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Sports Biomechanics Volume 20, 2021 - Issue 1
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Lower limb stiffness testing in athletic performance: a critical review

Sean J. Maloneya Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire , Bedford, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6637-5310
ORCID Icon &
Iain M. Fletchera Department of Sports Science and Physical Activity, University of Bedfordshire , Bedford, UK
Pages 109-130 | Received 04 Oct 2017, Accepted 27 Mar 2018, Published online: 16 May 2018

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Huseyin Celik, Ahmet Yildirim, Evrim Unver, Caner Mavili, Ekrem Yilmaz, Ferhat Ozturk, Pinar Arpinar-Avsar & Sukru Alpan Cinemre. (2023) Force-Time Analysis of the Drop Jump: Reliability of Jump Measures and Calculation Methods for Measuring Jump Height. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 0:0, pages 1-14.
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Mohammadamin Mohammadian, Heydar Sadeghi, Mehdi Khaleghi Tazji & Sean J. Maloney. (2022) The relationship between vertical stiffness during bilateral and unilateral hopping tests performed with different strategies and vertical jump performances. European Journal of Sport Science 22:2, pages 182-189.
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Jasper Verheul, Niels J. Nedergaard, Jos Vanrenterghem & Mark A. Robinson. (2020) Measuring biomechanical loads in team sports – from lab to field. Science and Medicine in Football 4:3, pages 246-252.
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Articles from other publishers (19)

Benjamin J. Horsley, Paul J. Tofari, Shona L. Halson, Justin G. Kemp, Rich D. Johnston & Stuart J. Cormack. (2023) Thoracic-Worn Accelerometers Detect Fatigue-Related Changes in Vertical Stiffness During Sprinting. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
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Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Rohit K. Thapa, José Afonso, Alejandro Perez-Castilla, Chris Bishop, Paul J. Byrne & Urs Granacher. (2023) Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on the Reactive Strength Index in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine 53:5, pages 1029-1053.
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Shaun Abbott, Daniel Ibarcena, Tom Gwinn, Artur Struzik, Mark Halaki, Gurleen Kaloti, James Salter & Stephen Cobley. (2023) Longitudinal changing relationships between growth tempo and vertical stiffness in movement across maturation. Human Movement Science 87, pages 103039.
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Ahmad Aljarah, Mohammad I. Awad, Mohamed Boushaki & Irfan Hussain. (2023) Design Optimization of a Variable Stiffness Actuator for Knee Exoskeleton Application. IEEE Access, pages 1-1.
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Maria Venegas-Carro, Andreas Kramer, Maria Moreno-Villanueva & Markus Gruber. (2022) Test–Retest Reliability and Sensitivity of Common Strength and Power Tests over a Period of 9 Weeks. Sports 10:11, pages 171.
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Ludwig Ruf, Barry Drust, Paul Ehmann, Sabrina Forster, Anne Hecksteden & Tim Meyer. (2022) Poor Reliability of Measurement Instruments to Assess Acute Responses to Load in Soccer Players Irrespective of Biological Maturity Status. Pediatric Exercise Science 34:3, pages 125-134.
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Qin Zhang, George P. Nassis, Shiqin Chen, Yue Shi & Fei Li. (2022) Not Lower-Limb Joint Strength and Stiffness but Vertical Stiffness and Isometric Force-Time Characteristics Correlate With Running Economy in Recreational Male Runners. Frontiers in Physiology 13.
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Enze Shao, Zhenghui Lu, Xuanzhen Cen, Zhiyi Zheng, Dong Sun & Yaodong Gu. (2022) The Effect of Fatigue on Lower Limb Joint Stiffness at Different Walking Speeds. Diagnostics 12:6, pages 1470.
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Matej Voglar, Rok Vatovec, Žiga Kozinc & Nejc Šarabon. (2022) The effects of eccentric exercise on passive hamstring muscle stiffness: Comparison of shear-wave elastography and passive knee torque outcomes. European Journal of Translational Myology 32:2.
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Marc Dauty, Jérôme Grondin, Pauline Daley, Bastien Louguet, Pierre Menu & Alban Fouasson-Chailloux. (2022) Consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Anaerobic Performances in Young Elite Soccer Players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19:11, pages 6418.
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Artur Struzik, Sławomir Winiarski & Jerzy Zawadzki. (2022) Inter-Limb Asymmetry of Leg Stiffness in National Second-League Basketball Players during Countermovement Jumps. Symmetry 14:3, pages 440.
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Sanubar Ghorbani Faal, Elham Shirzad, Ali Sharifnezhad, Mojtaba Ashrostaghi & Roozbeh Naemi. (2021) A Novel Method for Field Measurement of Ankle Joint Stiffness in Hopping. Applied Sciences 11:24, pages 12140.
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Artur Struzik, Kiros Karamanidis, Anna Lorimer, Justin W. L. Keogh & Jan Gajewski. (2021) Application of Leg, Vertical, and Joint Stiffness in Running Performance: A Literature Overview. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2021, pages 1-25.
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Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Felipe García-Pinillos, Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Ferrán Abat & Luis E. Roche-Seruendo. (2021) Relationship between Connective Tissue Morphology and Lower-Limb Stiffness in Endurance Runners. A Prospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:16, pages 8453.
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Diego Jaén-Carrillo, Antonio Cartón-Llorente, Demetrio Lozano-Jarque, Alberto Rubio-Peirotén, Luis E. Roche-Seruendo & Felipe García-Pinillos. (2021) Relationship between Reactive Strength and Leg Stiffness at Submaximal Velocity: Effects of Age on Distance Runners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18:13, pages 6866.
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Lulu Yin, Xiaoyue Hu, Zhangqi Lai, Kun Liu & Lin Wang. (2020) Leg Stiffness and Vertical Stiffness of Habitual Forefoot and Rearfoot Strikers during Running. Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2020, pages 1-6.
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Mehran Hatamzadeh, Reza Hassannejad & Ali Sharifnezhad. (2019) Application of a biomechanical model and combinatorial optimization to determine lower limb joints torsional stiffness in human landing. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 234:2, pages 241-255.
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Shogo Sakai, Noriaki Maeda, Junpei Sasadai, Somu Kotoshiba, Keitaro Anami, Tsubasa Tashiro, Hironori Fujishita & Yukio Urabe. (2020) Effect of 4-week cyclic stretching program on muscle properties and physical performance in healthy adult men. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 60:1.
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David Diggin, Ross Anderson & Andrew J. Harrison. (2019) Limits in reliability of leg-spring and joint stiffness measures during single-leg hopping within a sled-based system. PLOS ONE 14:12, pages e0225664.
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