Sustainable Development: A Focus on Textile and Leather Small Medium Enterprises in Pakistan. Sustainability 14:19, pages 11908.
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Zuobing Xiao, Zifeng Li, Yunwei Niu, Xingran Kou & Xinyu Lu. (2022) Preparation and characterization of modified silica eugenol nanocapsules and their interaction with leather. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 648, pages 129076.
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Shruti Bindal, Saurabh Kadyan, Meenu Saini & Rani Gupta. (2022) In-Situ and Cell-Free Goat Hair Hydrolysis by a Consortium of Proteases from Bacillus licheniformis Strain ER-15: Hair Hydrolysate Valorization by Melanin Extraction. Waste and Biomass Valorization 13:7, pages 3265-3282.
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Md. Abdul Moktadir & Mohammed Mizanur Rahman. (2022) Energy production from leather solid wastes by anaerobic digestion: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 161, pages 112378.
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Rajamanickam Ricky, Subramanian Shanthakumar, Ganapathy Pattukandan Ganapathy & Fulvia Chiampo. (2022) Zero Liquid Discharge System for the Tannery Industry—An Overview of Sustainable Approaches. Recycling 7:3, pages 31.
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Harshika Suman & Vikas K Sangal. (2022) Tannery Dye Wastewater Treatment in Batch and Once through Continuous Mode by Electro-Oxidation Using MMO Electrode. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169:4, pages 043512.
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Emna Moujehed, Zied Zarai, Haifa Khemir, Neila Miled, Mohamed Salah Bchir, Corinne Gablin, François Bessueille, Anne Bonhommé, Didier Leonard, Frédéric Carrière & Ahmed Aloulou. (2022) Cleaner degreasing of sheepskins by the Yarrowia lipolytica LIP2 lipase as a chemical-free alternative in the leather industry. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces 211, pages 112292.
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Miriam Appiah-Brempong, Helen Michelle Korkor Essandoh, Nana Yaw Asiedu, Samuel Kwame Dadzie & Francis Warings Yao Momade. (2022) Artisanal tannery wastewater: quantity and characteristics. Heliyon 8:1, pages e08680.
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Ramesh Renganath Rao, Murali Sathish & Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao. (2021) Research advances in the fabrication of biosafety and functional leather: A way-forward for effective management of COVID-19 outbreak. Journal of Cleaner Production 310, pages 127464.
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Muhammad Wahab Yasir, Muhammad Bashir Ahmed Siddique, Zunera Shabbir, Habib Ullah, Luqman Riaz, Waqar-Un- Nisa, Shafeeq-ur-rahman & Anis Ali Shah. (2021) Biotreatment potential of co-contaminants hexavalent chromium and polychlorinated biphenyls in industrial wastewater: Individual and simultaneous prospects. Science of The Total Environment 779, pages 146345.
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Isabel J. Hoppe, Hans Brandstetter & Esther Schönauer. (2021) Biochemical characterisation of a collagenase from Bacillus cereus strain Q1. Scientific Reports 11:1.
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Abdusalam Abdukarimov, Sanjarbek Madaminov & Asrorbek Abdullajonov. (2021) Synthesis of a ten-link tooth-lever differential roller transmission mechanism. E3S Web of Conferences 304, pages 02010.
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Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath, Sathish Kumar Karuppannan, Pratheeka Rajan, S.B. Mohamed Khalith, Suriyaprakash Rajadesingu & Kantha Deivi Arunachalam. 2021. Concepts of Advanced Zero Waste Tools. Concepts of Advanced Zero Waste Tools 143 179 .
Rania Ouertani, Mouna Mahjoubi, Habib Chouchane, Ameur Cherif & Mohamed Neifar. 2021. Biotechnology for Sustainable Environment. Biotechnology for Sustainable Environment 387 415 .
