Advanced search
Publication Cover
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics Volume 16, 2010 - Issue 3
Submit an article Journal homepage
2,758
Views
93
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

A Review of Technology of Personal Heating Garments

Faming WangFaculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, SwedenCorrespondence[email protected]
,
Chuansi GaoFaculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
,
Kalev KuklaneFaculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
&
Ingvar HolmérFaculty of Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Pages 387-404 | Published online: 08 Jan 2015

Citations (93)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (5)

Vikrant Dupade, B. Premachandran, R. S. Rengasamy & Prabal Talukdar. (2023) Effect of ambient temperature, metabolic heat and clothing insulation on the required external active heating for the survival of humans exposed to sub-zero temperatures. The Journal of The Textile Institute 114:8, pages 1125-1134.
Read now
Abher Rasheed, Hina Zehra, Sheraz Ahmad & Faheem Ahmad. (2023) Development of multi-layer needle-punched nonwoven electric heating pad. The Journal of The Textile Institute 114:3, pages 462-469.
Read now
Su Liu, Shaoju Fu, Jun Wu & Shi Li. (2022) Development and characterization of electrical heating garment based on the weft knitted jacquard pattern for back pain disease. The Journal of The Textile Institute 113:11, pages 2428-2434.
Read now
R. G Revaiah, T. M. Kotresh & Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian. (2020) Technical textiles for military applications. The Journal of The Textile Institute 111:2, pages 273-308.
Read now
Nini Ma, Yehu Lu, Fanfei Xu & Hongqin Dai. (2020) Development and performance assessment of electrically heated gloves with smart temperature control function. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics 26:1, pages 46-54.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (88)

Md Rashedul Islam, Shaila Afroj, Junyi Yin, Kostya S. Novoselov, Jun Chen & Nazmul Karim. (2023) Advances in Printed Electronic Textiles. Advanced Science.
Crossref
Rupayan Roy. 2023. Intelligent Engineering Applications and Applied Sciences for Sustainability. Intelligent Engineering Applications and Applied Sciences for Sustainability 270 290 .
Liang Ma & Jun Li. (2023) A review on active heating for high performance cold-proof clothing. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 35:6, pages 952-970.
Crossref
JiaZhen He, YeHu Lu, WenZhen Su, FangMing Wang, WenFang Song, LaiLi Wang & Min Wang. (2023) Design and performance of an air inflatable suit in enhancing personal thermal management. Science China Technological Sciences 66:9, pages 2637-2650.
Crossref
Sandeep Kumar Maurya, Viraj Uttamrao Somkuwar, Apurba Das, Nandan Kumar & Bipin Kumar. (2023) Influence of Knitting Engineering and Environment Conditions on the Performance of Heating Textiles for Therapeutic Applications. ACS Applied Engineering Materials 1:6, pages 1644-1654.
Crossref
So-Jeong Lee, Jin-Hyeok Park, Eun-Ji Choi & Young Gyu Jeong. (2023) Microstructure and electrothermal properties of carbon films derived from a sustainable organically-soluble wholly aromatic polyamide. Diamond and Related Materials 136, pages 109980.
Crossref
ARSENII ARABULI, SVITLANA ARABULI, OLENA KYZYMCHUK & LIUDMYLA MELNYK. (2023) ELECTRIC HEATING CLOTHING FOR MOTORCYCLISTS. Fibres and Textiles 30:2, pages 43-50.
Crossref
Sylwia Krzemińska, Agnieszka Greszta, Grażyna Bartkowiak, Anna Dąbrowska, Rafał Kotas, Bartosz Pękosławski, Bartosz Małachowski & Pamela Miśkiewicz. (2023) Evaluation of Heating Inserts in Active Protective Clothing for Mountain Rescuers—Preliminary Tests. Applied Sciences 13:8, pages 4879.
Crossref
Haihong Pu, Pengxin He, Dong Yang, Yunzhi Dang & Jianhua Ma. (2023) Polydopamine modified CuS particles filled cellulose fiber for photothermal conversion performance. Industrial Crops and Products 193, pages 116188.
