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Original Article

Are heroin overdose deaths related to patient release after prehospital treatment with naloxone?

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Pages 183-186 | Received 25 Feb 1999, Accepted 26 Feb 1999, Published online: 02 Jul 2009

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Read on this site (14)

Caleb Ward, Anqing Zhang, Kathleen Brown, Joelle Simpson & James Chamberlain. (2022) National Characteristics of Non-Transported Children by Emergency Medical Services in the United States. Prehospital Emergency Care 26:4, pages 537-546.
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Elizabeth H. Barefoot, Julianne M. Cyr, Jane H. Brice, Michael W. Bachman, Jefferson G. Williams, Jose G. Cabanas & Kyle M. Herbert. (2021) Opportunities for Emergency Medical Services Intervention to Prevent Opioid Overdose Mortality. Prehospital Emergency Care 25:2, pages 182-190.
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Melody J. Glenn, Amber D. Rice, Keith Primeau, Adrienne Hollen, Isrealia Jado, Philipp Hannan, Sharon McDonough, Brittany Arcaris, Daniel W. Spaite & Joshua B. Gaither. (2021) Refusals After Prehospital Administration of Naloxone during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prehospital Emergency Care 25:1, pages 46-54.
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Nathan C. Stam, Jennifer L. Pilgrim, Olaf H. Drummer, Karen Smith & Dimitri Gerostamoulos. (2018) Catch and release: evaluating the safety of non-fatal heroin overdose management in the out-of-hospital environment. Clinical Toxicology 56:11, pages 1135-1142.
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Christa R Lewis, Hoa T Vo & Marc Fishman. (2017) Intranasal naloxone and related strategies for opioid overdose intervention by nonmedical personnel: a review. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation 8, pages 79-95.
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Michael W. Willman, David B. Liss, Evan S. Schwarz & Michael E. Mullins. (2017) Do heroin overdose patients require observation after receiving naloxone?. Clinical Toxicology 55:2, pages 81-87.
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Michael Levine, Stephen Sanko & Marc Eckstein. (2016) Assessing the Risk of Prehospital Administration of Naloxone with Subsequent Refusal of Care. Prehospital Emergency Care 20:5, pages 566-569.
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Amy Knowlton, Brian W. Weir, Frank Hazzard, Yngvild Olsen, Junette McWilliams, Julie Fields & Wade Gaasch. (2013) EMS Runs for Suspected Opioid Overdose: Implications for Surveillance and Prevention. Prehospital Emergency Care 17:3, pages 317-329.
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David A. Wampler, D. Kimberley Molina, John McManus, Philip Laws & Craig A. Manifold. (2011) No Deaths Associated with Patient Refusal of Transport After Naloxone-Reversed Opioid Overdose. Prehospital Emergency Care 15:3, pages 320-324.
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John Strang, Victoria Manning, Soraya Mayet, Emily Titherington, Liz Offor, Claudia Semmler & Anna Williams. (2008) Family carers and the prevention of heroin overdose deaths: Unmet training need and overlooked intervention opportunity of resuscitation training and supply of naloxone. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 15:2, pages 211-218.
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Sarz Maxwell, Dan Bigg, Karen Stanczykiewicz & Suzanne Carlberg-Racich. (2006) Prescribing Naloxone to Actively Injecting Heroin Users. Journal of Addictive Diseases 25:3, pages 89-96.
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Robert J. Marsan$suffix/text()$suffix/text(), Frances S. Shofer, Judd E. Hollander, Edward T. Dickinson & C. Crawford Mechem. (2005) Outcome of Travelers Who Refuse Transport after Emergency Medical Services Evaluation at an International Airport. Prehospital Emergency Care 9:4, pages 434-438.
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Rachel S. Bergstein, Kelly King, G.J. Melendez-Torres & Amanda D. Latimore. (2021) Refusal to accept emergency medical transport following opioid overdose, and conditions that may promote connections to care. International Journal of Drug Policy 97, pages 103296.