Poornima Ramamoorthi, Aravindhan Rathinam, Raghava Rao Jonnalagadda & Thanikaivelan Palanisamy. (2020) Non-aqueous green solvents improve alpha-amylase induced fiber opening in leather processing. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Fengxiang Luo, Xiang Zhong, Mengchu Gao, Biyu Peng & Zhongzhen Long. (2020) Progress and mechanism of breaking glycoconjugates by glycosidases in skin for promoting unhairing and fiber opening-up in leather manufacture. A review. Journal of Leather Science and Engineering 2:1.
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P. Maharaja, R. Boopathy, V.V. Anushree, M. Mahesh, S. Swarnalatha, B. Ravindran, Soon Woong Chang & G. Sekaran. (2020) Bio removal of proteins, lipids and mucopolysaccharides in tannery hyper saline wastewater using halophilic bacteria. Journal of Water Process Engineering 38, pages 101674.
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Mona Vajpayee, Mumal Singh, Hemen Dave, Nisha Chandwani, Lalita Ledwani & S. K. Nema. (2020) Antimicrobial finishing of hide/leather by atmospheric pressure plasma and extracts of Cassia renigera and Cassia fistula bark. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze Fisiche e Naturali 31:4, pages 1105-1116.
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Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj, Natchimuthu Karmegam, Balasubramani Ravindran, Soon Woong Chang, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Soundarapandian Kannan & Ramasundaram Thangaraj. (2020) Recycling of leather industrial sludge through vermitechnology for a cleaner environment—A review. Industrial Crops and Products 155, pages 112791.
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Sivaranjani Venugopal & Yasmin Khambhaty. (2020) Agro-residues for enhanced production of bio-colorants: a feasible approach for dyeing and surface coating of leather. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 22:8, pages 1687-1700.
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Tomoyuki Tsuchiyama, Akira Tazaki, MM Aeorangajeb Al Hossain, Ichiro Yajima, Nazmul Ahsan, Anwarul Azim Akhand, Kazunori Hashimoto, Nobutaka Ohgami & Masashi Kato. (2020) Increased levels of renal damage biomarkers caused by excess exposure to trivalent chromium in workers in tanneries. Environmental Research 188, pages 109770.
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Cristian Tudoran, Marcela‐Corina Roşu & Maria Coroş. (2020) A concise overview on plasma treatment for application on textile and leather materials. Plasma Processes and Polymers 17:8.
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Ranjithkumar Ammasi, John Sundar Victor, Rose Chellan & Muralidharan Chellappa. (2019) Alkaline protease for an efficacious rehydration of skin matrix by a novel Bacillus crolab MTCC 5468 in sustainable leather production: a green approach. Biotechnology Letters 42:2, pages 249-267.
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R.O. Oruko, R. Selvarajan, H.J.O. Ogola, J.N. Edokpayi & J.O. Odiyo. (2020) Contemporary and future direction of chromium tanning and management in sub Saharan Africa tanneries. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 133, pages 369-386.
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Evgenios Kokkinos & Anastasios I. Zouboulis. 2020. Leather and Footwear Sustainability. Leather and Footwear Sustainability 123 157 .
Gaurav Saxena, Diane Purchase & Ram Naresh Bharagava. 2020. Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety. Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety 381 398 .
Didem BERBER & Meral BİRBİR. (2019) Determination of Major Problems of Raw Hide and Soaking Process in Leather IndustryDetermination of Major Problems of Raw Hide and Soaking Process in Leather Industry. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Pure Sciences 31:2, pages 118-125.
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Ashish Dwivedi, Dindayal Agrawal & Jitender Madaan. (2019) Sustainable manufacturing evaluation model focusing leather industries in India. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management 10:2, pages 319-359.
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Maharaja Pounsamy, Swarnalatha Somasundaram, Saravanan Palanivel, Ravindran Balasubramani, Soon Woong Chang, Dinh Duc Nguyen & Sekaran Ganesan. (2019) A novel protease-immobilized carbon catalyst for the effective fragmentation of proteins in high-TDS wastewater generated in tanneries: Spectral and electrochemical studies. Environmental Research 172, pages 408-419.
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Felix D. Bobbink, Zhangjun Huang, Florent Menoud & Paul J. Dyson. (2019) Leather‐Promoted Transformation of Glucose into 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural and Levoglucosenone. ChemSusChem 12:7, pages 1437-1442.