Crossref
Kyung-Taek Yoon & Young-Man Choi. (2022) Biomechanical Regenerative Braking Energy Harvester: A Systematic Analysis. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology 10:2, pages 437-456.
Crossref
Yuanyuan Jing, Jun Luo, Xue Han, Jiawei Yang, Qiulin Liu, Yuanyuan Zheng, Xinyi Chen, Fuli Huang, Jiawen Chen, Qinliang Zhuang, Yanan Shen, Haisheng Chen, Huaizhou Zhao, G. Jeffrey Snyder, Guodong Li, Ting Zhang & Kun Zhang. (2023) Scalable manufacturing of a durable, tailorable, and recyclable multifunctional woven thermoelectric textile system. Energy & Environmental Science.
Crossref
Sishi Li, Xinyu Jia, Bin Cao, Bin Liu & Yingxin Zhu. (2023) Thermal comfort characteristics and heating demand of people with different activity status during extremely cold exposure. Building and Environment 228, pages 109798.
Crossref
Manas Kumar Sarkar & Jintu Fan. 2023. Functional and Technical Textiles. Functional and Technical Textiles 397 418 .
Faming Wang. 2023. Personal Comfort Systems for Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort and Air Quality. Personal Comfort Systems for Improving Indoor Thermal Comfort and Air Quality 245 263 .
Guangkai Hu, Dong Liu, Sidi Yin, Bin Yu, Tao Huang, Hao Yu & Meifang Zhu. (2022) Recyclable Joule heated low shrinkage carbon nanofiber aerogels for microscale oil/water separation. Journal of Materials Science & Technology 127, pages 89-97.
Crossref
Wojciech Tylman, Rafał Kotas, Marek Kamiński, Anna Dąbrowska & Magdalena Młynarczyk. (2022) Modeling and Experimental Verification of the Required Power for Electrically Heated Clothing. Energies 15:20, pages 7713.
Crossref
Gavin Cowper, Stuart Goodall, Kirsty Hicks, Louise Burnie & Marc Briggs. (2022) The impact of passive heat maintenance strategies between an active warm-up and performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation 14:1.
Crossref
Bharath HG, Madhu DS, Rashmi LS, Mithun R & Dr. Bindu A Thomas. (2022) Intelligent Cold Climate Glove. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, pages 406-411.
Crossref
Xiao-yu Tian, Wei-wei Liu, Jia-wei Liu, Bo Yu & Jian Zhang. (2022) Effects of personal heating on thermal comfort: A review个性化采暖对热舒适的影响: 综述. Journal of Central South University 29:7, pages 2279-2300.
Crossref
Bin Cao, Yingxin Zhu, Yuchen Hou, Yeyu Wu, Sishi Li & Sijing Liu. (2022) Ergonomics in built environments: Prospects of human thermal comfort research. Chinese Science Bulletin 67:16, pages 1757-1770.
Crossref
Arash Nazem Boushehri, Nazanin Ezazshahabi & Mohammad Amani Tehran. (2022) Fabrication and thermal assessment of three-layer woven heating fabrics. Journal of Industrial Textiles 51:3_suppl, pages 4022S-4040S.
Crossref
Tamara Ruiz-Calleja, Rocío Calderón-Villajos, Marilés Bonet-Aracil, Eva Bou-Belda, Jaime Gisbert-Payá, Alberto Jiménez-Suárez & Silvia G Prolongo. (2022) Thermoelectrical properties of graphene knife-coated cellulosic fabrics for defect monitoring in Joule-heated textiles. Journal of Industrial Textiles 51:5_suppl, pages 8884S-8905S.
Crossref
Shu Fang, Rui Wang, Haisu Ni, Hao Liu & Li Liu. (2020) A review of flexible electric heating element and electric heating garments. Journal of Industrial Textiles 51:1_suppl, pages 101S-136S.
Crossref
Hardianto Hardianto, Gilbert De Mey, Benny Malengier & Lieva Van Langenhove. (2020) Textile-based thermoelectric generator fabricated from carbon fibers. Journal of Industrial Textiles 51:5_suppl, pages 8411S-8427S.
