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Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Volume 29, 1990 - Issue 3
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Original Articles

Dermal absorption of the phenoxy herbicides 2,4‐D, 2,4‐D amine, 2,4‐D isooctyl, and 2,4,5‐T in rabbits, rats, rhesus monkeys, and humans: A cross‐species comparison

Richard P. Moody Pesticides Division, Bureau of Chemical Hazards, Environmental Health Directorate, Department of National Health and Welfare, Environmental Health Centre, Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OL2, Canada
,
Claire A. Franklin Health and Welfare Canada, Environmental Health Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
,
Leonard Ritter Health and Welfare Canada, Environmental Health Directorate, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
&
Howard I. Maibach Department of Dermatology, University of California, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California
Pages 237-245 | Received 07 Jun 1989, Accepted 28 Oct 1989, Published online: 20 Oct 2009

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Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk, Dilek Odaci, Nurdan Pazarlioğlu, Roberto Pilloton, Erhan Dinçkaya, Azmi Telefoncu & Suna Timur. (2010) Construction and Comparison of Trametes versicolor Laccase Biosensors Capable of Detecting Xenobiotics. Artificial Cells, Blood Substitutes, and Biotechnology 38:4, pages 192-199.
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DeannaP. Scher, RonaldJ. Sawchuk, BruceH. Alexander & JohnL. Adgate. (2008) Estimating Absorbed Dose of Pesticides in a Field Setting Using Biomonitoring Data and Pharmacokinetic Models. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 71:6, pages 373-383.
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David H. Garabrant & Martin A. Philbert. (2002) Review of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Epidemiology and Toxicology. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 32:4, pages 233-257.
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RichardP. Moody, RonaldC. Wester, JosephL. Melendres & HowardI. Maibach. (1992) Dermal absorption of the phenoxy herbicide 2,4‐D dimethylamine in humans: Effect of DEET and anatomic site. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 36:3, pages 241-250.
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Articles from other publishers (41)

