Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal of School Violence Volume 19, 2020 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
4,088
Views
52
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Police in schools and student arrest rates across the United States: Examining differences by race, ethnicity, and gender

Emily M. HomerDepartment of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USACorrespondence[email protected]
View further author information
&
Benjamin W. FisherDepartment of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USAView further author information
Pages 192-204 | Received 27 Jun 2018, Accepted 26 Feb 2019, Published online: 28 Apr 2019

Citations (52)

Keep up to date with the latest research on this topic with citation updates for this article.

Subscribe to citation updates

Read on this site (10)

Kamden K. Strunk & Carey E. Andrzejewski. (2023) Racisms of commission and omission in educational psychology: A historical analysis and systematic review. Educational Psychologist 58:2, pages 57-69.
Read now
Jennifer L. Maeng, Dewey G. Cornell & Francis L. Huang. (2023) Teacher Perceptions of School Resource Officers and Associations with School Safety. Journal of School Violence 22:1, pages 105-121.
Read now
Philip J. Lazarus, Beth Doll, Samuel Y. Song & Kisha Radliff. (2022) Transforming School Mental Health Services Based on a Culturally Responsible Dual-Factor Model. School Psychology Review 51:6, pages 755-770.
Read now
Margaret Goldman & Nancy Rodriguez. (2022) Juvenile court in the school-prison nexus: youth punishment, schooling and structures of inequality. Journal of Crime and Justice 45:3, pages 270-284.
Read now
Dylan Jackson, Alexander Testa, Jelena Todić & Jonathan Leos-Martinez. (2022) Exclusionary School Discipline during Childhood and Adolescent Police Encounters. Deviant Behavior 43:5, pages 573-592.
Read now
Caroline Crichlow-Ball, Dewey Cornell & Francis Huang. (2022) Student Perceptions of School Resource Officers and Threat Reporting. Journal of School Violence 21:2, pages 222-236.
Read now
Matthew J. Mayer, Amanda B. Nickerson & Shane R. Jimerson. (2021) Preventing School Violence and Promoting School Safety: Contemporary Scholarship Advancing Science, Practice, and Policy. School Psychology Review 50:2-3, pages 131-142.
Read now
Amanda B. Nickerson, Ryan Randa, Shane Jimerson & Nancy G. Guerra. (2021) Safe Places to Learn: Advances in School Safety Research and Practice. School Psychology Review 50:2-3, pages 158-171.
Read now
Dewey G. Cornell, Matthew J. Mayer & Michael L. Sulkowski. (2021) History and Future of School Safety Research. School Psychology Review 50:2-3, pages 143-157.
Read now
Deanna N. Devlin & Benjamin W. Fisher. (2021) An Examination of School Resource Officers as an Approach to Reduce Social Disturbances in Schools: Evidence from a National Longitudinal Study. Journal of School Violence 20:2, pages 228-240.
Read now

Articles from other publishers (42)