Crossref
Hua Su, Pengcheng Lin, Hao Lu, Xi Zhao, Xinxin Sheng & Ying Chen. (2022) Janus-Type Hydroxyapatite-Incorporated Kevlar Aerogel@Kevlar Aerogel Supported Phase-Change Material Gel toward Wearable Personal Thermal Management. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14:10, pages 12617-12629.
Crossref
Taohai Yan, Yajing Shi, Huimin Zhuang, Yu Lin, Huizhen Ke, Chenxi Zhu, Dongdong Lu, Shengbin Cao & Lvtao Zhu. (2022) Research on the Heating of Woven Carbon Fiber Fabrics Using Thin-Film Solar Cells. Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 30:2, pages 61-67.
Crossref
Jianjun Guo, Lingling Jia, Sandra Senyo Fometu, Qiang Ma, Jinjin Wang, Hang Li, Lei Jiang & Guohua Wu. (2022) Fabrication of High Toughness Silk Fibroin/Tungsten Disulfide Nanoparticles Hybrid Fiber and Self-Heating Textile by Wet Spinning. Journal of Renewable Materials 10:12, pages 3373-3389.
Crossref
Lun Lou, Yuen Shing Wu, Yiying Zhou & Jintu Fan. (2021) Effects of body positions and garment design on the performance of a personal air cooling/heating system. Indoor Air 32:1.
Crossref
Uzair Sajjad, Khalid Hamid, Tauseef-ur-Rehman, Muhammad Sultan, Naseem Abbas, Hafiz Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Imran, M. Muneeshwaran, Jui-Yang Chang & Chi-Chuan Wang. (2022) Personal thermal management - A review on strategies, progress, and prospects. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 130, pages 105739.
Crossref
Wojciech Tylman, Rafał Kotas, Marek Kamiński, Sebastian Woźniak & Anna Dąbrowska. (2021) A Thermal Model for Processing Data from Undergarment Sensors in Automatic Control of Actively Heated Clothing. Energies 15:1, pages 169.
Crossref
Alireza Saidi, Chantal Gauvin, Safa Ladhari & Phuong Nguyen-Tri. (2021) Advanced Functional Materials for Intelligent Thermoregulation in Personal Protective Equipment. Polymers 13:21, pages 3711.
Crossref
Laimutė Stygienė, Sandra Varnaitė-Žuravliova, Aušra Abraitienė, Ingrida Padleckienė & Sigitas Krauledas. (2021) Investigation of Textile Heating Element in Simulated Wearing Conditions. Autex Research Journal 21:3, pages 207-215.
Crossref
Bin Yang, Xin Ding, Faming Wang & Angui Li. (2021) A review of intensified conditioning of personal micro-environments: Moving closer to the human body. Energy and Built Environment 2:3, pages 260-270.
Crossref
Rafal Kotas, Marek Kaminski, Wojciech Tylman, Sebastian Wozniak, Michal Wojtera & Anna Dabrowska. (2021) Comprehensive Information System for Management of Personalized Protective Thermally Active Clothing. Comprehensive Information System for Management of Personalized Protective Thermally Active Clothing.
Md Omar Faruk, Abbas Ahmed, Mohammad Abdul Jalil, M. Tauhidul Islam, Al Mojnun Shamim, Bapan Adak, Md Milon Hossain & Samrat Mukhopadhyay. (2021) Functional textiles and composite based wearable thermal devices for Joule heating: progress and perspectives. Applied Materials Today 23, pages 101025.
Crossref
Dubravko Rogale, Snježana Firšt Rogale, Goran Majstorović & Goran Čubrić. (2020) Thermal properties of thermal insulation chambers. Textile Research Journal 91:9-10, pages 953-961.
Crossref
Jia-Xiu Wu & Ying-Chih Liao. (2021) Self-regulated thermal comfort control for wearable heating device. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 121, pages 74-80.
Crossref
Qingjun Huang, Guanying Xing, Fan Yang, Weicheng Shu, Jinlong Ma & Xiaobing Luo. (2021) Modelling and Experimental Study on Electrically Heating Garment to Enhance Personal Thermal Comfort. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 696:1, pages 012046.