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Yolanda S. Hedberg, Zheng Wei & Federico Moncada Chévez. (2018) Chromium(III), chromium(VI) and cobalt release from leathers produced in Nicaragua. Contact Dermatitis 80:3, pages 149-155.
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Eyal Kurzbaum, Luba Iliasafov, Luba Kolik, Jeana Starosvetsky, Dragoljub Bilanovic, Monica Butnariu & Robert Armon. (2019) From the Titanic and other shipwrecks to biofilm prevention: The interesting role of polyphenol-protein complexes in biofilm inhibition. Science of The Total Environment 658, pages 1098-1105.
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Xianfeng Huang, Xiran Wang, Dong-Xing Guan, Huabin Zhou, Ke Bei, Xiangyong Zheng, Zhan Jin, Yejian Zhang, Qi Wang & Min Zhao. (2019) Decomplexation of Cr(III)-EDTA and simultaneous abatement of total Cr by photo-oxidation: efficiency and in situ reduction of intermediate Cr(VI). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26:9, pages 8516-8524.
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Berhanu Telay Mekonnen, Ashokkumar Meiyazhagan, Murali Ragothaman, Cheirmadurai Kalirajan & Thanikaivelan Palanisamy. (2019) Bi-functional iron embedded carbon nanostructures from collagen waste for photocatalysis and Li-ion battery applications: A waste to wealth approach. Journal of Cleaner Production 210, pages 190-199.
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Girma HaileBirhanu Babiye. (2018) Extraction of Protease Under Solid State Fermentation using Bacterial Isolates from Traditional Leather Processing Waste Water Found Around Wukro Maray. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 15:3, pages 509-515.
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Md. Abdul Moktadir, Syed Mithun Ali, Simonov Kusi-Sarpong & Md. Aftab Ali Shaikh. (2018) Assessing challenges for implementing Industry 4.0: Implications for process safety and environmental protection. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 117, pages 730-741.
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Yolanda S. Hedberg, Behnaz Erfani, Mihály Matura & Carola Lidén. (2018) Chromium(III) release from chromium‐tanned leather elicits allergic contact dermatitis: a use test study. Contact Dermatitis 78:5, pages 307-314.
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Aditi David, Prakram Singh Chauhan, Aditya Kumar, Steffy Angural, Deepak Kumar, Neena Puri & Naveen Gupta. (2018) Coproduction of protease and mannanase from Bacillus nealsonii PN-11 in solid state fermentation and their combined application as detergent additives. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 108, pages 1176-1184.
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Marzieh TAGHIPOUR & Mohsen JALALI. (2018) Heavy Metal Release from Some Industrial Wastes: Influence of Organic and Inorganic Acids, Clay Minerals, and Nanoparticles. Pedosphere 28:1, pages 70-83.
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Buğra Ocak. (2017) Film-forming ability of collagen hydrolysate extracted from leather solid wastes with chitosan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25:5, pages 4643-4655.
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Renganath Rao Ramesh, Vimudha Muralidharan & Saravanan Palanivel. (2017) Preparation and application of unhairing enzyme using solid wastes from the leather industry—an attempt toward internalization of solid wastes within the leather industry. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 25:3, pages 2121-2136.
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Zhen Fang, Yang-Chun Yong, Juan Zhang, Guocheng Du & Jian Chen. (2017) Keratinolytic protease: a green biocatalyst for leather industry. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 101:21, pages 7771-7779.
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Berhanu Telay Mekonnen, Murali Ragothaman & Thanikaivelan Palanisamy. (2017) Bifunctional Hybrid Composites from Collagen Biowastes for Heterogeneous Applications. ACS Omega 2:8, pages 5260-5270.
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Şana SUNGUR & Abdullah ÖZKAN. (2017) Characterization of Wastewaters Obtained from Hatay Tanneries. Natural and Engineering Sciences 2:2, pages 111-118.
