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Research Articles

Learning to Spell Words: Findings, Theories, and Issues

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Read on this site (9)

Catrina Liu, Kevin Kien Hoa Chung & Pui Man Tang. (2022) Contributions of orthographic awareness, letter knowledge, and patterning skills to Chinese literacy skills and arithmetic competence. Educational Psychology 42:5, pages 530-548.
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Helen Spruhan, Georgia Niolaki, Janet Vousden, Aris Terzopoulos & Jackie Masterson. (2022) Spelling performance of 6- and 8-year-old Irish children; Is it <analice> or <analyze>? . The Journal of Educational Research 115:1, pages 87-97.
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Tessa Daffern & Robert Fleet. (2021) Investigating the efficacy of using error analysis data to inform explicit teaching of spelling. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties 26:1, pages 67-88.
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Shuai Zhang, Alida Hudson, Xuejun Ryan Ji, R. Malatesha Joshi, Juan Zamora, Fabiola R. Gómez-Velázquez & Andrés Antonio González-Garrido. (2021) Spelling Acquisition in Spanish: Using Error Analyses to Examine Individual Differences in Phonological and Orthographic Processing. Scientific Studies of Reading 25:1, pages 64-83.
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Ana Albuquerque & Margarida Alves Martins. (2021) Invented spelling activities in kindergarten: the role of instructional scaffolding and collaborative learning. International Journal of Early Years Education 29:1, pages 96-113.
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Nelly Joye, Lucie Broc, Thierry Olive & Julie Dockrell. (2019) Spelling Performance in Children with Developmental Language Disorder: A Meta-Analysis across European Languages. Scientific Studies of Reading 23:2, pages 129-160.
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Peter Westwood. (2018) Learning to spell: enduring theories, recent research and current issues. Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties 23:2, pages 137-152.
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Articles from other publishers (73)

Ying Zhao, Xinchun Wu & Liping Li. (2023) How does spelling contribute to reading comprehension in Chinese beginning readers? Testing the mediating role of word reading fluency. Journal of Research in Reading.
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Alissa Patricia Wolters & Young-suk Grace Kim. (2023) Crosslinguistic influence on spelling in written compositions: Evidence from English-Spanish dual language learners in primary grades. Reading and Writing.
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Yasmin Shalhoub-Awwad & Ravit Cohen-Mimran. (2023) On the role of morphology in early spelling in Hebrew and Arabic. Morphology.
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Susie Russak & Elena Zaretsky. (2023) Examining morphosyntactic representations in EFL written narratives among L1 Hebrew and Arabic-speaking 6th graders. Reading and Writing.
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Li Yin & Catherine McBride. (2023) A longitudinal study on sensitivity to symmetry in writing and associations with early literacy abilities. Frontiers in Education 8.
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Zebedee Rui En Cheah, Yanyan Ye, Kelvin Fai Hong Lui, Catherine McBride & Urs Maurer. (2022) Spelling as a way to classify poor Chinese-English literacy skills in Hong Kong Chinese children. Annals of Dyslexia 73:1, pages 90-108.
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Kelechi Uchemadu LAZARUS & Oloyede Ojo AUDU. (2023) EFFECT OF TWO INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES ON SPELLING PERFORMANCE OF PUPILS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES IN IBADAN, NIGERIA. International Online Journal of Primary Education 12:1, pages 15-24.
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Emily Lau Yen Yen, Harwati Hashim & Melor Md Yunus. (2023) Development and Validation of an Instrument to Evaluate Technology-Enhanced Learning and Teaching Sustainability in Teaching Spelling. Sustainability 15:5, pages 4256.
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Vassilios Papadimitriou & Vassilios Argyropoulos. (2023) Investigating predictability aspects of phonological type errors in braille spelling. Research in Developmental Disabilities 132, pages 104388.
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Shane Templeton. 2023. International Encyclopedia of Education(Fourth Edition). International Encyclopedia of Education(Fourth Edition) 374 387 .
Aysel Ferah-Ozcan & Sevilay Yildiz. (2022) Direct and Indirect Effects Between First Literacy Errors, Visual Perception, and Phonological Awareness Variables. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education (IJCRSEE) 10:3, pages 1-16.
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Adi Elimelech & Dorit Aram. (2022) Evaluating preschoolers’ references to characteristics of the Hebrew orthography via a computerized early spelling game. Written Language & Literacy Written Language and Literacy 25:2, pages 159-182.