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Cameron Dezfulian, Aaron M. Orkin, Bradley A. Maron, Jonathan Elmer, Saket Girotra, Mark T. Gladwin, Raina M. Merchant, Ashish R. Panchal, Sarah M. Perman, Monique Anderson Starks, Sean van Diepen & Eric J. Lavonas. (2021) Opioid-Associated Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Distinctive Clinical Features and Implications for Health Care and Public Responses: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 143:16.
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G. Anthony Fidacaro, Prarthi Patel, Gerard Carroll, Holly Bartimus, Krystal Hunter & Rick Hong. (2020) Do Patients Require Emergency Department Interventions After Prehospital Naloxone?. Journal of Addiction Medicine 14:3, pages 224-230.
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Norbert Wodarz, Jörg Wolstein, Heike Wodarz-von Essen & Oliver Pogarell. (2019) Naloxon – Medizinische Grundlagen und internationale Erfahrungen. SUCHT 65:5, pages 335-342.
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Timothy Yeung, Brendan Shannon, Samuel Perillo, Ziad Nehme, Paul Jennings & Alexander Olaussen. (2019) Review article: Outcomes of patients who are not transported following ambulance attendance: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Emergency Medicine Australasia 31:3, pages 321-331.
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Jennifer Anne Greene, Brent J Deveau, Justine S Dol & Michael B Butler. (2019) Incidence of mortality due to rebound toxicity after ‘treat and release’ practices in prehospital opioid overdose care: a systematic review. Emergency Medicine Journal 36:4, pages 219-224.
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Joanne Neale, Caral Brown, Aimee N. C. Campbell, Jermaine D. Jones, Verena E. Metz, John Strang & Sandra D. Comer. (2018) How competent are people who use opioids at responding to overdoses? Qualitative analyses of actions and decisions taken during overdose emergencies. Addiction 114:4, pages 708-718.
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Karim Sedky, Alton J Appleton, Adenike Animasaun, Igor Elman & Andres Pumariega. (2018) Overdose mortality rates following the introduction of naloxone rescue kits. MOJ Addiction Medicine & Therapy 5:2.
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Rachael Rzasa Lynn & JL Galinkin. (2017) Naloxone dosage for opioid reversal: current evidence and clinical implications. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 9:1, pages 63-88.
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Remco H.A. Ebben, Lilian C.M. Vloet, Renate F. Speijers, Nico W. Tönjes, Jorik Loef, Thomas Pelgrim, Margreet Hoogeveen & Sivera A.A. Berben. (2017) A patient-safety and professional perspective on non-conveyance in ambulance care: a systematic review. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine 25:1.
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Daniel Kolinsky, Samuel M. Keim, Brian G. Cohn, Evan S. Schwarz & Donald M. Yealy. (2017) Is a Prehospital Treat and Release Protocol for Opioid Overdose Safe?. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 52:1, pages 52-58.
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S.J. Traub & M.D. Levine. 2017. Critical Care Neurology Part II. Critical Care Neurology Part II 485 505 .
Joanne Neale & John Strang. (2015) Naloxone-does over-antagonism matter? Evidence of iatrogenic harm after emergency treatment of heroin/opioid overdose. Addiction 110:10, pages 1644-1652.
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Mark FaulMichael W. DaileyDavid E. SugermanScott M. SasserBenjamin LevyLen J. Paulozzi. (2015) Disparity in Naloxone Administration by Emergency Medical Service Providers and the Burden of Drug Overdose in US Rural Communities. American Journal of Public Health 105:S3, pages e26-e32.
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Rajan Minhas, Gregory Vogelaar, Dongmei Wang, Wadhah Almansoori, Eddy Lang, Ian E. Blanchard, Gerald Lazarenko & Andrew McRae. (2015) A prehospital treat-and-release protocol for supraventricular tachycardia. CJEM 17:4, pages 395-402.
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Daniel P. Wermeling. (2015) Review of naloxone safety for opioid overdose: practical considerations for new technology and expanded public access. Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 6:1, pages 20-31.