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Raden Lukas Martindr Wibowo, Zaenal Bachruddin, Nanung Agus Fitriyanto, Tomoyuki Nakagawa, Takashi Hayakawa & Ambar Pertiwinin. (2017) Screening and Characterization of Keratinolytic Bacteria from Puffer Fish Skin Waste. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 16:7, pages 488-496.
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Hande KÜÇÜKPELVAN, Canan CAN YARIMTEPE & Nilgün AYMAN ÖZ. (2017) Deri Atıksuyunun Arıtım Metotları. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 3:1, pages 59-96.
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Xuechuan Wang, Xiaoxiao Guo, Haijun Wang & Peiying Guo. (2016) Effect of Linear-Hyperbranched Amphiphilic Phosphate Esters on Collagen Fibers. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65:1, pages 104-116.
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Dandan Wang, Shiya He, Chao Shan, Yuxuan Ye, Hongrui Ma, Xiaolin Zhang, Weiming Zhang & Bingcai Pan. (2016) Chromium speciation in tannery effluent after alkaline precipitation: Isolation and characterization. Journal of Hazardous Materials 316, pages 169-177.
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Jinxia Du, Lu Shi & Biyu Peng. (2016) Amphiphilic acrylate copolymer fatliquor for ecological leather: Influence of molecular weight on performances. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 133:20, pages n/a-n/a.
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Jie Zong, Yan-Chun Li & Kang Hu. (2016) Simultaneously Recovering High-Purity Chromium and Removing Organic Pollutants from Tannery Effluent. Journal of Chemistry 2016, pages 1-11.
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Berhanu Telay Mekonnen, Murali Ragothaman, Cheirmadurai Kalirajan & Thanikaivelan Palanisamy. (2016) Conducting collagen-polypyrrole hybrid aerogels made from animal skin waste. RSC Advances 6:67, pages 63071-63077.
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Gaurav Kumar Pal & Suresh PV. (2016) Microbial collagenases: challenges and prospects in production and potential applications in food and nutrition. RSC Advances 6:40, pages 33763-33780.
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Murali Sathish, Balaraman Madhan, Kalarical Janardhnan Sreeram, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao & Balachandran Unni Nair. (2016) Alternative carrier medium for sustainable leather manufacturing – a review and perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production 112, pages 49-58.
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Y. Fei & C. Liu. 2016. Environmental Materials and Waste. Environmental Materials and Waste 265 284 .
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Yolanda S. Hedberg, Carola Lidén & Inger Odnevall Wallinder. (2015) Chromium released from leather – I: exposure conditions that govern the release of chromium( III ) and chromium( VI ) . Contact Dermatitis 72:4, pages 206-215.
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Harish B. Khandelwal, Snehal V. More, K. M. Kalal & R. Seeta Laxman. (2014) Eco-friendly enzymatic dehairing of skins and hides by C. brefeldianus protease. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 17:2, pages 393-405.
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S. Silambarasan, R. Aravindhan, J. Raghava Rao & P. Thanikaivelan. (2015) Waterless tanning: chrome tanning in ethanol and its derivatives. RSC Advances 5:82, pages 66815-66823.
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C. Alliraja, J. Raghava Rao & P. Thanikaivelan. (2015) Magnetic collagen fibers stabilized using functional iron oxide nanoparticles in non-aqueous medium. RSC Advances 5:27, pages 20939-20944.
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Jayakumar Gladstone Christopher, Sivaraman Ganesh, Saravanan Palanivel, Mohan Ranganathan & Raghava Rao Jonnalagadda. (2014) Cohesive system for enzymatic unhairing and fibre opening: an architecture towards eco-benign pretanning operation. Journal of Cleaner Production 83, pages 428-436.
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Yolanda S. Hedberg, Carola Lidén & Inger Odnevall Wallinder. (2014) Correlation between bulk- and surface chemistry of Cr-tanned leather and the release of Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Journal of Hazardous Materials 280, pages 654-661.