Crystasany R. Turner, Donna L. Pasternak, Kelly R. Allen, Leanne M. Evans & Kristine M. Lize. (2023) “There’s a Lot of Stumbling Forward”: The Impact of Whiteness on Teacher Educators’ Reconceptualization of Culturally Based English Education Curriculum. Journal of Teacher Education 75:1, pages 43-57.
Crossref
Chelsea D. Williams, Jelaina Shipman‐Lacewell, Shu‐Fang Shih, Alexandra Wynn, María de Jesús Elias & Cecelia R. Valrie. (2023) Black adolescents' racial discrimination and suicide behaviors: Testing perceived school safety as a protective moderator. Journal of Research on Adolescence 33:4, pages 1295-1303.
Crossref
Benjamin W. Fisher, Anthony Petrosino, Hannah Persson, Sarah Guckenburg, Trevor Fronius, Ivan Benitez & Kevin Earl. (2023) School‐based law enforcement strategies to reduce crime, increase perceptions of safety, and improve learning outcomes in primary and secondary schools: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews 19:4.
Crossref
Charles Tocci, Sara T. Stacy, Rachel Siegal, Jennifer Renick, Jamie LoCurto, Davielle Lakind, Jennifer Gruber & Benjamin W. Fisher. (2023) Statement on the effects of law enforcement in school settings. American Journal of Community Psychology.
Crossref
Keenen Vernon & F. Chris Curran. (2023) On guard but not sworn: The relationship between school security guards, school resource officers, and student behavior, discipline, and arrests. Criminology & Public Policy.
Crossref
Jennifer Greif Green, Melissa S. Morabito, Jenna Savage, Natalie Goodman, Emma Lincoln, Jenna Lanciani, Margaret Carroll, Lindsey Kaler, Caitlin Cooper, Marquel Norton, Ginnelle Vasquez & Rebecca Muller. (2023) Reasons police respond in schools: An analysis of narrative data from police incident reports. Child Abuse & Neglect 144, pages 106350.
Crossref
F. Chris Curran & Lelydeyvis Boza. (2022) Community Policing in Schools and School Resource Officer Transparency. Educational Policy 37:6, pages 1573-1602.
Crossref
Davielle Lakind, Kimberly D. Becker, Wendy Chu, Meredith R. Boyd & Bruce F. Chorpita. (2023) Navigators and Negotiators: An Ecologically Informed Qualitative Study of Providers’ Perspectives on Their Roles in School-Based Mental Health Services. School Mental Health 15:3, pages 967-984.
Crossref
Allison Ann Payne & Kelly Welch. (2023) Minority Threat in Schools and Differential Security Manifestations: Examining Unequal Control, Surveillance, and Protection. Crime & Delinquency.
Crossref
Stephanie A. Wiley, Lee Ann Slocum & Finn-Aage Esbensen. (2022) From School Halls to Shopping Malls: Multilevel Predictors of Police Contact In and Out of School. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 60:5, pages 623-663.
Crossref
Samantha Viano, F. Chris Curran, Benjamin W. Fisher & Aaron Kupchik. (2023) The Third Administrator? Perceptions of School Resource Officers in Predominantly White Elementary Schools. Educational Administration Quarterly 59:3, pages 633-666.
Crossref
Lucy C. Sorensen, Montserrat Avila‐Acosta, John B. Engberg & Shawn D. Bushway. (2023) The thin blue line in schools: New evidence on school‐based policing across the U.S.. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management.
Crossref
DeMarcus A. Jenkins. (2023) “Schools Are Not Safer with Police”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Public Comments on the Removal of School Resource Officers. Journal of Education Human Resources 41:3, pages 413-439.
Crossref
N. Alexander Aguado & Justin J. Joseph. 2023. Addressing Violence in the U.S. Public School System. Addressing Violence in the U.S. Public School System 1 25 .
Benjamin W. Fisher & Amy E. Fisher. (2023) Criminal justice system contact of students with disabilities by race and ethnicity: Examining the role of school police. Children and Youth Services Review 149, pages 106953.
Crossref
Alan J. Dettlaff, Laura S. Abrams & Martell L. Teasley. (2023) Interrogating the carceral state: Re-envisioning social work’s role in systems serving children and youth. Children and Youth Services Review 148, pages 106920.
Crossref
Terry Allen & Pedro Noguera. (2023) A Web of Punishment: Examining Black Student Interactions With School Police in Los Angeles. Educational Researcher, pages 0013189X2210955.
Crossref
Francis A PearmanIIII. (2023) Gentrified Discipline: The Impact of Gentrification on Exclusionary Punishment in Public Schools. Social Problems 70:1, pages 164-184.
Crossref
Benjamin W. Fisher, Joseph McKenna, Ethan M. Higgins, Edward R. Maguire & Emily M. Homer. (2022) The Alignment Between Community Policing and the Work of School Resource Officers. Police Quarterly 25:4, pages 561-587.
Crossref
Kamontá Heidelburg, Chavez Phelps & Tai A. Collins. (2022) Reconceptualizing school safety for Black students. School Psychology International 43:6, pages 591-612.
Crossref
Meg Caven. (2022) School safety for all students. Phi Delta Kappan 104:4, pages 6-11.
Crossref