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Isabelle Negro, Françoise Lefèvre & Isabelle Bonnotte. (2022) How do French students in primary grades process past participle inflections and their N-1 and N+1 in sentence dictation tasks? An analysis of the effects of verb frequency and verb consistency. Reading and Writing 35:10, pages 2313-2340.
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Yanyan Ye & Catherine McBride. (2022) A Dynamic Interactive Model of Chinese Spelling Development. Educational Psychology Review 34:4, pages 2897-2917.
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Eric D. Hand, Christopher J. Lonigan & Cynthia S. Puranik. (2022) Prediction of kindergarten and first-grade reading skills: unique contributions of preschool writing and early-literacy skills. Reading and Writing.
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Laura S. Tortorelli & Lori Bruner. (2022) The Word Nerds project: Findings from a research–practice partnership focused on spelling instruction. Journal of Research in Reading 45:3, pages 385-405.
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Georgia Niolaki, Janet Vousden, Aris Terzopoulos, Donna-Lyn Shepherd, Lauren Debney & Jackie Masterson. (2022) Spelling predictors; investigating the role of phonological ability and rapid naming in a large cross-sectional British study. Learning and Instruction 80, pages 101635.
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Ana B. Mesquita, Inês Salomé Morais, Luís Faísca, Alexandra Reis & São Luís Castro. (2022) Predictors of adult spelling in an orthography of intermediate depth. Written Language & Literacy Written Language and Literacy 25:1, pages 99-125.
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Susie Russak. (2022) How can a fine-grained analysis of spelling errors inform our understanding of the development of spelling in EFL?. Written Language & Literacy Written Language and Literacy 25:1, pages 67-98.
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Naymé Salas. (2022) Concurrent predictors of spelling accuracy in secondary education in a semi-consistent orthography. Written Language & Literacy Written Language and Literacy 25:1, pages 40-66.
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Elena Zaretsky. (2022) Representation of sublexical structure of the word among bilingual and monolingual kindergartners. Written Language & Literacy Written Language and Literacy 25:1, pages 11-39.
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Susie Russak & Elena Zaretsky. (2022) Investigating spelling across typologically diverse orthographies. Written Language & Literacy Written Language and Literacy 25:1, pages 1-10.
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Suzanne M. Adlof, Jessica Chan, Krystal Werfel & Hugh W. Catts. 2022. The Science of Reading. The Science of Reading 460 485 .
Elise de Bree & Josje Verhagen. (2022) Statistical learning in children with a family risk of dyslexia. Dyslexia 28:2, pages 185-201.
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Dilşat UZUNOĞLU, Seçkin GÖK & Kasım YILDIRIM. (2022) Kelime Tanıma Becerisinin ÖnemiImportance of Word Recognition. Ana Dili Eğitimi Dergisi 10:2, pages 475-506.
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Laura S. Tortorelli, Hope K. Gerde, Rebecca Rohloff & Gary E. Bingham. (2021) Ready, Set, Write: Early Learning Standards for Writing in the Common Core Era. Reading Research Quarterly 57:2, pages 729-752.
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Nanxi Liu, Atsuhiko Iijima, Yutaka Iwata, Kento Ohashi, Nobuyoshi Fujisawa, Toshikuni Sasaoka & Isao Hasegawa. (2022) Mental construction of object symbols from meaningless elements by Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Scientific Reports 12:1.
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Yanyan Ye, Catherine McBride, Li Yin, Leo Man-Lit Cheang & Chun Yu Tse. (2020) A Model of Chinese Spelling Development in Hong Kong Kindergarteners. Journal of Learning Disabilities 55:2, pages 154-167.
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Jeung-Ryeul Cho & Catherine McBride. (2020) Different Cognitive Correlates of Early Learning of Spelling of Different Target Types in Korean Hangul Among First Language Children and Adult Foreign Language Learners. Journal of Learning Disabilities 55:2, pages 138-153.
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Sara Zadunaisky Ehrlich, Anat Stavans & Batia Seroussi. (2022) Spelling Errors in Expository Texts Written in Hebrew at the Elementary School Level. The Elementary School Journal 122:3, pages 361-377.
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Nuria Rodriguez & Joana Acha. (2021) The abc of the b and c in Spanish: inconsistent and context dependent letter errors and the development of orthographic knowledge in primary school children. Reading and Writing 35:3, pages 767-795.
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Sean Patrick McCarron & Victor Kuperman. (2022) Effects of year of post‐secondary study on reading skills for L1 and L2 speakers of English. Journal of Research in Reading 45:1, pages 43-64.