Crossref
X. Lan, Y. Wang, J. Peng, Y. Si, J. Ren, B. Ding & B. Li. (2021) Designing heat transfer pathways for advanced thermoregulatory textiles. Materials Today Physics 17, pages 100342.
Crossref
Zahied Azam & Amandeep Singh. 2021. Innovative Applications of Nanowires for Circuit Design. Innovative Applications of Nanowires for Circuit Design 17 53 .
Faming Wang. 2021. Handbook of Footwear Design and Manufacture. Handbook of Footwear Design and Manufacture 389 411 .
Xiaopeng Li, Shihui Yu, Le Zhao, Muying Wu & Helei Dong. (2020) Hybrid PEDOT:PSS to obtain high-performance Ag NW-based flexible transparent electrodes for transparent heaters. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31:10, pages 8106-8115.
Crossref
Run Hu, Yida Liu, Sunmi Shin, Shiyao Huang, Xuecheng Ren, Weicheng Shu, Jingjing Cheng, Guangming Tao, Weilin Xu, Renkun Chen & Xiaobing Luo. (2020) Emerging Materials and Strategies for Personal Thermal Management. Advanced Energy Materials 10:17.
Crossref
Chengjiao Zhang & Faming Wang. 2020. Handbook of Fibrous Materials. Handbook of Fibrous Materials 857 887 .
Haipeng Wang, Qinglin Dong, Jinrong Yao, Zhengzhong Shao, Jimei Ma & Xin Chen. (2020) Colorless Silk/Copper Sulfide Hybrid Fiber and Fabric with Spontaneous Heating Property under Sunlight. Biomacromolecules 21:4, pages 1596-1603.
Crossref
Y Xiao, L R Zhang & L X Li. (2020) Investigation of processing factors affecting flexible heating wire by coating polyester yarns with carbon nanotubes. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 770:1, pages 012051.
Crossref
Akanksha Pragya, Himanshu Singh, Bipin Kumar, Harsh Gupta & Promod Shankar. (2020) Designing and investigation of braided-cum-woven structure for wearable heating textile. Engineering Research Express 2:1, pages 015003.
Crossref
M Rodicheva, A Abramov, E Surzhenko, E Gneusheva & T Vetrova. (2019) Development of Methods for Assessing the Operational Effectiveness of Sets of Personal Protective Equipment for Fighters and Rescue Units. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 582, pages 012004.
Crossref
Faming Wang, Zhanxiao Kang & Junming Zhou. (2019) Model validation and parametric study on a personal heating clothing system (PHCS) to help occupants attain thermal comfort in unheated buildings. Building and Environment 162, pages 106308.
Crossref
Linghui Peng, Bin Su, Aibing Yu & Xuchuan Jiang. (2019) Review of clothing for thermal management with advanced materials. Cellulose 26:11, pages 6415-6448.
Crossref
Yong Il Kim, Seongpil An, Min-Woo Kim, Hong-Seok Jo, Tae-Gun Kim, Mark T. Swihart, Alexander L. Yarin & Sam S. Yoon. (2019) Highly transparent, conducting, body-attachable metallized fibers as a flexible and stretchable film. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 790, pages 1127-1136.
Crossref
Mariya Soroka, Roman Zinko, Oksana Zakharkevich, Svetlana Kuleshova & Oksana Hasanova. (2019) ASSESMENT OF THE CLOTHING COMFORT. International Conference on Technics, Technologies and Education:ICTTE 2019, pages 352-359.
Crossref
N. Muthukumar, G. Thilagavathi, T. Kannaian & S. Periyasamy. 2019. Functional Textiles and Clothing. Functional Textiles and Clothing 119 127 .
Snježana Firšt Rogale, Dubravko Rogale & Gojko Nikolić. (2017) Intelligent clothing: first and second generation clothing with adaptive thermal insulation properties. Textile Research Journal 88:19, pages 2214-2233.