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Pradeep Kumar. (2014) Myths, fallacies and practical pearls in GI lab. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 6:12, pages 584.
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Peter R. Chai, Eike Blohm & Edward W. Boyer. 2014. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions. A worldwide yearly survey of new data in adverse drug reactions 107 117 .
John Strang, Sheila M. Bird & Mahesh K. B. Parmar. (2013) Take-Home Emergency Naloxone to Prevent Heroin Overdose Deaths after Prison Release: Rationale and Practicalities for the N-ALIVE Randomized Trial. Journal of Urban Health 90:5, pages 983-996.
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Stephen E. Lankenau, Karla D. Wagner, Karol Silva, Aleksandar Kecojevic, Ellen Iverson, Miles McNeely & Alex H. Kral. (2012) Injection Drug Users Trained by Overdose Prevention Programs: Responses to Witnessed Overdoses. Journal of Community Health 38:1, pages 133-141.
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Hossein Sanaei-Zadeh. (2013) Is discharge-on-scene policy really safe after naloxone reversal of acute long-acting opioid toxicity?. Resuscitation 84:1, pages e15.
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S.S. Rudolph, G. Jehu, S. Louman Nielsen, K. Nielsen, V. Siersma & L.S. Rasmussen. (2011) Prehospital treatment of opioid overdose in Copenhagen—Is it safe to discharge on-scene?. Resuscitation 82:11, pages 1414-1418.
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Su Albert, Fred W. BrasonIIII, Catherine K. Sanford, Nabarun Dasgupta, Jim Graham & Beth Lovette. (2011) Project Lazarus: Community-Based Overdose Prevention in Rural North Carolina. Pain Medicine 12:suppl 2, pages S77-S85.
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Daniel KimKevin S. IrwinKaveh Khoshnood. (2009) Expanded Access to Naloxone: Options for Critical Response to the Epidemic of Opioid Overdose Mortality. American Journal of Public Health 99:3, pages 402-407.
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Leo Beletsky, Robin Ruthazer, Grace E. Macalino, Josiah D. Rich, Litjen Tan & Scott Burris. (2006) Physicians’ Knowledge of and Willingness to Prescribe Naloxone to Reverse Accidental Opiate Overdose: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Urban Health 84:1, pages 126-136.
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Nancy Worthington, Tinka Markham Piper, Sandro Galea & David Rosenthal. (2006) Opiate users' knowledge about overdose prevention and naloxone in New York City: a focus group study. Harm Reduction Journal 3:1.
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Erik D. Barton, Christopher B. Colwell, Timothy Wolfe, Dave Fosnocht, Craig Gravitz, Tamara Bryan, Will Dunn, Jeff Benson & Jeff Bailey. (2005) Efficacy of intranasal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. The Journal of Emergency Medicine 29:3, pages 265-271.
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Timothy R Wolfe & Tony Bernstone. (2004) Intranasal Drug Delivery: An Alternative to Intravenous Administration in Selected Emergency Cases. Journal of Emergency Nursing 30:2, pages 141-147.
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Ingebjørg Buajordet, Anne-Cathrine Næss, Dag Jacobsen & Odd Brørs. (2004) Adverse events after naloxone treatment of episodes of suspected acute opioid overdose. European Journal of Emergency Medicine 11:1, pages 19-23.
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Gary M. Vilke, Christian Sloane, Alan M. Smith & Theodore C. Chan. (2003) Assessment for Deaths in Out-of-hospital Heroin Overdose Patients Treated with Naloxone Who Refuse Transport. Academic Emergency Medicine 10:8, pages 893-896.
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Scott Burris, Joanna Norland & Brian R Edlin. (2001) Legal aspects of providing naloxone to heroin users in the United States. International Journal of Drug Policy 12:3, pages 237-248.
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C. Crawford Mechem, Jennifer Barger, Frances S. Shofer & Edward T. Dickinson. (2001) Short-term Outcome of Seizure Patients Who Refuse Transport after Out-of-hospital Evaluation. Academic Emergency Medicine 8:3, pages 231-236.
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