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Nancy George, Prakram Singh Chauhan, Vivek Kumar, Neena Puri & Naveen Gupta. (2014) Approach to ecofriendly leather: characterization and application of an alkaline protease for chemical free dehairing of skins and hides at pilot scale. Journal of Cleaner Production 79, pages 249-257.
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C. Sethuraman, K. Srinivas & G. Sekaran. (2013) Conversion of Hazardous leather solid waste into fuels and products. Conversion of Hazardous leather solid waste into fuels and products.
Selvaraj Raja & Vytla Ramachandra Murty. (2013) Optimization of Aqueous Two-Phase Systems for the Recovery of Soluble Proteins from Tannery Wastewater Using Response Surface Methodology. Journal of Engineering 2013, pages 1-10.
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Nishad FathimaRaghava RaoBalachandran Unni Nair. (2012) Tannery Solid Waste to Treat Toxic Liquid Wastes: A New Holistic Paradigm. Environmental Engineering Science 29:6, pages 363-372.
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Nadiya Kandasamy, Punitha Velmurugan, Amsamani Sundarvel, Rao Jonnalagadda Raghava, Chandrasekaran Bangaru & Thanikaivelan Palanisamy. (2012) Eco-benign enzymatic dehairing of goatskins utilizing a protease from a Pseudomonas fluorescens species isolated from fish visceral waste. Journal of Cleaner Production 25, pages 27-33.
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Victor John Sundar, Arumugam Gnanamani, Chellappa Muralidharan, Narasiman Kannan Chandrababu & Asit Baran Mandal. (2010) Recovery and utilization of proteinous wastes of leather making: a review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 10:2, pages 151-163.
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Swarna V. Kanth, R. Venba, B. Madhan, N.K. Chandrababu & S. Sadulla. (2009) Cleaner tanning practices for tannery pollution abatement: Role of enzymes in eco-friendly vegetable tanning. Journal of Cleaner Production 17:5, pages 507-515.
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Subramani Saravanabhavan, Palanisamy Thanikaivelan, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Balachandran Unni Nair & Thirumalachari Ramasami. (2008) Sodium Metasilicate Based Fiber Opening for Greener Leather Processing. Environmental Science & Technology 42:5, pages 1731-1739.
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S. Sivasubramanian, B. Murali Manohar, A. Rajaram & R. Puvanakrishnan. (2008) Ecofriendly lime and sulfide free enzymatic dehairing of skins and hides using a bacterial alkaline protease. Chemosphere 70:6, pages 1015-1024.
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Josep M. Morera, Anna Bacardit, Lluís Ollé, Esther Bartolí & Maria D. Borràs. (2007) Minimization of the environmental impact of chrome tanning: A new process with high chrome exhaustion. Chemosphere 69:11, pages 1728-1733.
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A. BódaloJ.L. Gómez, E. Gómez, A.M. Hidalgo & A. Alemán. (2016) Study of the evaporation process of saline waste from the tanning industry. Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 25:5, pages 467-474.
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M. Madhumathi, Srinija Cheerla, S. Saravanabhavan, P. Thanikaivelan, J. Raghava Rao, N. K. Chandra Babu & Balachandran Unni Nair. (2007) Factors influencing activity of enzymes and their kinetics. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 136:3, pages 265-278.
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P. Thanikaivelan, C. K. Bharath, S. Saravanabhavan, J. R. Rao, B. Chandrasekaran, N. K. Chandrababu & B. U. Nair. (2006) Integrated hair removal and fiber opening process using mixed enzymes. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 9:1, pages 61-68.
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S. Saravanan, J. Raghava Rao, T. Murugesan, Balachandran Unni Nair & T. Ramasami. (2007) Partition of tannery wastewater proteins in aqueous two-phase poly (ethylene glycol)-magnesium sulfate systems: Effects of molecular weights and pH. Chemical Engineering Science 62:4, pages 969-978.
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Settu Saravanan, Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao, Thanapalan Murugesan, Balachandran Unni Nair & Thirumalachari Ramasami. (2006) Recovery of value-added globular proteins from tannery wastewaters using PEG – salt aqueous two-phase systems. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 81:11, pages 1814-1819.
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