Crossref
Udayraj, Ziqi Li, Ying Ke, Faming Wang & Bin Yang. (2018) A study of thermal comfort enhancement using three energy-efficient personalized heating strategies at two low indoor temperatures. Building and Environment 143, pages 1-14.
Crossref
Yanyan Bai, Hongxia Li, Shijin Gan, Yafang Li, Hao Liu & Li Chen. (2018) Flexible heating fabrics with temperature perception based on fine copper wire and fusible interlining fabrics. Measurement 122, pages 192-200.
Crossref
I. N. Tyurin, V. V. Getmantseva & E. G. Andreeva. (2018) Analysis of Innovative Technologies of Thermoregulating Textile Materials. Fibre Chemistry 50:1, pages 1-9.
Crossref
Paramita Das, Chun Kiat Yeo, Jielin Ma, Khanh Duong Phan, Peng Chen, Mary B. Chan-Park & Hongwei Duan. (2018) Nacre Mimetic with Embedded Silver Nanowire for Resistive Heating. ACS Applied Nano Materials 1:2, pages 940-952.
Crossref
Yingdong He, Xiang Wang, Nianping Li, Meiling He & De He. (2018) Heating chair assisted by leg-warmer: A potential way to achieve better thermal comfort and greater energy conservation in winter. Energy and Buildings 158, pages 1106-1116.
Crossref
J. Decaens & O. Vermeersch. 2018. Advanced Characterization and Testing of Textiles. Advanced Characterization and Testing of Textiles 351 374 .
Yinsheng Tian, Jing Li, Haibo Zhang, Lihao Xue, Wen Lei & Li Ding. (2017) Thermal protection study of bladder compensatory suit using a heat transfer model. Work 58:4, pages 415-425.
Crossref
Sora Shin, Hae-Hyun Choi, Yung Bin Kim, Byung-Hee Hong & Joo-Young Lee. (2017) Evaluation of body heating protocols with graphene heated clothing in a cold environment. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 29:6, pages 830-844.
Crossref
R. Polanský, R. Soukup, J. Řeboun, J. Kalčík, D. Moravcová, L. Kupka, M. Švantner, P. Honnerová & A. Hamáček. (2017) A novel large-area embroidered temperature sensor based on an innovative hybrid resistive thread. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 265, pages 111-119.
Crossref
Young-Man Choi, Moon Lee & Yongho Jeon. (2017) Wearable Biomechanical Energy Harvesting Technologies. Energies 10:10, pages 1483.
Crossref
Esther Foo, Nika R. Gagliardi, Nicholas Schleif & Lucy E. Dunne. (2017) Toward the development of customizable textile-integrated thermal actuators. Toward the development of customizable textile-integrated thermal actuators.
Thilagavathi G, Muthukumar N & Kannaian T. (2017) Development and Characterization of Electric Heating Fabric Based on Silver Coated Nylon Yarn. Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology 1:6.
Crossref
Yingdong He, Nianping Li, Linxuan Zhou, Kuan Wang & Wenjie Zhang. (2017) Thermal comfort and energy consumption in cold environment with retrofitted Huotong (warm-barrel). Building and Environment 112, pages 285-295.
Crossref
Ran Wang, Zhen Xu, Jihan Zhuang, Zheng Liu, Li Peng, Zheng Li, Yingjun Liu, Weiwei Gao & Chao Gao. (2017) Highly Stretchable Graphene Fibers with Ultrafast Electrothermal Response for Low-Voltage Wearable Heaters. Advanced Electronic Materials 3:2, pages 1600425.
Crossref
Yafang Li, Hao Liu & Xiaojiu Li. Thermal-electrical properties and resistance stability of silver coated yarns. Thermal-electrical properties and resistance stability of silver coated yarns.
Damien Fournet & George Havenith. 2017. Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science. Application of Infrared Thermography in Sports Science 159 183 .
Mariam Itani, Djamel Ouahrani, Nesreen Ghaddar, Kamel Ghali & Walid Chakroun. (2016) The effect of PCM placement on torso cooling vest for an active human in hot environment. Building and Environment 107, pages 29-42.