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Deborah McCutchen, Mary Northey, Becky Logan Herrera & Teixeira Clark. (2021) What’s in a word? Effects of morphologically rich vocabulary instruction on writing outcomes among elementary students. Reading and Writing 35:2, pages 325-351.
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Caroline Greiner de Magalhães, Cláudia Cardoso-Martins & Carolyn B. Mervis. (2022) Spelling abilities of school-aged children with Williams syndrome. Research in Developmental Disabilities 120, pages 104129.
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Phaedra S. Mohammed, André Coy, Paulson Skerrit, Yewande Lewis-Fokum, Asad Mohammed & Aneeqah Hosein. 2022. Culture and Computing. Culture and Computing 105 119 .
Yi-Jui Iva Chen, Christopher G. Thompson, Zhihong Xu, Robin C. Irey & George K. Georgiou. (2021) Rapid automatized naming and spelling performance in alphabetic languages: a meta-analysis. Reading and Writing 34:10, pages 2559-2580.
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Safieh Muhamad Hassunah-Arafat, Dorit Aram & Ofra Korat. (2021) Early literacy in Arabic: the role of SES, home literacy environment, mothers’ early literacy beliefs and estimation of their children’s literacy skills. Reading and Writing 34:10, pages 2603-2625.
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Yanyan Ye, Christine Kong-Yan Tong, Catherine McBride, Li Yin & Chun Yu Tse. (2021) Concurrent and longitudinal predictors of beginning writing in Chinese: the unique role of copying skills. Reading and Writing 34:9, pages 2417-2437.
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Marie-Pier Godin, Rachel Berthiaume & Daniel Daigle. (2021) The “Sound of Silence”: Sensitivity to Silent Letters in Children With and Without Developmental Language Disorder. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 52:4, pages 1007-1019.
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Jean-Paul Fischer & Christophe Luxembourger. (2021) A Test of Three Models of Character Reversal in Typically Developing Children’s Writing. Frontiers in Communication 6.
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Catrina Liu & Kevin Kien Hoa Chung. (2021) The relationships between paired associate learning and Chinese word writing in kindergarten children. Reading and Writing 34:8, pages 2127-2148.
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Deborah Bergman Deitcher, Dorit Aram & Shira Besser‐Biron. (2021) A broad view of precocious reading. Journal of Research in Reading 44:3, pages 554-573.
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Teresa Limpo, Naymé Salas, Marie Van Reybroeck & São Luís Castro. (2021) Editorial: Spelling Across Orthographies. Frontiers in Psychology 12.
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Ioannis Grigorakis & George Manolitsis. (2020) Longitudinal effects of different aspects of morphological awareness skills on early spelling development. Reading and Writing 34:4, pages 945-979.
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Sarah Palmis, Jean‐Luc Velay, Michel Habib, Jean‐Luc Anton, Bruno Nazarian, Julien Sein & Marieke Longcamp. (2020) The handwriting brain in middle childhood. Developmental Science 24:2.
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Yanyan Ye, Mengge Yan, Yijun Ruan, Catherine McBride & Chu Fung Yeung. (2021) Literacy learning in early Chinese-English bilinguals: the role of pure copying skill. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 55, pages 263-274.
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Yi‐Jui Iva Chen, Anne E. Cunningham, Sophia Rabe‐Hesketh, Stephen P. Hinshaw & Robin C. Irey. (2019) The Effect of Orthographic Neighbors on Second‐Grade Students’ Spelling Acquisition. Reading Research Quarterly 56:1, pages 119-141.
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Maria Vazeux, Nadège Doignon-Camus, Marie-Line Bosse, Gwendoline Mahé, Teng Guo & Daniel Zagar. (2020) Syllable-first rather than letter-first to improve phonemic awareness. Scientific Reports 10:1.
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Ana Paula Vale & Rafaela Perpétua. (2020) Early Context-Conditioned Orthographic Knowledge in European Portuguese: The Spelling of the Schwa. Frontiers in Education 5.
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Georgia Z. Niolaki, Janet Vousden, Aris R. Terzopoulos, Laura M. Taylor, Shani Sephton & Jackie Masterson. (2020) Predictors of single word spelling in English speaking children: a cross sectional study. Journal of Research in Reading 43:4, pages 577-596.
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Sharon McMurray. (2020) Learning to spell for children 5–8 years of age: The importance of an integrated approach to ensure the development of phonic, orthographic and morphemic knowledge at compatible levels. Dyslexia 26:4, pages 442-458.