Dorothy L. Espelage, America El Sheikh, Luz E. Robinson, Alberto Valido, Katherine M. Ingram, Cagil Torgal, Catherine G. Atria, Christine D. Salama, Pamela K. Chalfant, Philip E. Poekert & Angelica M. Nicholson. (2020) Development of Online Professional Development for School Resource Officers: Understanding Trauma, Social-Emotional Learning, Restorative Discipline, and Cultural Diversity. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 37:4, pages 737-751.
Crossref
Laura Welfare, Alison Bowers & Gerard Lawson. (2022) Supporting School-Law Enforcement Partnerships. Journal of School Administration Research and Development 7:2, pages 72-82.
Crossref
Amanda Graham, Cheryl Lero Jonson & Heejin Lee. (2022) Back in My Day: Generational Beliefs About School Shootings. Criminal Justice Review 47:3, pages 369-398.
Crossref
Charles Crawford & Ronald Burns. (2022) School Culture, Racial Composition, and Preventing Violence: Evaluating Punitive and Supportive Responses to Improving Safety. Social Sciences 11:7, pages 270.
Crossref
Kiara AlvarezLillian Polanco-RomanAaron Samuel BreslowSherry Molock. (2022) Structural Racism and Suicide Prevention for Ethnoracially Minoritized Youth: A Conceptual Framework and Illustration Across Systems. American Journal of Psychiatry 179:6, pages 422-433.
Crossref
Matthew J. Cuellar & Benjamin W. Fisher. (2022) Securing Schools? Examining the Longitudinal Relationships Between Student Behavior and Engagement With Security Measures in Urban School Systems. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 37:9-10, pages 5857-5886.
Crossref
Jillian J. Turanovic, Travis C. Pratt, Teresa C. Kulig & Francis T. Cullen. 2022. Confronting School Violence. Confronting School Violence.
Ethan M Higgins, Brandon S Coffey, Benjamin W Fisher, Ivan Benitez & Kristin Swartz. (2022) School Safety or School Criminalization? The Typical day of A School Resource Officer in the United States. The British Journal of Criminology 62:3, pages 568-584.
Crossref
Benjamin W Fisher, Ethan M Higgins, Aaron Kupchik, Samantha Viano, F Chris Curran, Suzanne Overstreet, Bryant Plumlee & Brandon Coffey. (2022) Protecting the Flock or Policing the Sheep? Differences in School Resource Officers’ Perceptions of Threats by School Racial Composition. Social Problems 69:2, pages 316-334.
Crossref
Scott Crosse, Denise C. Gottfredson, Erin L. Bauer, Zhiqun Tang, Michele A. Harmon, Carol A. Hagen & Angela D. Greene. (2021) Are Effects of School Resource Officers Moderated by Student Race and Ethnicity?. Crime & Delinquency 68:3, pages 381-408.
Crossref
Ivan Benitez, Benjamin W. Fisher, Taylor Tolles & Emily M. Wright. (2021) Controlling Schools: How School Resource Officers’ Roles Map Onto Schools’ Behavior Management Strategies. Crime & Delinquency 68:3, pages 439-462.
Crossref
Rebecca D. Gleit. (2022) Cops on Campus: The Racial Patterning of Police in Schools. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 8, pages 237802312211080.
Crossref
Alexandra Ponce de Leon-LeBec & Mark R. Fondacaro. 2022. Handbook of Issues in Criminal Justice Reform in the United States. Handbook of Issues in Criminal Justice Reform in the United States 583 598 .
Megan T. Demarest. (2021) Procedural (in)justice, emotions, and compliance. Sociology Compass 15:11.
Crossref
Durrell M. Washington, Toyan Harper, Alizé B. Hill & Lester J. Kern. (2021) Achieving Juvenile Justice through Abolition: A Critical Review of Social Work’s Role in Shaping the Juvenile Legal System and Steps toward Achieving an Antiracist Future. Social Sciences 10:6, pages 211.
Crossref
Samantha Viano, F. Chris Curran & Benjamin W. Fisher. (2021) Kindergarten Cop: A Case Study of How a Coalition Between School Districts and Law Enforcement Led to School Resource Officers in Elementary Schools. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 43:2, pages 253-279.
Crossref
F. Chris Curran, Samantha Viano, Aaron Kupchik & Benjamin W. Fisher. (2021) Do Interactions With School Resource Officers Predict Students’ Likelihood of Being Disciplined and Feelings of Safety? Mixed-Methods Evidence From Two School Districts. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 43:2, pages 200-232.
Crossref
Cheryl Lero Jonson, Alexander L. Burton, Francis T. Cullen, Justin T. Pickett & Velmer S. BurtonJr.Jr.. (2021) An apple in one hand, a gun in the other: Public support for arming our nation's schools. Criminology & Public Policy 20:2, pages 263-290.
Crossref
Tiffani J. Johnson & Joseph L. Wright. (2021) Executions and Police Conflicts Involving Children, Adolescents and Young Adults. Pediatric Clinics of North America 68:2, pages 465-487.
Crossref
Gerilyn Slicker, Christina A. Barbieri, Zachary K. Collier & Jason T. Hustedt. (2021) Parental involvement during the kindergarten transition and children’s early reading and mathematics skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 55, pages 363-376.
Crossref
Denise C. Gottfredson, Scott Crosse, Zhiqun Tang, Erin L. Bauer, Michele A. Harmon, Carol A. Hagen & Angela D. Greene. (2020) Effects of school resource officers on school crime and responses to school crime. Criminology & Public Policy 19:3, pages 905-940.
Crossref

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.