Steve Fryday, Nick Jarratt & Jonathan Stein. (2014) Scientific services to support EFSA systematic reviews: Lot 5 Extensive literature search and reviews as preparatory work for the update of the Guidance of EFSA on the Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals with regards to dermal and inhalation exposure (Tender specifications RC/EFSA/PRAS/2013/02). EFSA Supporting Publications 11:7.
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James S. Bus & A. Philip Leber. 2003. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology 429 469 .
. 2002. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety 1 104 .
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W. Krämer, W. Merz & W. Ziemer. 2002. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety 77 95 .
W. Krämer, W. Merz & W. Ziemer. 2002. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety. The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety 1 14 .
Ronald E. Baynes & Jim E. Riviere. 2012. Pesticide Biotransformation and Disposition. Pesticide Biotransformation and Disposition 25 52 .
A. Burke Gurney, Daniel Wascher, Robert Schenck, Alexandria Tennison & Bettina Jaramillo. (2011) Absorption of Hydrocortisone Acetate in Human Connective Tissue Using Phonophoresis. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 3:4, pages 346-351.
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L. TaysseF. Dorandeu, S. Daulon, A. Foquin, N. Perrier, G. Lallement & P. Breton. (2010) Cutaneous challenge with chemical warfare agents in the SKH-1 hairless mouse (II): Effects of some currently used skin decontaminants (RSDL and Fuller’s earth) against liquid sulphur mustard and VX exposure. Human & Experimental Toxicology 30:6, pages 491-498.
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Ian P Dick & Robert C Scott. (1992) Pig Ear Skin as an In-vitro Model for Human Skin Permeability. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 44:8, pages 640-645.
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Leslie London, David Coggon, Angelo Moretto, Peter Westerholm, Martin F Wilks & Claudio Colosio. (2010) The ethics of human volunteer studies involving experimental exposure to pesticides: unanswered dilemmas. Environmental Health 9:1.
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Mai A. Ngo, Michael O'Malley & Howard I. Maibach. (2009) Percutaneous absorption and exposure assessment of pesticides. Journal of Applied Toxicology 30:2, pages 91-114.
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Elke Kennepohl, Ian C. Munro & James S. Bus. 2010. Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology 1829 1847 .
Ronald E. Baynes & Jim E. Riviere. 2010. Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology 877 892 .
Burke Gurney, Daniel Wascher, Leslie Eaton, Errin Benesh & Joseph Lucak. (2008) The Effect of Skin Thickness and Time in the Absorption of Dexamethasone in Human Tendons Using Iontophoresis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 38:5, pages 238-245.
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A. Burke Gurney & Daniel C. Wascher. (2008) Absorption of Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate in Human Connective Tissue Using Iontophoresis. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 36:4, pages 753-759.
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L. TaysseS. Daulon, S. Delamanche, B. Bellier & P. Breton. (2016) Skin decontamination of mustards and organophosphates: comparative efficiency of RSDL and Fuller's earth in domestic swine. Human & Experimental Toxicology 26:2, pages 135-141.
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Jim E. Riviere. 2006. Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds. Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds 411 422 .
John H. Ross, Jeffrey H. Driver, Shelley A. Harris & Howard I. Maibach. (2005) Dermal absorption of 2,4-D: a review of species differences. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 41:1, pages 82-91.
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. (2004) Opinion of the PPR Panel related to the evaluation of dinocap in the context of Council Directive 91/414/EEC. EFSA Journal 2:7, pages 74.
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E. J. Scott Duncan, April Brown, Paul Lundy, Thomas W. Sawyer, Murray Hamilton, Ira Hill & John D. Conley. (2002) Site‐specific percutaneous absorption of methyl salicylate and VX in domestic swine. Journal of Applied Toxicology 22:3, pages 141-148.
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Kenneth Walters, Adam Watkinson & Keith Brain. 2002. Dermatological and Transdermal Formulations. Dermatological and Transdermal Formulations 195 267 .
James S. Bus Ph.D & A. Philip Leber Ph.D. 2001. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology.
James S. Bus Ph.D & A. Philip Leber Ph.D. 2003. Patty's Toxicology. Patty's Toxicology.
Elke Kennepohl & Ian C. Munro. 2001. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology 1623 1638 .
Ronald E. Baynes & Jim E. Riviere. 2001. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology 515 530 .
Ernest Hodgson. 2001. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology. Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology 507 513 .
Ronald C. Wester, Joseph Melendres, Lena Sedik, Howard Maibach & Jim E. Riviere. (1998) Percutaneous Absorption of Salicylic Acid, Theophylline, 2,4-Dimethylamine, Diethyl Hexyl Phthalic Acid, andp-Aminobenzoic Acid in the Isolated Perfused Porcine Skin Flap Compared to Manin Vivo. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 151:1, pages 159-165.
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C.L Wrzesinski, W.P Feeney, W.F Feely & L.S Crouch. (1997) Dermal penetration of 4″-(epi-methylamino)-4″-deoxyavermectin B1a benzoate in the rhesus monkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology 35:10-11, pages 1085-1089.
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R.P. Moody & B. Nadeau. (1997) In vitro dermal absorption of two commercial formulations of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dimethylamine (2,4-D amine) in rat, guinea pig and human skin. Toxicology in Vitro 11:3, pages 251-262.
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R P Moody & I Chu. (1995) Dermal exposure to environmental contaminants in the Great Lakes.. Environmental Health Perspectives 103:suppl 9, pages 103-114.
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R.P. Moody, B. Nadeau & I. Chu. (1994) In vitro dermal absorption of pesticides: VI. In vivo and in vitro comparison of the organochlorine insecticide DDT in rat, guinea pig, pig, human and tissue-cultured skin. Toxicology in Vitro 8:6, pages 1225-1232.
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R.P. Moody, B. Nadeau & I. Chu. (1994) In vitro dermal absorption of pesticides: V. In vivo and in vitro comparison of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in rat, guinea pig, pig, human and tissue-cultured skin. Toxicology in Vitro 8:6, pages 1219-1224.
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H.M. Clowes, R.C. Scott & J.R. Heylings. (1994) Skin absorption: Flow-through or static diffusion cells. Toxicology in Vitro 8:4, pages 827-830.
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D Knopp. (1994) Assessment of exposure to 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in the chemical industry: results of a five year biological monitoring study.. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 51:3, pages 152-159.
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R.P. Moody & B. Nadeau. (1993) An automated in vitro dermal absorption procedure: III. In vivo and in vitro comparison with the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in mouse, rat, guinea pig, pig, human and tissue-cultured skin. Toxicology in Vitro 7:2, pages 167-176.
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Ian C. Munro, George L. Carlo, Joan C. Orr, Kelly G. Sund, Ross M. Wilson, Elke Kennepohl, Barry S. Lynch & Maureen Jablinske. (2016) A Comprehensive, Integrated Review and Evaluation of the Scientific Evidence Relating to the Safety of the Herbicide 2,4-D. Journal of the American College of Toxicology 11:5, pages 559-664.
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Dietmar Knopp & Frank Schiller. (1992) Oral and dermal application of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid sodium and dimethylamine salts to male rats: Investigations on absorption and excretion as well as induction of hepatic mixed-function oxidase activities. Archives of Toxicology 66:3, pages 170-174.
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R.P. Moody & L. Ritter. (1992) An automated in vitro dermal absorption procedure: II. Comparative in vivo and in vitro dermal absorption of the herbicide fenoxaprop-ethyl (HOE 33171) in rats. Toxicology in Vitro 6:1, pages 53-59.
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