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Tessa Daffern & Noella Maree Mackenzie. (2019) A case study on the challenges of learning and teaching English spelling: insights from eight Australian students and their teachers. Literacy 54:3, pages 99-110.
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M.-C. Hazard, B. De Cara, L. Chanquoy & I. Negro. (2020) Influence des caractéristiques de consistance orthographique et fréquence lexicale sur la nature des « fautes » d’orthographe en français : profils développementaux du CE1 à la troisième. Psychologie Française 65:3, pages 225-241.
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C. Devichi & M. Noyer-Martin. (2020) L’écriture du prénom nécessite-t-elle des connaissances alphabétiques ?. Psychologie Française 65:3, pages 261-280.
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Naymé Salas. (2020) Non-phonological Strategies in Spelling Development. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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Rachel Schiff, Shlomit Rosenstock & Dorit Ravid. (2020) Morpho-Orthographic Complexity in Affix Spelling in Hebrew: A Novel Psycholinguistic Outlook Across the School Years. Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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Adi Elimelech & Dorit Aram. (2019) Using a Digital Spelling Game for Promoting Alphabetic Knowledge of Preschoolers: The Contribution of Auditory and Visual Supports. Reading Research Quarterly 55:2, pages 235-250.
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Tessa Daffern & Ajay Ramful. (2019) Measurement of spelling ability: construction and validation of a phonological, orthographic and morphological pseudo-word instrument for students in Grades 3–6. Reading and Writing 33:3, pages 571-603.
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Robin O’Leary & Linnea C. Ehri. (2019) Orthography Facilitates Memory for Proper Names in Emergent Readers. Reading Research Quarterly 55:1, pages 75-93.
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Susanna Siu-sze Yeung & Shen Qiao. (2019) Developmental trends and precursors of English spelling in Chinese children who learn English-as-a-second language: Comparisons between average and at-risk spellers. Research in Developmental Disabilities 93, pages 103456.
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Eva Commissaire & Anne‐Sophie Besse. (2019) Investigating lexical and sub‐lexical orthographic processing skills in French 3rd and 5th graders. Journal of Research in Reading 42:2, pages 268-287.
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Adi Elimelech & Dorit Aram. (2019) A Digital Early Spelling Game: The Role of Auditory and Visual Support. AERA Open 5:2, pages 233285841985770.
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S. HÉLÈNE DEACON, ADRIAN PASQUARELLA, EVA MARINUS, TALISA TIMS & ANNE CASTLES. (2018) Orthographic processing and children’s word reading. Applied Psycholinguistics 40:2, pages 509-534.
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Tessa Daffern & Sarah Critten. (2019) Student and teacher perspectives on spelling. The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy 42:1, pages 40-57.
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Marie-Pier Godin, Andréanne Gagné & Nathalie Chapleau. (2020) Évaluer les connaissances orthographiques à l’aide d’une démarche d’analyse fine des erreurs. Mesure et évaluation en éducation 42:3, pages 71-108.
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Maria Cockerill, Allen Thurston & Andy Taylor. (2019) Protocol: An efficacy randomized controlled trial of a spelling program in primary schools. International Journal of Educational Research 97, pages 131-138.
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Tessa Daffern. 2019. Handbook of Vocational Education and Training. Handbook of Vocational Education and Training 1429 1444 .
Louisa Moats. 2019. Reading Development and Difficulties. Reading Development and Difficulties 39 62 .
Barbara A. Lewis, Lisa Freebairn, Jessica Tag, Penelope Benchek, Nathan J. Morris, Sudha K. Iyengar, H. Gerry Taylor & Catherine M. Stein. (2018) Heritability and longitudinal outcomes of spelling skills in individuals with histories of early speech and language disorders. Learning and Individual Differences 65, pages 1-11.
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Marie-France Morin, Denis Alamargot, Thierno M.O. Diallo & Michel Fayol. (2018) Individual differences in lexical and grammar spelling across primary school. Learning and Individual Differences 62, pages 128-140.
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Alison Puliatte & Linnea C. Ehri. (2017) Do 2nd and 3rd grade teachers’ linguistic knowledge and instructional practices predict spelling gains in weaker spellers?. Reading and Writing 31:2, pages 239-266.
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Tessa Daffern. 2019. Handbook of Vocational Education and Training. Handbook of Vocational Education and Training 1 16 .
Marie-France Morin, Carolina Gonçalves & Denis Alamargot. (2016) La litéracie à l’école : regard pluridisciplinaire sur l’apprentissage de la lecture et de l’écriture de la maternelle à la fin du primaire. Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation 19:3, pages 1.
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