Crossref
Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, Anura Fernando, Muhammad Dawood Hussain & Prasad Potluri. (2016) Study of electro-thermal properties of pyrrole polymerised knitted fabrics. Journal of Industrial Textiles 46:3, pages 771-786.
Crossref
Syed Talha Ali Hamdani, Anura Fernando & Muhammad Maqsood. (2015) Thermo-mechanical behavior of stainless steel knitted structures. Heat and Mass Transfer 52:9, pages 1861-1870.
Crossref
Hao Liu, Jin Li, Li Chen, Li Liu, Yafang Li, Xiaojiu Li, Xiaojie Li & Haile Yang. (2015) Thermal-electronic behaviors investigation of knitted heating fabrics based on silver plating compound yarns. Textile Research Journal 86:13, pages 1398-1412.
Crossref
Huiju Park, Soo-kyung Hwang, Joo-Young Lee, Jintu Fan & Youngjin Jeong. (2016) Impact of electrical heating on effective thermal Insulation of a multi-layered winter clothing system for optimal heating efficiency. International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 28:2.
Crossref
Katja Knecht, Nick Bryan-Kinns & Karen Shoop. Usability and Design of Personal Wearable and Portable Devices for Thermal Comfort in Shared Work Environments. Usability and Design of Personal Wearable and Portable Devices for Thermal Comfort in Shared Work Environments.
Jian Zhou, Matthieu Mulle, Yaobin Zhang, Xuezhu Xu, Er Qiang Li, Fei Han, Sigurdur T. Thoroddsen & Gilles Lubineau. (2016) High-ampacity conductive polymer microfibers as fast response wearable heaters and electromechanical actuators. Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4:6, pages 1238-1249.
Crossref
Nedal Y. Abu-Thabit & Abdel Salam Hamdy Makhlouf. 2016. Industrial Applications for Intelligent Polymers and Coatings. Industrial Applications for Intelligent Polymers and Coatings 437 477 .
Wenfang Song, Faming Wang, Chengjiao Zhang & Dandan Lai. (2015) On the improvement of thermal comfort of university students by using electrically and chemically heated clothing in a cold classroom environment. Building and Environment 94, pages 704-713.
Crossref
Wenfang Song, Dandan Lai & Faming Wang. (2016) Evaluating the cold protective performance (CPP) of an electrically heated garment (EHG) and a chemically heated garment (CHG) in cold environments. Fibers and Polymers 16:12, pages 2689-2697.
Crossref
Sukjoon Hong, Habeom Lee, Jinhwan Lee, Jinhyeong Kwon, Seungyong Han, Young D. Suh, Hyunmin Cho, Jaeho Shin, Junyeob Yeo & Seung Hwan Ko. (2015) Highly Stretchable and Transparent Metal Nanowire Heater for Wearable Electronics Applications. Advanced Materials 27:32, pages 4744-4751.
Crossref
Chang Hyo Kim, Moo Sung Kim, Yoong Ahm Kim, Kap Seung Yang, Seung Jo Baek, Young-Jun Lee, Cheol-Min Yang, Yang Jin Lee & Jun Yeon Hwang. (2015) Electro-conductively deposited carbon fibers for power controllable heating elements. RSC Advances 5:34, pages 26998-27002.
Crossref
F. Wang. 2014. Protective Clothing. Protective Clothing 366 391 .
P. Xu, F. Wang & M. Zhao. 2014. Protective Clothing. Protective Clothing 281 295 .
H. Mäkinen & K. Jussila. 2014. Protective Clothing. Protective Clothing 3 38 .
Haoshan Ge, Haiyan Li, Shengfu Mei & Jing Liu. (2013) Low melting point liquid metal as a new class of phase change material: An emerging frontier in energy area. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 21, pages 331-346.
Crossref
F. Wang. 2013. Handbook of Footwear Design and Manufacture. Handbook of Footwear Design and Manufacture 318 340 .
Liu Hao, Zhang Yi, Chen Li, Xiaojiu Li, Wang Yuxiu & Gao Yan. (2012) Development and characterization of flexible heating fabric based on conductive filaments. Measurement 45:7, pages 1855-1865.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.